Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2023
Sammendrag
The combination of preharvest treatments with calcium chloride and fungicides, and storage of maturity graded fruit were assessed in five European plum cultivars. At harvest, samples of fruit within a commercially suitable range in ripening were divided into two categories: less-ripe (tree ripe-) and more-ripe (tree ripe+). The fruit were stored for 10–14 days at 4 °C followed by 2–3 days at 20 °C before the assessment of fungal decay. If calcium chloride was applied six times each season, postharvest fruit decay was significantly reduced in four of nine experiments, with a total mean reduction of around 50%. Two calcium applications in combination with a fungicide treatment reduced decay by approx. 60% compared to the untreated in one experiment. In six of seven experiments there was no effect of preharvest fungicide applications. In six of 10 experiments, fruit of the category tree ripe- had fewer fruit with fungal decay after storage than the tree ripe+fruit. The higher incidence in the category tree ripe+fruit was primarily due to brown rot, Mucor rot, and blue mould. For the category tree ripe+, there was two to ten times more decay than on tree ripe- fruit after a simulated shelf-life period. To ensure low incidence of fungal decay, fruit of commercial harvest maturity may thus be separated in two ripening categories, one for rapid distribution to the market (tree ripe+) and another for extended distribution time (tree ripe-).
Sammendrag
Soil nutrient contents and stoichiometric ratios are determinants for soil biogeochemical cycling and functions. Variable rock fragment contents (RFC) may shape the soil nutrient status and availability in mountain ecosystems. We need to better understand how and why soil nutrients and stoichiometry shift across the RFC gradients. To investigate patterns of soil nutrient stoichiometry and underlying mechanisms in rocky soils, we conducted a field experiment involving four RFCs gradients (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%, V/V) and five vegetation treatments (four indigenous species, Artemisia vestita, Bauhinia brachycarpa, Cotinus szechuanensis and Sophora davidii, plus a non-planted treatment). Soil total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P) and their molar ratios were measured. The contents of soil C, N and P, and C:N, C:P and N:P decreased with increasing RFC in all treatments, despite their trends were inconsistent in certain soil layers. The averages of soil N content significantly increased by 13.8% and 14.8% in C. szechuanensis and S. davidii, respectively. A. vestita and B. brachycarpa had higher soil C:N than C. szechuanensis and S. davidii. Soil nutrients and stoichiometry were positively related to soil water content (SWC) and soil capillary porosity, and negatively to bulk density and soil non-capillary porosity in all vegetation treatments, but varying relationships with biomass of plant components. These results demonstrated negative effect of RFC and discrepant effects of the plants on soil nutrients and stoichiometry. Soil structure, SWC and vegetation were the main drivers of variations in soil nutrient stoichiometry. We further concluded that soil nutrient stoichiometry in rocky soils is shaped by two influencing paths; effects of RFC on soil physical properties (SWC and soil structure) and effects of different vegetations. Our findings advance knowledge and mechanisms of soil nutrient stoichiometry in rocky soils and provide theoretical support for improving and restoring nutrient status in stony regions.
