Økologisk husdyrhold

De fleste husdyr kan utnytte fôr som ikke egner seg til menneskemat til produksjon av høyverdige matprodukter som kjøtt og melk. Samtidig kan de bidra til å resirkulere næringsstoffer. I økologisk husdyrhold er intensjonen at dyrene skal ete økologisk produsert fôr som i størst mulig grad kommer fra gården eller regionen. Det er også et mål at dyrene skal kunne utøve mest mulig naturlig atferd. NIBIO utvikler kunnskap om fôrutnyttelse, produksjon, produktkvalitet og dyrevelferd i økologisk husdyrhold.

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Økologisk-husdyrhold
Foto: Steffen Adler
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Fôring

Integrasjon av husdyrhold og planteproduksjon er viktig i økologisk landbruk. På gårder uten husdyr kjøper bonden husdyrgjødsel, dyrker grønngjødslingsvekster eller erstatter husdyrgjødsel med for eksempel gjødselprodukter fra biogassanlegg. Derimot er det ifølge økologiforskriften ikke mulig å holde økologiske husdyr uten tilhørende areal til fôrproduksjon og beiting. Økologiske husdyr skal ha fôr som er dyrket økologisk, det vil si uten bruk av syntetiske sprøytemidler og lettløselig mineralgjødsel.

Økologiske husdyr produserer kjøtt, melk, egg og en rekke andre produkter og biprodukter. Verpehøner, ammekyr, sau og melkekyr er husdyrslagene med størst andel økologiske dyr i Norge. Andelen økologiske svin og slaktekyllinger er forholdsvis lav. Slaktekyllinger som vokser veldig raskt, egner seg mindre godt i økologiske driftssystemer fordi det er vanskelig å finne passende fôr. Det er også et etisk problem når dyr vokser så raskt at det kan føre til helseproblemer. Det jobbes med å finne nye lokale fôrråvarer til konvensjonelle og økologiske enmaga dyr, og det er viktig å bruke raser som er tilpasset driftsopplegget.

Regelverket krever at en viss andel av fôret stammer fra egen virksomhet eller fra regionen. Når planteproduksjon og husdyrhold er godt integrert på en gård gjennom et tilpasset vekstskifte, vil en stor andel av fôret til dyrene være lokalprodusert. For enmaga dyr er det vanskeligere å finne lokalt produsert fôr enn for drøvtyggere, men også kraftfôr til drøvtyggere inneholder en stor andel råvarer som er importert fra utlandet. Det er fullt mulig å lage fôrrasjoner til drøvtyggere som utelukkende består av råvarer som ikke egner seg til menneskemat. Mange økologiske husdyrproduksjoner utvikler seg i en retning der en betydelig andel av fôret består av råvarer som kunne ha blitt brukt som mat eller som er produsert på areal som egner seg til produksjon av korn og grønnsaker. Intensiveringen av drøvtyggerproduksjoner har ført til økt kraftfôrandel med høyt proteininnhold som er i stor grad basert på import. Husdyrproduksjon i økologisk landbruk kan øke selvforsyningsgraden, men i et bærekraftperspektiv er det viktig å utvikle systemer som også ivaretar dyrevelferd, resirkulering av næringsstoffer, energieffektivitet, sosialt akseptable arbeidsforhold og at produktkvaliteten svarer til forbrukernes preferanser.

Produktkvalitet

Forbrukeren forventer at økologisk mat har høy kvalitet, er fri for rester av syntetiske stoffer og at det er god dyrevelferd i husdyrholdet. Regler for økologisk husdyrhold gjør at fôrrasjonene gjerne blir annerledes enn i konvensjonelt husdyrhold. Økologiske melkekyr får mindre kraftfôr og mer grovfôr enn konvensjonelle kyr. En gårdsstudie gjennomført av NIBIO viste at økologisk melk har ernæringsmessig bedre fettsyresammensetning enn konvensjonell melk.

Naturlig atferd og dyrevelferd

I økologisk husdyrhold er målet å legge til rette for at dyr kan utøve adferd som er naturlig for arten. Dette begrunnes med etiske vurderinger og at det er helsefremmende for dyret. Naturlig atferd inkluderer for eksempel fri bevegelse, atferd relatert til fôropptak, sosial kontakt, kroppspleie, hvile og søvn. Oppbinding er i utgangspunktet ikke tillatt, men for mindre storfebesetninger i eldre bygninger gjelder unntak. I husdyrrom gjelder større arealkrav per dyr i økologiske enn i konvensjonelle besetninger. Sau skal ha tett liggeunderlag. Fysiske inngrep som halekupering og tannklipping av gris er ikke tillatt. Alle dyr skal ha tilgang til utearealer også utenom beitesesongen.

