Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Sammendrag
Statsforvalteren i Vestfold og Telemark har satt opp noen forslag til ulike vannmiljøtiltak som vurderes inkludert i ny forskrift om regionale miljøkrav i jordbruket. NIBIO har utredet hvilke effekter tiltakene kan ha på næringsstofftap, matproduksjon og kostnader. Tiltakene gjelder for areal med korn, oljevekster, potet og grønnsaker i tre virkeområder: Vestfold, Grenland og Midtre Telemark. Beregning av jord-, fosfor- og nitrogentap fra jordbruksareal er gjort med modellene Agricat2 og AGRITIL, med grunnlagsdata fra offentlige kart og dataregistre som inputdata. Tiltakenes effekter på matproduksjon er beregnet utfra forventet effekt på avling knyttet til endret jordarbeidingsmetode eller bortfall av produksjonsareal. Kostnader beregnes utfra forskjell i dekningsbidrag med og uten tiltak, inklusive maskiner og arbeid og eksklusive evt. tilskudd. Statsforvalteren har bidratt med lokalt tallgrunnlag for en del faktorer som er brukt i beregningene. Tiltakene som er vurdert, er som følger, med tiltakseffekt på fosfor- og nitrogentap beregnet som prosent reduksjon i forhold til totale tap fra alt jordbruksareal, og ingen andre tiltak gjennomført: 1) buffersoner rundt nedløpskummer: 1-5 % for fosfor og <1 % for nitrogen; 2) gras eller stubb i dråg: 15-30 % for fosfor og ca. 1 % for nitrogen, gras mer effektivt enn stubb; 3) buffersoner langs vassdrag: 10-20 % for fosfor og ca. 1 % for nitrogen; 4) stubb/plantedekke på flomutsatt areal: ikke tallfestet; 5) stubb/plantedekke på areal med stor til svært stor erosjonsrisiko: 30-45 % for fosfor og 1-3 % for nitrogen; 6) minst 60 % stubb eller plantedekke på alle foretakenes fulldyrkede areal: 30-45 % for fosfor og 1-4 % for nitrogen; og 7) fangvekster: 30-50 % for fosfor og 5-10 % for nitrogen, gitt etaberling i stubb på areal med stor til svært stor erosjonsrisiko eller 60 % plantedekke, og på 80 % av potet- og grønnsaksareal med tidligkulturer. Effektene er beregnet per kommune, og vil være annerledes for enkeltnedbørfelt med annen vekstfordeling enn i kommunene. Det er spesielt viktig i nedbørfelt med mye potet- og grønnsaksareal, der effekten av tiltak vil være større enn det som er beregnet per kommune. De fleste tiltakene vil gi noe avlingsreduksjon. Unntaket er fangvekst som sås etter potet og grønnsaker, og før eller etter høsting av korn. For grasdekke i dråg og grasdekte kantsoner tilsvarer avlingsreduksjonen hele avlingen man ville forventet på det beslaglagte arealet, her beregnet til totalt ca. 5400 tonn korn og 3300 tonn potet og grønnsaker. Kostnader ved gras i dråg er estimert til 1,5-3 mill. kroner på kornareal og 3,7-9,5 mill. kroner på potet- og grønnsaksareal. Tilsvarende kostnader for grasdekte kantsoner er henholdsvis 1,3-2,3 mill. kroner og 3,2-8,1 mill. kroner. På kornareal vil buffersoner med stubb i dråg eller langs vassdrag gi lavere avlingsreduksjon enn grasdekke. Forventet avlingsreduksjon ved endret jordarbeiding til korn i erosjonsrisikoklasse 3-4 er beregnet til 2000-2800 tonn, avhengig av om evenetuelt høstkorn blir direktesådd eller høstharvet. Dersom mer areal legges om (60 % stubb eller plantedekke), blir avlingsreduksjonen 4200-6000 tonn korn. Kostnadene ved jordarbeidingstiltakene er beregnet til mellom 7 og 20 mill. kroner.
Sammendrag
Floral initiation in biennial-fruiting red raspberry is controlled by the interaction of temperature and photoperiod. To determine the threshold temperatures for short day (SD) floral initiation in early- and late-flowering cultivars, we exposed plants of ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Glen Mor’ and ‘Duo’ to 12°, 16° and 20°C in a daylight phytotron under naturally decreasing autumn daylength at Ås, Norway (59°40’N). While none of the cultivars ceased growing or initiated floral primordia at 20°C, ‘Glen Ample’ and ‘Glen Mor’ initiated buds at 12° and 16°C, whereas ‘Duo’ formed flower buds at 12°C only. Surprisingly, however, all plants flowered abundantly in spring after winter chilling in the dark at −1.5 ± 0.5°C for 7 months. We discuss two possible explanations for this unusual and novel flowering response. Fractional induction is well known in raspberry, and we visualise that in SD at 20°C, the SD requirement is fulfilled, while floral induction is still blocked by inappropriate temperature. A vernalisation-like response is alternatively suggested as this can take place at near-freezing temperatures in the dark. A combination of the two mechanisms is also possible and likely. We conclude, however, that the two floral induction processes are fundamentally different and controlled by different physiological mechanisms.