Sammendrag
NIBIO har taksert elgbeite på oppdrag av Grenland Landbrukskontor i 2022-2023. Det rikeste beitetilbudet var i sørøst, mens nord var spesielt fattig på buskbeite, og sørvest mer furudominert og variabel. I rapporten er regionen delt inn i Nord, Vest og Sør. Særlig Vest hadde høy dekning av blåbærlyng, mens Sør skilte seg ut med høy dekning av høge urter og bringebær. Også Nord hadde bra dekning av blåbærlyng, men lite annet attraktivt feltsjiktbeite. Vi fant lavere enn forventet tetthet av trær i beitehøyde (30-300 cm) i alle delområdene. Takst etter samme metodikk i Kjose i 2005 indikerer at både tetthet av beitetrær og ubeita skudd-cm/tre har gått ned, til tross for yngre skog i dag. Det skyldes trolig høyt beitepress fra hjortevilt, og skogskjøtsel over tid. Se anbefalinger i utvidet sammendrag. Vi har beregnet at det er mat til maks 0.6 elg per km2 (vinterbestand) i Nord og Vest, og 1.3 per km2 i Sør. Dette er et maks optimistisk anslag, gitt at beiteplantene ikke hadde vært kuet, og hvor det må gjøres fratrekk for hjort. Et svært grovt anslag er at hjorten tar 30-50% av bæreevnen i Nord og Vest, og 15-25% i Sør. De siste 5 årene har beregnet tetthet av elg i snitt vært 0.6-0.9 elg/km2 i Grenland som helhet. Uten mer presis kunnskap om hjortens beiting er det vanskelig å si hvilken tetthet av elg som vil bidra til å friskmelde beitene. Et friskmeldt beite er en nødvendighet, men ingen garanti, for elg i god kondisjon. Elg har også andre og økende utfordringer som kan svekke kondisjonen, som et varmere klima, men beitene er fortsatt en viktig brikke i puslespillet av faktorer som bidrar til den vedvarende dårlige kondisjonen på elg i Grenland.
Sammendrag
Global measures to bring net-zero-carbon and zero-waste emissions are expanding at a rapid pace. Currently, only 16% of the plastic waste from the food industrial sector is reprocessed and recycled, which is way lesser than its accumulation. Several countries have imposed a ban on single-use plastic derived from food and/or beverage industries. All these constraints and challenges have encouraged researchers to find a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based food packaging. The environmentally friendly substitute can be the bio-based polymer material derived from agri-food and marine wastes that connect the waste loop in the current economic model. This waste has the most valuable biopolymer mainly present in the cell wall matrix of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and algae. All these biopolymers are either accumulated in a landfill or not entirely harvested their high-value compounds as a potential feedstock. Nevertheless, bio-based polymers have better thermos-mechanical properties that can resist various conditions. They comprise superior functional properties when these biopolymers are coupled with other organic compounds such as composite films or multilayer packaging films which enhance the shelf-life of the food. Overall, biopolymers readily react with the soil microbes under specified environmental conditions that can significantly enhance the biodegradability of packaging material. This unique quality is envisaged to solve the existing problems and detrimental effects of synthetic polymer usage in the food industry. In this background, in this chapter, the origin of biopolymers and their potential functionality, mechanical property, and degradability as food packaging materials are discussed. Their current challenges and possible future prospects are also meticulously highlighted.
Forfattere
Trond HaraldsenSammendrag
Catastrophic floods have large effect on agricultural land both in short and long term. In this chapter, examples of impact of floods of different size in cold regions with glaziers have been presented. The largest floods occur as combination of heavy rainfall and melting and snow and ice in the mountainous areas. Periods of waterlogging by cold running water resulted in decreased yields, but N-fertilization after the soil no longer was water saturated could reduce the yield loss considerably. Although the floods cause severe erosion and sedimentation, results show that it is possible to find measures for reconstruction of the soils with the same productivity as undamaged soils, while the average result was about 85% of the original productivity.