Helse og sykdom

Forebyggende tiltak som fremme dyrehelse er viktig. Ved sykdom eller skade skal dyrene behandles omgående, men bruk av kjemisk-syntetiske medisiner og antibiotika skal begrenses til nødvendige tilfeller. Medisinering kan medføre utvidet tilbakeholdelsestid eller tilbaketrekking av økologisk godkjenning.

Publikasjoner

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Forfattere

Matthias Koesling Kristian Hansen Sissel Hansen Håvard Steinshamn

Sammendrag

Context Dairy farming contributes approximately 2.5 % of annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. Two approaches are often discussed: low-intensity, low-cost production with minimal reliance on purchased inputs; and high-intensity production with higher-yielding cows to reduce land use and reduce methane emissions per unit of milk. Objective The objective was to identify management factors and farm characteristics that explain variations in GHG emissions, environmental, and economic performance. Indicators included were GHG emissions, land use occupation, energy intensity, nitrogen intensity, and gross margin. Methods Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to calculate the environmental impacts for 200 commercial dairy farms in Central Norway based on farm activities, purchased inputs, machinery, and buildings from 2014 to 2016. A multiple regression analysis with backward elimination was conducted to highlight important variables for environmental impact and economic outcome. Results and conclusions A higher share of dairy cows was found to be the most important factor in reducing GHG emissions, energy and nitrogen intensity, and land use but also to decrease gross margin. Additional key factors for reducing environmental impact included less purchased nitrogen fertiliser, and higher forage yield. There were no statistical correlations between GHG emissions and gross margin per MJ of human-edible energy delivered. Significance Conducting LCA for many dairy farms allows to highlight important factors influencing environmental impact and economic outcome. Using the delivery of human-edible energy from milk and meat as a functional unit allows for a combined evaluation of milk and meat production on a farm.

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Forfattere

Dominika Średnicka-Tober Marcin Barański Chris Seal Roy Sanderson Charles Benbrook Håvard Steinshamn Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska Ewa Rembiałkowska Krystyna Skwarło-Sońta Mick Eyre Giulio Cozzi Mette Krogh Larsen Teresa Jordon Urs Niggli Tomasz Sakowski Philip C. Calder Graham C. Burdge Smaragda Sotiraki Alexandros Stefanakis Halil Yolcu Sokratis Stergiadis Eleni Chatzidimitriou Gillian Butler Gavin Stewart Carlo Leifert

Sammendrag

Demand for organic meat is partially driven by consumer perceptions that organic foods are more nutritious than non-organic foods. However, there have been no systematic reviews comparing specifically the nutrient content of organic and conventionally produced meat. In this study, we report results of a meta-analysis based on sixty-seven published studies comparing the composition of organic and non-organic meat products. For many nutritionally relevant compounds (e.g. minerals, antioxidants and most individual fatty acids (FA)), the evidence base was too weak for meaningful meta-analyses. However, significant differences in FA profiles were detected when data from all livestock species were pooled. Concentrations of SFA and MUFA were similar or slightly lower, respectively, in organic compared with conventional meat. Larger differences were detected for total PUFA and n-3 PUFA, which were an estimated 23 (95 % CI 11, 35) % and 47 (95 % CI 10, 84) % higher in organic meat, respectively. However, for these and many other composition parameters, for which meta-analyses found significant differences, heterogeneity was high, and this could be explained by differences between animal species/meat types. Evidence from controlled experimental studies indicates that the high grazing/forage-based diets prescribed under organic farming standards may be the main reason for differences in FA profiles. Further studies are required to enable meta-analyses for a wider range of parameters (e.g. antioxidant, vitamin and mineral concentrations) and to improve both precision and consistency of results for FA profiles for all species. Potential impacts of composition differences on human health are discussed.

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Forfattere

Steffen Adler Stig Purup Jens Hansen-Møller Erling Thuen Anne-Maj Gustavsson Håvard Steinshamn