Sammendrag
Background: Soil water and organic carbon (C) are key factors affecting the growth and development of apple seedlings. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of different soil moisture and glucose supplies on apple seedling growth and soil enzyme activities. We hypothesized that the growth of apple seedlings was affected by soil water and C content through their effects on root structure, plant physiological properties and soil enzymatic activities. A pot experiment consisting of nine treatments was set up, including three water treatments with soil moisture contents at 75–85% (normal irrigation, CK), 65–75% (light water stress, LS), and 55–65% (mild water stress, MS) of the soil field capacity, in combination with three glucose treatments with carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 7.5 (C1, no adding glucose), 10 (C2) and 15 (C3), respectively. Results: Results showed that the LSC2 treatment significantly increased plant height by 7%, stem diameter by 5% and leaf area by 17%, as compared with LSC1. Also, LSC2 significantly increased root dry weight, root vitality and soil enzyme activities. Moreover, results of leaf photosynthetic, malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and proline contents also proved that adding glucose improved the drought resistance of plants. Conclusion: LSC2 treatment is more conducive to the growth of apple seedlings, and application of carbon has a good alleviation effect on plant water stress. The study demonstrated that addition of exogenous glucose alleviated light water deficiency, significantly affected root vitality, and promoted apple seedling growth. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Forfattere
Karen Ane Frøyland Skjennum Katinka Muri Krahn Erlend Sørmo Raoul Wolf Aleksandar I. Goranov Patrick G. Hatcher Thomas Hartnik Hans Peter Heinrich Arp Andrew R. Zimmerman Yaxin Zhang Gerard CornelissenSammendrag
To better characterize properties governing the sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to biochar, twenty-three diverse biochars were characterized and evaluated as sorbents for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Biochars were produced at various temperatures, using two different technologies, and made from sewage sludge, food waste reject, wood wastes, and one reference substrate (wood pellets). The biochars were characterized in terms of surface area, pore volume and pore size distributions, elemental composition, leachable elements, ash content, pH, zeta potential, condensed aromatic carbon (ConAC) content (determined by benzenepolycarboxylic acid (BPCA) markers), and their -OH functional group content (infrared spectroscopy). PFOA sorption isotherms were determined using Polanyi-Dubinin-Manes (PDM) and Freundlich models. The sludge-based biochars [Freundlich coefficients (log KF) between 2.56 ± 0.11 and 6.72 ± 0.22 (μg/kg)/(μg/L)nF; fitted free energy of adsorption (E) and pore volume (Vo) from the PDM model between 13.27 and 17.26 kJ/mol, and 0.50 and 523.51 cm3/kg] outperformed wood biochars [log KF between 1.02 and 4.56 ± 0.22 (μg/kg)/(μg/L)nF; E between 9.87 and 17.44 kJ/mol; Vo between 0.21 and 7.16 cm3/kg] as PFOA sorbents. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the sorption capacity was mainly controlled by pore volume within the pore diameter region that could accommodate the molecular size of PFOA (3–6 nm). Hydrophobic interactions between PFOA and aromatic carbon rich regions controlled sorption affinity, especially in the wood biochars.
Sammendrag
Successful introduction of the new cultivars requires proper pomological, phenological and as well as technological evaluation. It is particularly important at the harsh Norwegian climate conditions. Investigations were conducted with apple cultivar ‘Eden‘ / ‘Wursixo‘ (WUR 6), with the aim to establish an optimal balance between yield, fruit quality and bearing regularity. Four different crop load levels were tested in 3 consecutive years in the orchard planted 3.5 x 1 m and trained as slender spindle. Lower crop load levels guaranteed good return bloom, a very high share of fruits harvested during the first picking, and larger fruits. Increasing crop load led to less intensive return bloom, smaller fruit sizes and higher share of fruits harvested during the second picking. It was found that ‘Eden‘ is strictly alternating cultivar and precise crop load levels according to the tree age and tree vigour were defined. In order to keep ‘Eden‘ trees in regular bearing mode crop load levels should be maintained at 4.5-5 fruits cm-2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) in the 3rd and 6-7 fruits in the 4th growing season
Sammendrag
Arealbrukssektoren (engelsk: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, LULUCF) omfatter arealbruk og arealbruksendringer, med tilhørende utslipp og opptak av CO2, CH4 og N2O, og er en del av det nasjonale klimagassregnskapet under FNs klimakonvensjon. Framskrivningene presentert her er basert på data og metodikk fra Norges siste rapportering til FNs klimakonvensjon, innsendt 15. mars 2024 (Miljødirektoratet mfl. 2024). Perioden 2009–2022 har vært lagt til grunn som referanseperiode, og framskrivning av arealutvikling og utslipp er i all hovedsak basert på rapporterte data for denne tidsperioden. Utviklingen i gjenværende skog er framskrevet ved hjelp av simuleringsverktøyet SiTree og jordmodellen Yasso07. Klimaendringer under klimascenariet i RCP 4.5 er lagt til grunn. Framskrivingen er framstilt både i henhold til FNs klimakonvensjon sitt regelverk for klimagassregnskapet (alle arealbrukskategorier og kilder) og basert på EUs regelverk under LULUCF-forordningen (2018/841) (European Union 2018).