Forfattere
Anders Nielsen Lawrence Richard Kirkendall Johan A. Stenberg Per Hans Micael Wendell Paul Ragnar Berg Anders Bryn Sonya Rita Geange Kjetil Hindar Lars Robert Hole Erlend Birkeland Nilsen Brett Kevin Sandercock Eva Bonsak Thorstad Gaute VelleSammendrag
Key words: apiculture, biological control, Norwegian Environment Agency, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, predatory mites, risk assessment, varroa Introduction The Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) have asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment for an assessment of adverse impacts on biodiversity concerning import and release of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus as measure against varroa mites (Varroa destructor) in apiaries. The predatory mite is already in use in Norwegian greenhouses and polytunnels as a biological control agent against dark-winged fungus gnats in a various of plant cultures. The NEA has received an application for a new type of use: to combat varroa mites in apiaries. Background Varroa destructor (the varroa mite) is a species of parasitic mite that feeds externally on honeybees; it is considered one of the major threats to beekeeping world-wide due to its parasitic behaviour and because it acts as a vector for several viral and bacterial bee pathogens. Beekeepers in North America have begun experimenting with introducing Stratiolaelaps scimitus, a commercially available predaceous mite originally used for biocontrol in greenhouses and polytunnels, to control varroa mites, and several studies on the use of the mite in this context have been published recently. The Norwegian Environment Agency has asked VKM to assess the risk to biological diversity in Norway associated with this new use of S. scimitus, and to assess the effects of climate change on any risks that are proposed. Stratiolaelaps scimitus is a tiny (0.5 mm), soil-dwelling predaceous mite that in nature feeds on a wide variety of soil invertebrates, including fly larvae, nematodes, nymphs of thrips, potworms (oligochaetes), springtails, and other mites. For over three decades, Stratiolaelaps scimitus has been produced commercially and the species is now used globally for biological control. The mite is applied to control a wide variety of organisms harmful to food production or to the production of ornamental plants, but especially to combat infestations of fungus gnat larvae, spider mites, flower thrips, and certain plant-feeding nematodes. The species is already used as a biocontrol agent in Norway in greenhouses, open plastic polytunnels used for protecting crops, and in various indoor plantings and fungiculture. Methods VKM established a project group with expertise in entomology, invasion ecology, honeybee behaviour and ecology, and risk analysis of biological control agents. The group conducted systematic literature searches and scrutinized the relevant literature that was found. In the absence of Norwegian studies, VKM relied on literature from other countries. Results and conclusions This VKM assessment concludes with medium confidence that introducing S. scimitus for use in beehives would not significantly increase the probability of establishment and spread of S. scimitus above that of its current use. We point out that there is no evidence that continuous use of S. scimitus in Norway, over decades, has led to its establishment outside of enclosures, including open polytunnels. The optimal temperature for development and reproduction is far higher than what is normally observed in Norway (~28 °C). Although lethal temperature has been reported to be as low as –5.2 °C, we still conclude that S. scimitus would not be able to establish permanent populations in Norway, not even in the southern part of the country as such temperatures are expected to occur in some years throughout the country. Future climate change is not believed to alter this conclusion, since periods with lethally cold temperatures are expected to still occur in the future.
Forfattere
Arne Verstraeten Nicolas Bruffaerts Fabiana Cristofolini Elena Vanguelova Johan Neirynck Gerrit Genouw Bruno De Vos Peter Waldner Anne Thimonier Anita Nussbaumer Mathias Neumann Sue Benham Pasi Rautio Liisa Ukonmaanaho Päivi Merilä Antti-Jussi Lindroos Annika Saarto Jukka Reiniharju Nicholas Clarke Volkmar Timmermann Manuel Nicolas Maria Schmitt Katrin Meusburger Anna Kowalska Idalia Kasprzyk Katarzyna Kluska Łukasz Grewling Małgorzata Malkiewicz Lars Vesterdal Morten Ingerslev Miklós Manninger Donat Magyar Hugues Titeux Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Regula Gehrig Sandy Adriaenssens Agneta Ekebom Åslög Dahl Marco Ferretti Elena GottardiniSammendrag
The effects of tree pollen on precipitation chemistry are not fully understood and this can lead to misinterpretations of element deposition in European forests. We investigated the relationship between forest throughfall (TF) element fluxes and the Seasonal Pollen Integral (SPIn) using linear mixed-effects modelling (LME). TF was measured in 1990–2018 during the main pollen season (MPS, arbitrary two months) in 61 managed, mostly pure, even-aged Fagus, Quercus, Pinus, and Picea stands which are part of the ICP Forests Level II network. The SPIn for the dominant tree genus was observed at 56 aerobiological monitoring stations in nearby cities. The net contribution of pollen was estimated as the TF flux in the MPS minus the fluxes in the preceding and succeeding months. In stands of Fagus and Picea, two genera that do not form large amounts of flowers every year, TF fluxes of potassium (K+), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) showed a positive relationship with SPIn. However- for Fagus- a negative relationship was found between TF nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) fluxes and SPIn. For Quercus and Pinus, two genera producing many flowers each year, SPIn displayed limited variability and no clear association with TF element fluxes. Overall, pollen contributed on average 4.1–10.6% of the annual TF fluxes of K+ > DOC > DON > NH4+-N with the highest contribution in Quercus > Fagus > Pinus > Picea stands. Tree pollen appears to affect TF inorganic nitrogen fluxes both qualitatively and quantitatively, acting as a source of NH4+-N and a sink of NO3−-N. Pollen appears to play a more complex role in nutrient cycling than previously thought.