Sammendrag

Phyto-oestrogens are a group of secondary plant metabolites that may bind to oestrogen receptors and exert oestrogenic or anti-oestrogenic effects in humans and can protect against cancer diseases. When ingested by dairy cows, phyto-oestrogens can be metabolised and transferred to the milk. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of grazing a recently established pasture containing red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and an older pasture containing a variety of sown and unsown plant species on milk concentrations of phyto-oestrogens. Sixteen Norwegian Red dairy cows [mean (standard deviation); body weight 599 (45.1) kg, stage of lactation 73 (15.0) d in milk, milk yield 29.9 (2.90) kg/d at the start of the experiment] were divided into two groups and grazed either a short-term pasture (SP) or a long-term pasture (LP). The SP was representative of organically managed leys in Norway, which are frequently, approximately every third year, renewed by soil tillage and seeding, whereas LP was representative of organically managed grasslands that are less frequently renewed. The SP contained meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) (mean 34%), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) (mean 19%), red clover (mean 28%), shepherd׳s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.) (mean 6%), pineappleweed (Matricaria matricarioides Porter ex Britton) (mean 5%) and scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz) (mean 4%), and LP contained mainly white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (mean 21%), smooth meadowgrass (Poa pratensis L.) (mean 19%), timothy (mean 17%), meadow fescue (mean 15%), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (mean 6%), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.) (mean 5%), northern dock (Rumex longifolius DC.) (mean 4%), common couch (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. Ex Nevski) (mean 4%), red clover (mean 3%) and dandelion (Taraxacum spp.) (mean 3%). In addition to a daily pasture allowance of 20 kg dry matter per cow, supplements of 3.0 kg barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) concentrate were fed. Herbage, concentrates and milk was sampled during the last week of three experimental periods and analysed for phyto-oestrogens using LC-MS/MS technology. Herbage from SP had 19 times higher concentration of isoflavones than herbage from LP, whereas only small differences were found for lignans. Milk produced on SP had 14 times higher concentrations of the mammalian isoflavonoid equol, and the concentrations of equol were higher than found in most other studies. This study confirms that grazing pastures containing red clover increases concentrations of isoflavones and especially equol in bovine milk compared to grazing pastures with other botanical composition. The higher milk concentrations of the lignan metabolite enterodiol in milk from SP compared to LP could not be related to differences in intake of the analysed lignans and may therefore be related to unidentified lignans.

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Forfattere

Kari Marie Njåstad Steffen Adler Jens Hansen-Møller Erling Thuen Anne-Maj Gustavsson Håvard Steinshamn

Sammendrag

Dietary phytoestrogens are metabolized or converted in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, only limited knowledge exists on the extent and location of this conversion in vivo. The objective of this study was to quantify the gastro-intestinal metabolism of phytoestrogens in lactating dairy cows fed silages with different botanical composition. Four lactating rumen cannulated Norwegian Red cattle were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square with 1 cow per treatment period of 3 wk. The 4 treatment silages were prepared from grasslands with different botanical compositions: organically managed short-term timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) ley (2 yr old: ORG-SG); organically managed long-term grassland with a high proportion of unsown species (6 yr old; ORG-LG); conventionally managed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ley (CON-PR); and conventionally managed timothy ley (CON-TI). The herbages were cut, wilted, and preserved with additive in round bales, fed as a mix of the first and third cut at 90% of ad libitum intake, and contributed to 70% of the total dry matter intake. Milk, feed, omasal digesta, urine, and feces were collected at the end of each period and analyzed for the concentrations of phytoestrogens by using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technique. Concentration of total isoflavones was highest in ORG-SG and lowest in CON-TI silage, whereas the content of total lignans was highest in the grass silages. The isoflavones were extensively metabolized in the rumen on all diets, and the recovery of formononetin and daidzein in omasum, mainly as equol, averaged 0.11 mg/mg. The apparent intestinal metabolism was less severe as, on average, 0.29 mg/mg of the omasal flow was recovered in feces. The plant lignans were also strongly degraded in the rumen. However, the flow of lignans to omasum and excretion in feces were, on average, 7.2- and 5.2-fold higher, respectively, than the intake of the plant lignans matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol, known as precursors of mammalian lignans. Thus, excretion to milk could not be directly related to intake, implying that plant lignans other than matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol in forage are precursors for enterolactone production in the rumen and for its content in milk. Equol followed mainly the flow of large particles out of the rumen, whereas the mammalian lignans were distributed between phases proportional to dry matter flow. The main metabolism of phytoestrogens occurred in the rumen and the main route of excretion was through feces and urine, with only a small part being excreted in milk. The concentration of phytoestrogens in milk can be manipulated through intake but the intermediate transfer capacity to milk appears to be limited by saturation

Forfattere

Matthias Koesling Lise Grøva Grete Lene Serikstad

Sammendrag

Det er ikke mulig å se forskjell på økologiske og konvensjonelle egg. Likevel er det stor forskjell på hvordan hønene som har lagt eggene har hatt det. Økologisk fjørfe holdes ikke i bur og har tilgang på uteareal. De kan flakse med vingene, sandbade og vagle seg på sittepinner. "Frittgående høner" går som regel bare fritt inne, og dyretettheten er høyere enn i økologisk drift.

