2021
Forfattere
Paul Eric AspholmSammendrag
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Forfattere
Dag Fjeld Kari Väätäinen Henrik von Hofsten Daniel Noreland Ingeborg Callesen Andis LazdinsSammendrag
Transport cost calculations are fundamental for most types of transport research. Applications can range from estimating the cost benefits of developing transport technologies (e.g. increased truck GVWs) to comparing profitability between alternative infrastructure investments (e.g. rail or sea terminals). Most stakeholders rely on a favourite spreadsheet, however these vary considerably with respect to functionality, resolution and transparency. During 2019 and 2020 the NB Nord Road and Transport group has worked towards a common Nordic-Baltic costing framework for road, rail and sea transport. The goal has been to propose a general model per transport method which is user-friendly, while retaining the necessary resolution and functionality to model actual costs for specific transport orders or contracts. The handbook provides: a) complete explanation of its formulas, b) calculation examples and c) a corresponding Excel spreadsheet...
Forfattere
Michal Hájek Borja Jiménez-Alfaro Ondřej Hájek Lisa Brancaleoni Marco Cantonati Michele Carbognani Anita Dedić Daniel Dítě Renato Gerdol Petra Hájková Veronika Horsáková Florian Jansen Jasmina Kamberović Jutta Kapfer Tiina Kolari Mariusz Lamentowicz Predrag Lazarević Ermin Mašić Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund Aaron Pérez-Haase Tomáš Peterka Alessandro Petraglia Eulàlia Pladevall-Izard Zuzana Plesková Stefano Segadelli Yuliya Semeniuk Patrícia Singh Anna Šímová Eva Šmerdová Teemu Tahvanainen Marcello Tomaselli Yuliya Vystavna Claudia Biţă-Nicolae Michal HorsákSammendrag
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Forfattere
Habtamu AlemSammendrag
Previous application of the stochastic frontier model and subsequent measurement of the performance of the crop sector can be criticized for the estimated production function relying on the assumption that the underlying technology is the same for different agricultural systems. This paper contributes to estimating regional efficiency and the technological gap in Norwegian grain farms using the stochastic metafrontier approach. For this study, we classified the country into regions with district level of development and, hence, production technologies. The dataset used is farm-level balanced panel data for 19 years (1996–2014) with 1463 observations from 196 family farms specialized in grain production. The study used the true random effect model and stochastic metafrontier analysis to estimate region-level technical efficiency (TE) and technology gap ratio (TGR) in the two main grain-producing regions of Norway. The result of the analysis shows that farmers differ in performance and technology use. Consequently, the paper gives some regionally and farming system-based policy insights to increase grain production in the country to achieve self-sufficiency and small-scale farming in all regions.
Forfattere
Gunnhild SøgaardSammendrag
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Forfattere
Martin Forsius Maximilian Posch Maria Holmberg Jussi Vuorenmaa Sirpa Kleemola Algirdas Augustaitis Burkhard Beudert Witold Bochenek Nicholas Clarke Heleen de Wit Thomas Dirnböck Jane Frey Ulf Grandin Hannele Hakola Johannes Kobler Pavel Krám Antti-Jussi Lindroos Liisa Ukonmaanaho Salar Valinia Milan VáňaSammendrag
Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds and their long-range transport have caused widespread negative impacts on different ecosystems. Critical loads (CLs) are deposition thresholds used to describe the sensitivity of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition. The CL methodology has been a key science-based tool for assessing the environmental consequences of air pollution. We computed CLs for eutrophication and acidification using a European long-term dataset of intensively studied forested ecosystem sites (n = 17) in northern and central Europe. The sites belong to the ICP IM and eLTER networks. The link between the site-specific calculations and time-series of CL exceedances and measured site data was evaluated using long-term measurements (1990–2017) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry. Novel techniques for presenting exceedances of CLs and their temporal development were also developed. Concentrations and fluxes of sulphate, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and acidity in deposition substantially decreased at the sites. Decreases in S deposition resulted in statistically significant decreased concentrations and fluxes of sulphate in runoff and decreasing trends of TIN in runoff were more common than increasing trends. The temporal developments of the exceedance of the CLs indicated the more effective reductions of S deposition compared to N at the sites. There was a relation between calculated exceedance of the CLs and measured runoff water concentrations and fluxes, and most sites with higher CL exceedances showed larger decreases in both TIN and H+ concentrations and fluxes. Sites with higher cumulative exceedance of eutrophication CLs (averaged over 3 and 30 years) generally showed higher TIN concentrations in runoff. The results provided evidence on the link between CL exceedances and empirical impacts, increasing confidence in the methodology used for the European-scale CL calculations. The results also confirm that emission abatement actions are having their intended effects on CL exceedances and ecosystem impacts.
Forfattere
Gaute Velle Lennart Edsman Charlotte Evangelista Stein Ivar Johnsen Martin Malmstrøm Trude Vrålstad Hugo de Boer Katrine Eldegard Kjetil Hindar Lars Robert Hole Kyrre Linné Kausrud Johanna Järnegren Inger Elisabeth Måren Erlend Birkeland Nilsen Eli Knispel Rueness Eva Bonsak Thorstad Anders NielsenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Anette SundbyeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Gunnar Engan Knut Hessen Metteline Dydland Larsen Thomas Holm CarlsenSammendrag
NIBIO har i 2020 utført heldekkende NIN-kartlegging i 14 verneområder i Vestfold-Telemark. Rapporten oppsummerer noen forhold som kommer dårlig frem i kartobjekter og egenskapsdata tidligere registrert via NiNapp.
Sammendrag
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