2020
Forfattere
Paul C. Rogers Bradley D. Pinno Jan Šebesta Benedicte R. Albrectsen Guoqing Li Natalya Ivanova Antonín Kusbach Timo Kuuluvainen Simon M. Landhäusser Hongyan Liu Tor Myking Pertti Pulkkinen Zhongming Wen Dominik KulakowskiSammendrag
Across the northern hemisphere, six species of aspen (Populus spp.) play a disproportionately important role in promoting biodiversity, sequestering carbon, limiting forest disturbances, and providing other ecosystem services. These species are illustrative of efforts to move beyond single-species conservation because they facilitate hundreds of plants and animals worldwide. This review is intended to place aspen in a global conservation context by focusing on the many scientific advances taking place in such biologically diverse systems. In this manner, aspen may serve as a model for other widespread keystone systems where science-based practice may have world implications for biodiversity conservation. In many regions, aspen can maintain canopy dominance for decades to centuries as the sole major broadleaf trees in forested landscapes otherwise dominated by conifers. Aspen ecosystems are valued for many reasons, but here we highlight their potential as key contributors to regional and global biodiversity. We present global trends in research priorities, strengths, and weaknesses based on, 1) a qualitative survey, 2) a systematic literature analysis, and 3) regional syntheses of leading research topics. These regional syntheses explore important aspen uses, threats, and research priorities with the ultimate intent of research sharing focused on sound conservation practice. In all regions, we found that aspen enhance biodiversity, facilitate rapid (re)colonization in natural and damaged settings (e.g., abandoned mines), and provide adaptability in changing environments. Common threats to aspen ecosystems in many, but not all, regions include effects of herbivory, land clearing, logging practices favoring conifer species, and projected climate warming. We also highlight regional research gaps that emerged from the three survey approaches above. We believe multi-scale research is needed that examines disturbance processes in the context of dynamic climates where ecological, physiological, and genetic variability will ultimately determine widespread aspen sustainability. Based on this global review of aspen research, we argue for the advancement of the “mega-conservation” strategy, centered on the idea of sustaining a set of common keystone communities (aspen) that support wide arrays of obligate species. This approach contrasts with conventional preservation which focuses limited resources on individual species residing in narrow niches.
Forfattere
Isabella Righini Bram Vanthoor Michel Verheul Muhammad Naseer Henk Maessen Tomas Persson Cecilia StanghelliniSammendrag
A greenhouse climate-crop yield model was adapted to include additional climate modification techniques suitable for enabling sustainable greenhouse management at high latitudes. Additions to the model were supplementary lighting, secondary heating and heat harvesting technologies. The model: 1) included the impact of different light sources on greenhouse air temperature and tomato production 2) included a secondary heating system 3) calculated the amount of harvested heat whilst lighting was used. The crop yield model was not modified but it was validated for growing tomato in a semi-closed greenhouse equipped with HPS lamps (top-lights) and LED (inter-lights) in Norway. The combined climate-yield model was validated with data from a commercial greenhouse in Norway. The results showed that the model was able to predict the air temperature with sufficient accuracy during the validation periods with Relative Root Mean Square Error <10%. Tomato yield was accurately simulated in the cases under investigation, yielding a final production difference between 0.7% and 4.3%. Lack of suitable data prevented validation of the heat harvest sub-model, but a scenario is presented calculating the maximum harvestable heat in an illuminated greenhouse. Given the cumulative energy used for heating, the total amount of heating pipe energy which could be fulfilled with the heat harvestable from the greenhouse air was around 50%. Given the overall results, the greenhouse climate(-crop yield) model modified and presented in this study is considered accurate enough to support decisions about investments at farm level and/or evaluate beforehand the possible consequences of environmental policies.
Sammendrag
This study provides a multi-attribute approach to support decisions by Norwegian crop farmers considering adopting innovative crop protection measures. In modelling choice among pest management strategies, we have accounted for both economic risks, risks to human health and risks to the environment. We used the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) to evaluate the results of a field trial comparing four different pest management strategies. In the trial, various pre-crops in year one were followed by two consecutive years of winter wheat. Two treatments had different levels of integrated pest management (IPM). IPM1 was the most innovative treatment and used less pesticides (i.e. herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) than IPM2. The third treatment (‘Worst Case’, WC) used pesticides routinely. The fourth treatment (‘No Plant Protection’, NPP) used no plant protection measures except one reduced dose of herbicide per year on winter wheat. Two main attributes were included in the SMART analysis, an economic indicator and a pesticide load indicator, each of which comprised a number of attributes at a subsidiary level. The results showed that the IPM1 and NPP strategies performed better than IPM2 and the WC strategies. However, the ranking of the pest management practices depended on the weighting of the two main attributes. Although the SMART analysis gave ordinal utility values, permitting only ranking of the alternatives, we were able to transform the results to measure financial differences between the alternatives.