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Forfattere

Dominika Srednicka-Tober Marcin Baranski Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska Krystyna Skwarlo-Sonta Ewa Rembialkowska Jana Hajslova Vera Schulzova Ismail Cakmak Levent Ozturk Tomasz Krolikowski Katarzyna Wisniewska Ewelina Hallmann Elzbieta Baca Mick Eyre Håvard Steinshamn Teresa Jordon Carlo Leifert

Sammendrag

Det er ikke registrert sammendrag

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Forfattere

Steffen Adler Søren Krogh Jensen Espen Govasmark Håvard Steinshamn

Sammendrag

Bulk tank milk from 28 dairy farms was sampled every second month for 2 yr to assess the effects of grassland management, production system and season on milk fatty acid (FA) composition, concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins, Se, and milk sensory quality. Grassland management varied in terms of time since establishment. Short-term grassland management (SG) was defined as establishment or reseeding every fourth year or more often, and long-term grassland management (LG) was defined as less frequent establishment or reseeding. Fourteen organic (ORG) dairy farms with either short-term or long-term grassland management were paired with 14 conventional (CON) farms with respect to grassland management. Within ORG farms, SG farms differed from LG farms in herbage botanical composition, but not in concentrate FA concentrations, dry matter intake, or milk yield. Within CON farms, herbage composition, concentrate FA concentrations, dry matter intake, and milk yield showed no or insignificant variations. The ORG farms differed from CON farms in herbage botanical composition, concentrate FA concentrations, concentrate intake, and milk yield. Compared with ORG-LG farms, ORG-SG farms produced milk fat with higher proportions of C10:0 and C12:0 associated with higher herbage proportions of legumes (Fabaceae) and lower proportions of other dicotyledon families. Compared with milk from CON farms, milk fat from ORG farms had higher proportions of most saturated FA and all n-3 FA, but lower proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 cis-9 associated with higher forage proportion and differences in concentrations of FA in concentrates. Compared with the outdoor-feeding periods, the indoor feeding periods yielded milk fat with higher proportions of most short-chain and medium-chain FA and lower proportions of most C18-FA associated with grazing and higher forage proportions. Milk concentrations of α-tocopherol and β-carotene were lower during the grazing periods. Inclusion of fishmeal in organic concentrates may explain higher Se concentrations in organically produced milk. Milk sensory quality was not affected in this study. In conclusion, grassland management had minor effects on milk composition, and differences between ORG farms and CON farms may be explained by differences in concentrate intake and concentrate FA concentrations. Milk produced on ORG farms versus CON farms and milk produced during the outdoor versus indoor feeding periods had potential health benefits due to FA composition. In contrast, the higher milk-fat proportions of saturated FA in milk from ORG farms may be perceived as negative for human health.

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Forfattere

Steffen Adler Søren K. Jensen Erling Thuen Anne-Maj Gustavsson Odd Magne Harstad Håvard Steinshamn

Sammendrag

Ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids (FA) to milk were determined for 4 silages with different botanical compositions using 4 multiparous Norwegian Red dairy cows [(mean ± SD) 118±40.9d in milk, 22.5±2.72kg of milk/d, 631±3.3kg of body weight, 3.3±0.40 points on body condition score at the start of the experiment] fitted with rumen cannulas. Treatments consisted of 4 experimental silages: a mix of the first and third cut of organically managed short-term grassland with timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.; 2 yr old; ORG-SG); organically managed long-term grassland with a high proportion of unsown species (6 yr old; ORG-LG); conventionally managed ley with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; CON-PR); and conventionally managed ley with timothy (CON-TI). The herbages were cut, wilted, and preserved with additive in round bales and fed at 0.90 of ad libitum intake. A barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) concentrate constituted 300g/kg of dry matter of the total feed offered. A Latin square design (4×4) with 3-wk periods and the last week in each period used for sampling was implemented. Omasal flows of FA were measured using Yb acetate, Cr-EDTA, and the indigestible neutral detergent fiber fraction as indigestible markers. The composition of FA was analyzed in feed, omasal digesta, and milk. Compared with ORG-LG, ORG-SG had a higher herbage proportion of red clover (0.36 vs. 0.01) and lower proportions of timothy (0.42 vs. 0.18), smooth meadowgrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), and creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.). The silages were well preserved. The concentration of neutral detergent fiber was higher and the concentration of Kjeldahl-N was lower for CON-TI than for the other silages. Silage type had no effect on dry matter intake, but milk yield was lower for CON-TI than for the other silages. Apparent biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 was lower for ORG-SG (932g/kg) than for ORG-LG (956g/kg), CON-PR (959g/kg), and CON-TI (958g/kg). Compared with the grass-based silages, ORG-SG and ORG-LG resulted in higher omasal flows of C18:1 trans FA and higher milk fat proportions of C18:1 trans FA and C18:2 cis-9,trans-11. Apparent recovery of C18:3n-3 in milk was higher for ORG-SG (61g/kg) than for ORG-LG (33g/kg), CON-PR (34g/kg), and CON-TI (38g/kg), and milk fat proportion of C18:3n-3 was higher for ORG-SG than for CON-TI. Milk fat proportions of C16:0 were lower for ORG-SG and ORG-LG compared with those for CON-PR and CON-TI. It was concluded that high proportions of red clover and other dicotyledons in the silages affected ruminal biohydrogenation and increased milk fat proportions of beneficial FA.