Forfattere
Raúl Ochoa-Hueso Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo Anita C. Risch Louise Ashton David Augustine Nicolas Bélanger Scott Bridgham Andrea J. Britton Viktor J. Bruckman J. Julio Camarero Gerard Cornelissen John A. Crawford Feike A. Dijkstra Amanda Diochon Stevan Earl James Edgerley Howard Epstein Andrew Felton Julien Fortier Daniel Gagnon Ken Greer Hannah M. Griffiths Caroline Halde Hans Martin Hanslin Lorna I. Harris Jeremy A. Hartsock Paul Hendrickson Knut Anders Hovstad Jia Hu Arun D. Jani Kelcy Kent Deirdre Kerdraon-Byrne Sat Darshan S. Khalsa Derrick Y. F. Lai France Lambert Jalene M. LaMontagne Stéphanie Lavergne Beth A. Lawrence Kim Littke Abigail C. Leeper Mark A. Licht Mark A. Liebig Joshua Lynn Janet E. Maclean Vegard Martinsen Marshall D. McDaniel Anne C. S. McIntosh Jessica R. Miesel Jim Miller Michael J. Mulvaney Gerardo Moreno Laura Newstead Robin J. Pakeman Jan Pergl Bradley D. Pinno Juan Piñeiro Kathleen Quigley Troy M. Radtke Paul Reed Víctor Rolo Jennifer Rudgers P. Michael Rutherford Emma J. Sayer Lilia Serrano-Grijalva Maria Strack Nicole Sukdeo Andy F. S. Taylor Benoit Truax Leonard J. S. Tsuji Natasja van Gestel Brenda M. Vaness Kevin Van Sundert Michaela Vítková Robert Weigel Meaghan J. Wilton Yuriko Yano Ewing Teen Eric BremerSammendrag
Understanding the chemical composition of our planet's crust was one of the biggest questions of the 20th century. More than 100 years later, we are still far from understanding the global patterns in the bioavailability and spatial coupling of elements in topsoils worldwide, despite their importance for the productivity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we measured the bioavailability and coupling of thirteen macro- and micronutrients and phytotoxic elements in topsoils (3–8 cm) from a range of terrestrial ecosystems across all continents (∼10,000 observations) and in response to global change manipulations (∼5,000 observations). For this, we incubated between 1 and 4 pairs of anionic and cationic exchange membranes per site for a mean period of 53 days. The most bioavailable elements (Ca, Mg, and K) were also amongst the most abundant in the crust. Patterns of bioavailability were biome-dependent and controlled by soil properties such as pH, organic matter content and texture, plant cover, and climate. However, global change simulations resulted in important alterations in the bioavailability of elements. Elements were highly coupled, and coupling was predictable by the atomic properties of elements, particularly mass, mass to charge ratio, and second ionization energy. Deviations from the predictable coupling-atomic mass relationship were attributed to global change and agriculture. Our work illustrates the tight links between the bioavailability and coupling of topsoil elements and environmental context, human activities, and atomic properties of elements, thus deeply enhancing our integrated understanding of the biogeochemical connections that underlie the productivity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world.