Forfattere
Siri Vatsø Haugum Liv Guri Velle Pål Thorvaldsen Alexander Vågenes Casper Tai Christiansen Vigdis VandvikSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
På oppdrag fra vannområdet Bunnefjorden med Årungen- og Gjersjøvassdraget (PURA) er den empiriske modellen Agricat 2 brukt til å beregne potensialet for erosjon og fosforavrenning fra jordbruksarealer i 16 tiltaksområder, ved faktisk drift i 2019. Arealfordelingen av faktisk drift (vekst, jordarbeiding og miljøtiltak) i 2019 har framkommet av registerdata fra Landbruksdirektoratet og føringer/informasjon fra Follo Landbrukskontor, og er fordelt på de dyrka arealene etter bestemte rutiner i modellen. Arealfordelingsrutinen i modellen ga følgende utbredelse av kombinasjon vekst/jordarbeiding i vannområdet for 2019: 39 % stubb (jordarbeiding vår eller direktesåing), 15 % gras, 28 % vårkorn med høstpløying, 8 % høstkorn med høstpløying, 5 % høstharving til vår- og høstkorn samt frukt og bær, og 5 % poteter og grønnsaker. Arealfordelingen varierte mellom tiltaksområder. Eksisterende grasdekte buffersoner og fangdammer inngikk også i beregningene. Jord- og fosfortap i vannområdet PURA i 2018 ble beregnet til henholdsvis 3,5 kilotonn SS og 6 tonn TP. For individuelle tiltaksområder varierte jordtapet fra nær 0 til 2 kilotonn, og fosfortap fra nær 0 til 3 tonn. Forskjeller i drift bidro til å forklare forskjellene mellom tiltaksområder.
Sammendrag
” Aksjon pærebrann” ble etter den første påvisning av pærebrann i Norge i 1986 opprettet som et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Mattilsynet og NIBIO (Norsk Institutt for Bioøkonomi, Divisjon for Bioteknologi og Plantehelse). Formålet med prosjektet er å overvåke, kartlegge og bekjempe pærebrann. For å oppnå et best mulig resultat i dette arbeidet er landet blitt delt opp i tre soner..... Kommune- og fylkesinndeling er som i 2019. Fra 01.01 2020 trer det i kraft en en ny inndeling av kommuner og fylker med nye navn..
Forfattere
Hanno Sandvik Olga Hilmo Snorre Henriksen Reidar Elven Per Arvid Åsen Hanne Hegre Oddvar Pedersen Per Anker Pedersen Heidi Solstad Vigdis Vandvik Kristine Bakke Westergaard Frode Ødegaard Sandra Charlotte Helene Åström Hallvard Elven Anders Endrestøl Øivind Gammelmo Bjørn Arild Hatteland Halvor Solheim Björn Nordén Leif Sundheim Venche Talgø Tone Falkenhaug Bjørn Gulliksen Anders Jelmert Eivind Oug Jan Henry Sundet Elisabet Forsgren Anders Gravbrøt Finstad Trygve H. Hesthagen Kjell Harald Nedreaas Rupert Wienerroither Vivian Husa Stein Fredriksen Kjersti Sjøtun Henning Steen Haakon Hansen Inger Sofie Hamnes Egil Karlsbakk Christer Magnusson Bjørnar Ytrehus Hans Christian Pedersen Jon Swenson Per Ole Syvertsen Bård Gunnar Stokke Jan Ove Gjershaug Dag Dolmen Gaute Kjærstad Stein Ivar Johnsen Thomas Correll Jensen Kristian Hassel Lisbeth GederaasSammendrag
1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures.
Forfattere
Victor Rueda Ayala Luis A Ramos-Guerrero Paul Vargas-Jentzsch Betty Hernández Mats Höglind Dionisio AndújarSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
I rapporten undersøkes og diskuteres hvilke skogtyper innen det Europeiske Natura 2000 systemet som Norge synes å ha et særlig ansvar for. Data fra Landsskogtakseringen sammenlignes med data fra EU på areal av de ulike skogtypene. Det konkluderes med at Norge har et svært høyt ansvar for oseaniske skogtyper, et høyt ansvar for Nordiske skogtyper, og et middels til lavt ansvar for sydlige skogtyper.