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Forfattere

Sokratis Stergiadis Carlo Leifert Christopher John Seal Mick D Eyre Jacob H Nielsen Mette K Larsen Tina Slots Håvard Steinshamn Gillian Butler

Sammendrag

There is increasing concern that the intensification of dairy production reduces the concentrations of nutritionally desirable compounds in milk. In this study we therefore compared important quality parameters (protein and fatty acid profiles, α-tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations) in milk from four dairy systems with contrasting production intensities (in terms of feeding regimes and milking systems). The concentrations of several nutritionally desirable compounds (β-lactoglobulin, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-3/omega-6 ratio, conjugated linoleic acid c9t11 and/or carotenoids) decreased with increasing feeding intensity (organic outdoor ≥ conventional outdoor ≥ conventional indoors). Milking system intensification (use of robotic milking parlours) had a more limited effect on milk composition, but increased mastitis incidence. Multivariate analyses indicated that differences in milk quality were mainly linked to contrasting feeding regimes, and that milking system and breed choice also contributed to differences in milk composition between production systems.

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Forfattere

Annika Höjer Steffen Adler Kjell Martinsson Søren K. Jensen Håvard Steinshamn Erling Thuen Anne-Maj Gustavsson

Sammendrag

Two feeding experiments were performed to study the effects of silage botanical composition, regrowth interval and α-tocopherol supplementation on the fatty acid (FA) composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations of milk. In Exp. 1, 24 Swedish Red dairy cows were fed two- or three-cut red clover–grass silages (R2 and R3, respectively) or two-cut birdsfoot trefoil–grass silage (B2). In Exp. 2, 16 Norwegian Red dairy cows were fed short-term ley silage with red clover (S3) or long-term ley silage with white clover (L3) in combination with the supplementation of RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (1600 mg/day). The FA proportions in the milk and the recoveries of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were higher on the red clover diets R2 and S3 than on B2 and L3, respectively, and the n-6/n-3 FA ratio was also higher on the red clover diets. Shorter regrowth interval increased both the concentrations of FA in silage and the proportions of unsaturated FA in milk. Intakes of α-tocopherol, β-carotene and lutein were higher on B2 than on R2 due to higher silage intake on B2. However, the highest intake was seen on diet R3 due to the higher concentrations in the silage mixture. In Exp. 2, intakes of α-tocopherol, β-carotene and lutein were higher on L3. However, not all of these differences affected the milk, since the only significant differences related to silage diet in the two experiments were a higher milk α-tocopherol concentration on L3 than on S3 and a slightly lower β-carotene concentration on B2 than on R2. Supplementation with α-tocopherol increased milk α-tocopherol concentrations from 0.77 to 1.05 and from 1.07 to 1.24 mg/kg milk for S3 and L3, respectively, but did not affect milk FA composition. A higher concentration of antioxidants in the feed could be beneficial as a larger proportion of the animal's vitamin requirements would be met by the forage and the need for supplementation might decrease.

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Forfattere

Annika Höjer Steffen Adler Stig Purup Hansen-Møller Jens Martinsson Kjell Håvard Steinshamn Anne-Maj Gustavsson