Sammendrag
Appropriate weed control measures during the renewal phase of temporary grasslands are critical to ensure high yields during the whole grassland lifecycle. The aim of this study was to determine which integrated grassland renewal strategy can most effectively control annual weeds in the sowing year and delay perennial weed re-establishment. Four split-plot trials were established at three sites dominated by Rumex spp. along a south-north gradient in Norway. The annual and perennial weed abundance was recorded during the sowing year and two or three production years. Main plots tested seven renewal strategies: 1. Spring plowing, 2. Spring plowing+companion crop (CC), 3. Summer cut+plowing, 4. Summer glyphosate+plowing, 5. Summer glyphosate+harrowing, 6. Late spring glyphosate+plowing, 7. Fall glyphosate+spring plowing+CC. Strategies 1–4 were tested in all four trials, strategy 5 in three trials, strategy 6 in two trials and strategy 7 in one trial. Plowing was performed at 20–25 cm depth, rotary harrowing at 15 cm depth, and glyphosate was applied at 2160 g a.i. ha-1. CC was spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Subplots tested selective herbicide spraying (yes/no) in the sowing year. Results showed that effects of renewal strategies were often site-specific and differed between the sowing year and production years. Spring renewal resulted in higher perennial weed abundance than summer renewal in two out of four trials (by 3 and 12 percentage points, over all production years), and glyphosate followed by harrowing drastically increased Rumex spp. in one out of three trials (by 18 percentage points over all production years). CCs only significantly reduced perennial weed abundance in one trial (by 8 percentage points over all production years). In comparison, the selective herbicides had a strong effect on annual and perennial weeds in the sowing year in all trials. Selective herbicides reduced the weed cover from 32% to 7% cover, and averaged over the production years and sites, the perennial weed biomass fraction was 6 percentage points lower where herbicides had been applied. We conclude that while the tested renewal strategies provided variable and site-specific perennial weed control, selective herbicides were effective at controlling Rumex spp. and other perennial dicot weeds in the first two production years.
Forfattere
Astor Toraño Caicoya Marta Vergarechea Clemens Blattert Julian Klein Kyle Eyvindson Daniel Burgas Riera Tord Snäll Mikko Mönkkönen Rasmus Astrup Fulvio Di Fulvio Niklas Forsell Markus Hartikainen Enno Uhl Werner Poschenrieder Clara Antón FernándezSammendrag
Forests provide a range of vital services to society and are critical habitats for biodiversity, holding inherent multifunctionality. While traditionally viewed as a byproduct of production-focused forestry, today's forest ecosystem services and biodiversity (FESB) play an essential role in several sectoral policies’ needs. Achieving policy objectives requires careful management considering the interplay of services, influenced by regional aspects and climate. Here, we examined the multifunctionality gap caused by these factors through simulation of forest management and multi-objective optimization methods across different regions - Finland, Norway, Sweden and Germany (Bavaria). To accomplish this, we tested diverse management regimes (productivity-oriented silviculture, several continuous cover forestry regimes and set asides), two climate scenarios (current and RCP 4.5) and three policy strategies (National Forest, Biodiversity and Bioeconomy Strategies). For each combination we calculated a multifunctionality metric at the landscape scale based on 5 FESB classes (biodiversity conservation, bioenergy, climate regulation, wood, water and recreation). In Germany and Norway, maximum multifunctionality was achieved by increasing the proportion of set-asides and proportionally decreasing the rest of management regimes. In Finland, maximum MF would instead require that policies address greater diversity in management, while in Sweden, the pattern was slightly different but similar to Finland. Regarding the climate scenarios, we observed that only for Sweden the difference in the provision of FESB was significant. Finally, the highest overall potential multifunctionality was observed for Sweden (National Forest scenario, with a value of 0.94 for the normalized multifunctionality metric), followed by Germany (National Forest scenario, 0.83), Finland (Bioeconomy scenario, 0.81) and Norway (National Forest scenario, 0.71). The results highlight the challenges of maximizing multifunctionality and underscore the significant influence of country-specific policies and climate change on forest management. To achieve the highest multifunctionality, strategies must be tailored to specific national landscapes, acknowledging both synergistic and conflicting FESB.