Sammendrag
I denne rapporten er det gjort nye kjøringer av tabell 3 – 24(kapittel 3) i NIBIO rapport 50/2021. I tillegg er det laget noen oversiktstabeller. I tabellene er det beregnet hvor mange foretak og hvor mye gjødsel som må finne nytt areal. Beregningene er basert på nye forslag til grenseverdier. For Rogaland er det beregnet for grenseverdier gjødsel på 2,7 kg P/ daa og 3 kg P/ daa. For Troms og Finnmark er det beregnet for grenser på 2,5 kg P/ da, og for landet ellers er det beregnet for grenser på 2,5 kg P/ daa og 2,3 kg P/ daa.
Forfattere
Live Lingaas Nesse Kristin Forfang Jannice Schau Slettemeås Snorre Hagen Marianne Sunde Abdelhameed Elameen Gro Skøien Johannessen Marianne Stenrød Girum Tadesse Tessema Marit Almvik Hans Geir EikenSammendrag
The abundance and diversity of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural landscapes may be important for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. The aim of this study was to apply screening methods for ARB and ARGs to investigate the impact of farming on the prevalence of AMR in a country with low antibiotic usage. We have analyzed samples (n = 644) from soil and wild terrestrial animals and plants (slugs, snails, mice, shrews, earthworms, and red clover) collected over two years in agricultural fields accompanied by nearby control areas with low human activity. All samples were investigated for the occurrence of 35 different ARGs using high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) on a newly developed DNA array. In addition, samples from the first year (n = 415) were investigated with a culture-based approach combined with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (AREC). ARGs were detected in 59.5% of all samples (2019 + 2020). AREC, which was only investigated in the 2019 samples, was identified in 1.9% of these. Samples collected in the autumn showed more ARGs and AREC than spring samples, and this was more pronounced for organic fields than for conventional fields. Control areas with low human activity showed lower levels of ARGs and a lack of AREC. The use of livestock manure was correlated with a higher level of ARG load than other farming practices. None of the soil samples contained antibiotics, and no association was found between AMR and the levels of metals or pesticides. High qualitative similarity between HT-qPCR and WGS, together with the positive controls to the validation of our 35 ARG assays, show that the microfluid DNA array may be an efficient screening tool on environmental samples. In conclusion, even in a country with a very low consumption of antimicrobials by production animals, our results support the hypothesis of these animals being a source of AREC and ARGs in agricultural environments, primarily through the use of manure.
Sammendrag
Rapporten viser det økonomiske resultatet for gårdsbruk i Trøndelag i 2022, og utviklingen i sentrale økonomiske nøkkeltall fra 2013 til 2022. For skogbruket viser rapporten resultater for et større geografisk område der også Helgeland og kommunene nord for Romsdalsfjorden er med. Resultatene er basert på gårdsbruk som har vært med i driftsgranskningene i disse regionene. I Trøndelag var det 146 gårdsbruk som var med i driftsgranskingene i 2022. Vederlaget til arbeid og egenkapital per årsverk ble på 483 500 kroner i gjennomsnitt for alle bruk i Trøndelag i 2022, noe som var en økning på 94 600 kroner. For landet var vederlaget til arbeid og egenkapital per årsverk 492 900 kroner, en økning på 89 800 kroner fra 2021. Skogbruksgranskingene omfatter 19 bruk og fikk et resultat på 320 kroner per m3 virke omsatt.
Forfattere
Marian Malte Weigel Therese With Berge Jukka Salonen Timo Lötjönen Bärbel Gerowitt Lars Olav BrandsæterSammendrag
Controlling creeping perennial weeds is challenging throughout all farming systems. The present study distinguished and explored three different methods to control them non-chemically: disturbance with inversion, disturbance without inversion, and competition. Focusing on Cirsium arvense, Elymus repens, and Sonchus arvensis, we conducted a field study (2019–2021) at three northern European sites in Germany, Finland, and Norway. We investigated the effects of the control methods ploughing (inversion disturbance), root cutting (non-inversion disturbance), and cover crops (competition) alone. Root cutting was conducted using a prototype machine developed by “Kverneland”. Eight treatments were tested in factorial designs adapted for each site. Control methods were applied solely and combined. Response variables after treatments were aboveground weed biomass and grain yield of spring cereals. The control method of ploughing was most effective in reducing weed biomass compared to root cutting or cover crops. However, compared to the untreated control, a pronounced additive effect of root cutting and cover crops occurred, reducing weed biomass (−57.5%) similar to ploughing (−66%). Pooled over sites, the response was species-specific, with each species showing a distinct reaction to both control methods. C. arvense was most susceptible to root cutting, followed by E. repens, while S. arvensis showed no susceptibility. Crop yield losses were prevented compared to untreated plots by ploughing (+60.57%) and root cutting (+30%), but not by cover crops. We conclude that the combination of non-inversion disturbance and competition is a promising strategy to reduce the reliance on herbicides or inversion tillage in the management of perennial weeds.