Sammendrag

Phytoestrogens are hormone-like substances in plants that can substantially influence human health (positively or negatively), and when fed to dairy cows are transferred to their milk. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of varying the botanical composition and regrowth interval of legume-grass silage on silage and phytoestrogen intake and milk phytoestrogen concentrations. In one experiment, 15 Swedish Red dairy cows were fed two- or three-cut red clover-grass silage (designated R2 and R3, respectively), or two-cut birdsfoot trefoil-grass silage (B2). In a second experiment, 16 Norwegian Red dairy cows were fed short-term ley silage with red clover (S3) or long-term ley silage with white clover (L3), and the effects of supplementation with α-tocopherol were also tested. There were high concentrations of formononetin and biochanin A in all silage mixtures with red clover (R2, R3, and S3). The milk concentration of equol was highest on diet R2 (1,494 μg/kg milk). Due to metabolism of biochanin A, genistein and prunetin, their concentrations in milk and the apparent recovery were low. Coumestrol was only detected in silage mixtures S3 and L3, and its milk concentration was low. Concentrations of secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol were higher in silage mixtures B2 and L3, those with legume species other than red clover and the highest grass proportions. B2 also resulted in higher enterolactone concentration than the other diets (226 μg/kg milk). Lengthening the regrowth interval increased the intake of secoisolariciresinol and decreased recovery of lignans. Feeding long-term ley silage resulted in higher lignan milk concentrations, but lower isoflavone milk concentrations than feeding short-term ley silage. The apparent recovery of all phytoestrogens except prunetin was highest on B2, indicating that condensed tannins (present in the birdsfoot trefoil) affect rumen metabolism. There was no effect of α-tocopherol supplementation on milk concentrations of any of the measured phytoestrogens. There were variations in milk concentrations of phytoestrogens, especially of equol, among cows, which could not be explained by variations in diet composition or phytoestrogen intake. The results show that milk phytoestrogen concentration is strongly influenced by silage botanical composition and management, but questions regarding phytoestrogen metabolism remain to be answered.

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Forfattere

Randi Therese Garmo Steinar Waage Ståle Sviland Britt Henriksen Olav Østerås Olav Reksen

Sammendrag

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether there were differences between Norwegian Red cows in conventional and organic farming with respect to reproductive performance, udder health, and antibiotic resistance in udder pathogens. Twenty-five conventional and 24 organic herds from south-east and middle Norway participated in the study. Herds were matched such that geographical location, herd size, and barn types were similar across the cohorts. All organic herds were certified as organic between 1997 and 2003. All herds were members of the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System. The herds were visited once during the study. The relationship between the outcomes and explanatory variables were assessed using mixed linear models. Results: There were less > 2nd parity cows in conventional farming. The conventional cows had higher milk yields and received more concentrates than organic cows. Although after adjustment for milk yield and parity, somatic cell count was lower in organic cows than conventional cows. There was a higher proportion of quarters that were dried off at the herd visit in organic herds. No differences in the interval to first AI, interval to last AI or calving interval was revealed between organic and conventional cows. There was no difference between conventional and organic cows in quarter samples positive for mastitis bacteria from the herd visit. Milk yield and parity were associated with the likelihood of at least one quarter positive for mastitis bacteria. There was few S. aureus isolates resistance to penicillin in both management systems. Penicillin resistance against Coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from subclinically infected quarters was 48.5% in conventional herds and 46.5% in organic herds. Conclusion: There were no large differences between reproductive performance and udder health between conventional and organic farming for Norwegian Red cows.

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Forfattere

Håvard Steinshamn Erling Thuen

Sammendrag

Red (RC) or white (WC) clover were grown in mixture with grasses, ensiled and offered to dairy cows in early lactation over two successive years (48 cows per year) to compare grassland yield, feed intake, milk production and milk quality. The crops were ensiled in round bales and proportional mixtures of the second and third cut prepared each year were used to ensure that the silage treatments were representative of the crop. In addition to silage type, concentrate supplementation, without and with (10 kg/day), was included as a factor in a 2 X 2 factorial, continuous experiment. Total dry matter (DM) yield, silage chemical composition and total DM intake was hardly affected by silage type. There was no effect of silage type on milk yield and milk constituents either, except for higher milk protein content (P < 0.05) on WC and higher milk fat content of C18:3n-3 (P < 0.001), C18:2n-6 (P < 0.05) fatty acids (FAs) and sum of polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.001) and lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio (P < 0.01) on RC. Concentrate supplementation increased total DM, N and net energy intakes (P < 0.001), milk yield (P < 0.001), milk fat (P < 0.01) and protein (P < 0.001) content, decreased the milk urea content (P < 0.001), and increased the milk fat content of short- and medium-chained FAs (< C16, P < 0.001), C18:0 (P < 0.01) and C18:2n-6 (P < 0.001), decreased the content of C16:0 (P < 0.05), C18:1t11 (P < 0.001) and C 18:3n-3 (P < 0.001), and increased then 6/n-3 FA ratio (P < 0.001). The effect of concentrate supplementation was not affected by silage type, except for milk protein content where the positive effect of supplementation was stronger on WC than on RC diets (P < 0.05). This study illustrates that the white- and red clover-grass mixtures investigated were widely similar with regard to their effects on grassland yield, silage intake and milk production and milk constituents, except for a higher milk fat content of C18:3n-3 and C18:2n-6 and lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio on red clover diets. Our findings also show that N conversion efficiency from feed to milk on pure forage diets is more sensitive to changes in dietary protein intake than silage diets containing cereal based concentrates. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Forfattere

Inger Hansen Vibeke Lind

Sammendrag

The frequency with which ewe lambs lay on wooden surfaces at two levels, called ``double bunks,"" was documented by video recording at 6, 11 and 18 months of age: the number in each of 4 pens (n = 4) lying either on double bunks (DBs) or on the expanded metal floor (EMF) was recorded. At 6 months, lambs were sheared half way through the research period and DBs of two different heights (50/60 cm) and depths (60/75 cm) were tested. At other ages the lambs were sheared before testing and all DBs were the 60 cm 60 cm design. Fully fleeced lambs aged 6 months preferred to lie on EMF rather than DB (P < 0.001). After shearing, the use of EMF for resting declined (P < 0.05) and no significant preference between EMF and DB was found. The lambs tended to lie less when newly sheared (P = 0.06). At 11 months, sheared lambs used DB just as much as EMF, whereas 18 month old sheared ewe lambs tended to choose DB to lie on (P = 0.09). At 6 months, there was a tendency for more lambs to rest at ground level in the DB when headroom was higher at 60 cm (P = 0.1). No other preferences between DB designs were found. The results are discussed according to the regulations for organic sheep farming in Norway. The lambs showed little preference for resting on a DB compared to EMF, so there is insufficient evidence to recommend a two-level, wooden lying area for sheep.

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Forfattere

Gunnlaug Røthe

Sammendrag

Prosjektet er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom forsøksringene i Troms og Finnmark og Bioforsk Nord Holt. I 2005, som er andre prosjektår, gikk det mye tid til gårdsbesøk og vurderinger av muligheter og begrensinger for omlegging til økologisk drift. Det er også foretatt noen økonomiske beregninger ved omlegging fra konvensjonell til økologisk drift. I samarbeid med Økologisk Ideforum Troms ble det avviklet to arrangementer, en vårsamling med tema Småskalaproduksjon og videreforedling av kjøttprodukter, og et høstseminar kombinert med etegilde på økologisk vis. Det er gjennomført kurs i økologisk landbruk i Finnmark (Varangerbotn). Det er sendt ut infoskriv til ringene og brukere og det er informert om prosjektet ved ulike anledninger. Det ble laget en infoplakat om økologisk sauehold til infobruk. To sauebruk startet omlegging til økologisk drift i 2005. Bortfall av kravet om tett ligge-underlag kan trolig virke positivt på utviklingen av økologisk sauehold i Troms og Finnmark, men skal denne produksjonsmåten få noe stort omfang må nivået på de økonomiske virkemidlene trolig økes.

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Forfattere

Ane Margrethe Lyng Jon Sværen

Sammendrag

«Driftsgranskinger i jord- og skogbruk» er ei årleg rekneskapsgransking der det inngår om lag 1 000 bruk over heile landet. Grunnlagsmaterialet for denne granskinga er omfattande, og mange data vert det ikkje plass til i den landsdekkande publikasjonen. Det er stor etterspurnad etter lokale økonomiske data for Vestlandet. I tillegg er det er eit mål for NILF å gjere data frå driftsgranskingane lettare tilgjengelege. Notatet er basert på driftsgranskingsdata frå dei tre vestlandsfylka Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane og Møre og Romsdal. Det deltek 173 bruk frå Vestlandet i granskinga, om lag 60 bruk frå kvart fylke. Dei økonomiske dataene i 10-årstrendane i kapittel tre er deflaterte etter konsumprisindeksen, medan 5-årsoversiktene i tabellsamlinga inneheld beløp i nominelle kroner frå kvart av åra. Kontinuiteten blant deltakarane i statistikken er god, derfor vil trendane over 5-10 år gje ei god oversikt over den økonomiske utviklinga i jordbruket i landsdelen. I tillegg til driftsøkonomien er totaløkonomien på bruka godt dokumentert. Driftsgranskingane i jord- og skogbruk er eit årleg fellesprosjekt, som krev stor innsats av medarbeidarar ved alle kontora til NILF. Distriktskontoret i Bergen har ansvaret for tala frå Vestlandet.

Forfattere

Espen Govasmark Arvid Steen Anne Kjersti Bakken Turid Strøm Sissel Hansen

Sammendrag

Innholdet av en rekke mikromineraler i jord, grovfôrvekster og husdyr ble kartlagt på 28 økologiske gårdsbruk i Norge. Kløverinnholdet i grovfôret var viktig for mineralinnholdet, og det var gjennomgående forskjeller i innhold mellom første- og andreslått. Ut fra mineralbehovet hos sau og storfe viste plante- og blodprøver at flere av besetningene hadde for liten tilførsel av selen og E-vitamin, mens tilførsel av kobolt og kopper var tilfredsstillende.

Forfattere

Anne Kjersti Bakken Astrid Johansen

Sammendrag

An organic crop rotation system simulating a dairy farm with 1.0 cow per ha has been run for six years with undersown barley, three year leys, swede and oats. The fodder supply at the farm has been evaluated with the presumptions that 70 % of the energy requirement of the cows should be covered by roughages and that the yearly milk production was 5000 kg per cow. The requirement for roughages was covered by the farm itself in five out of six years, whereas the yields of barley and oats were all years too low to cover the proportion of energy to be supplied from other sources. Due to a low nitrogen content, the protein deficit of the fodder produced in the system was higher than the energy deficit, and considerable amounts of fodder rich in proteins would have to be imported unless the stocking rate and/or the milk production per cow is lowered.

Forfattere

Astrid Johansen Anne Kjersti Bakken

Sammendrag

Fôrforsyninga til eit simulert mjølkeproduksjonsbruk frå eit seksårig vekstskifte under omlegging til økologisk drift er evaluert. Vekstskiftet som bestod av bygg i attlegg av eng, treårig eng, kålrot og havre, vart tilført husdyrgjødsel i mengder tilsvarande 0,1 ku per dekar. Energi- (FEm) og proteinforsyning (AAT og PBV) vart evaluert på bakgrunn av gjeldande regelverk frå DEBIO med krav om at minimum 70% av energiforsyninga skal være basert på grovfôr. I fem av seks år vart det produsert nok gras/kløver og kålrot i vekstskiftet til å dekke grovfôrbehovet, gitt eit ytingsnivå à 5000 kg mjølk per ku per år. Avlingane av korn var alle år for små til å dekke det resterande energibehovet, men noko høgare avlingar mot slutten av perioden reduserte energiunderskottet frå 10-15% til 5% siste året. Eit lågt proteininnhald, både i grovfôr og korn gjorde at proteinunderskottet var større enn energiunderskottet. For å auke bærekrafta til det økologiske mjølkeproduksjonsbruket må ein redusere dyretalet (kyr per dekar) og/eller ytingsnivået. Endringar i vekstskiftet og i disponeringa av husdyrgjødsla kunne truleg også hatt positiv innverknad på sjølvforsyningsgraden av energi og protein på mjølkeproduksjonsbruket.

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Prosjekter

Ku av vestlandsk fjordfe og kalver

Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn

Økologisk, sjølvrekrutterende kjøttproduksjon med vestlandsk fjordfe. Kartlegging av beiteatferd, tilvekst og dyrevelferd


Selvrekrutterende kjøttproduksjon med bevaringsverdige husdyrraser kan for mange oppfattes som en marginal og lite innbringende geskjeft.

Bønder som baserer sin produksjon nettopp på disse små og lettbeinte kyrne mener at gamle rasene utnytter utmarksbeite meget godt og produserer svært tilfredsstillende, deres størrelse tatt i betrakning.

Formålet med dette prosjektet var å kartlegge og dokumentere hvordan tilvekst, hold og brystmål hos en besetning med storferasen vestlandsk fjordfe utviklet seg over flere år og beitesesonger. Hva er normal størrelse og vekt på en voksen ku av rasen? Og hvilken tilvekst kan en forvente hos kalv som går fem måneder på utmarksbeite sammen med sin mor? Det var noen av spørsmålene vi ønsket å besvare.

Finished Updated: 23.10.2020
End: juni 2017
Start: mai 2015
Plastogstrekkmetall
Sauens preferanse for liggeunderlag. Litteraturgjennomgang og valgforsøk mellom ulike typer golv til sau i innefôringsperioden


Spaltegolv i hele bingearealet er svært vanlig i norske sauefjøs. Dette av hensyn til renhet og effektiv oppsamling av gjødsel. Spaltegulv er også tillatt i økologisk saueproduksjon, ved hjelp et særnorsk unntak fra EU’s økologiforordning. Om dette unntaket skulle falle bort, står mange sauebønder overfor utfordringer med tilrettelegging for tett golv på liggearealet, reinhold og praktiske løsninger som alternativ til spaltegolv, eller i tillegg til spaltegolv i sine sauefjøs. Dette prosjektet tar sikte på å gjennomføre en utredning av alternativer til spaltegulv i økologiske sauefjøs samt gjøre et preferanseforsøk der sauen selv får velge hvilke materialer i gulvet som den mener er best å ligge på, rett etter klipping.

Finished Updated: 20.10.2025
End: juni 2016
Start: juni 2015

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