Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2022
Forfattere
Bjørnar Ytrehus Jan Ove Bustnes Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen Katrine Eldegard Kyrre Kausrud Brett Sandercock Paul Ragnar Berg Anders Bryn Sonya Rita Geange Erik Georg Bø-Granquist Kjetil Hindar Lars Robert Hole Johanna Järnegren Lawrence R. Kirkendall Anders Nielsen Erlend Birkeland Nilsen Gaute VelleSammendrag
Background Spring hunting for ducks (Lodden in Northern Sami) is part of the Sami hunting and trapping culture. In Norway, this traditional hunting has been permitted in Kautokeino Municipality in accordance with the exception provision in the Wildlife Act Section 15, with quotas for males of several duck species. However, hunting in the spring may be in conflict with the Nature Diversity Act's principle for species management, saying (quote from Section 15): “Unnecessary harm and suffering caused to animals occurring in the wild and their nests, lairs and burrows shall be avoided. Likewise, unnecessary pursuing of wildlife shall be avoided.” Furthermore, in accordance with international legislation and agreements, the Wildlife Act (Section 9) states that the hunting season should not be set to the nesting and breeding season for the species in question. The Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) asked VKM to (1) assess risk and risk-reducing measures on biodiversity and animal welfare when conducting spring hunting of ducks. The terms of reference were additionally clarified by the NEA to include assessments of the risks associated with hunting quotas of up to 150, 300, and 500 male individuals, on the populations of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), common scoter (Melanitta nigra), long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), and red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator). VKM was furthermore asked to (2) point out risk-reducing measures in scenarios with hunting bags corresponding to the mentioned quotas of all the six species. Method VKM appointed a project group to answer the request from NEA and assess the risks to biodiversity and animal welfare posed by spring hunting for adult male ducks. The project group narrowed down the scope of the biodiversity risk assessment to encompass risks for local populations of six target species: mallard, tufted duck, velvet scoter, common scoter, long-tailed duck, and red-breasted merganser, and non-target migratory waterbirds. Negative impacts on biodiversity was defined as negative effects on population viability. The VKM project group gathered data from publications retrieved from literature searches and reports from Kautokeino municipality to the Finnmark Estate (Finnmarkseiendommen), which were made available to the group by the Norwegian Environment Agency. Hunting statistics were acquired from Statistics Norway (Statistisk sentralbyrå; SSB). During the assessment, several critical knowledge gaps and uncertainties were identified. The main obstacle for assessment of the impact of spring hunting on viability of local populations in Kautokeino, is the lack of data on relevant population sizes and demographic rates for the six target species. The available population estimates are partly based on almost 30-year-old bird counts. In addition, knowledge about spatial and temporal distributions of each species, combined with local or remote-sensed data on ice breakup, is needed to estimate the proportion of the population being effectively hunted in early spring when ducks are congregating on available ice-free waters. Such knowledge, combined with information about where, when, how and by how many hunters the hunting is performed, is also critical for sound assessments of risk to biodiversity and harm to bird welfare. Improved data on hunting bags (reliable, spatially explicit, and detailed) and frequency of wounding and crippling is also needed to provide accurate assessments. The project group performed modelling of harvest scenarios for a range of conditions (e.g., number of birds harvested, reduced breeding success caused by indirect effects of disturbance, environmental stochasticity, and spatial variation in habitat) to assess how sensitive the populations are to different parameters and model assumptions. ..............................
Forfattere
Annika M. Felton Per-Ola Hedwall Adam Felton Fredrik Widemo Märtha Wallgren Emma Holmström Erik Löfmarck Jonas Malmsten Hilde Karine WamSammendrag
Populations of large herbivores, including members of the deer family Cervidae, are expanding across and within many regions of the northern hemisphere. Because their browsing on trees can result in economic losses to forestry and strongly affect ecosystems, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how best to mitigate resultant damage. Previous research has highlighted the importance of regulating deer density and the availability of alternative forage to reduce browsing damage levels in conifer production stands. However, often only one or two proxies of forage availability have been used instead of applying a broad foodscape approach and more knowledge is needed to understand which types of alternative forage best mitigate damage. We conducted field inventories of damage that occurred during the previous fall/winter in 112 production stands in southern Sweden, while also measuring forage availability and cervid faecal pellets in the surrounding landscape (16 ha). Local landowners provided data on supplementary feeding. We found that variation in cervid (Alces alces, Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus and Dama dama) browsing damage to top shoots or stems of young Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris, hereon pine), was better explained by the availability of alternative natural forage (using several indices and species of trees and shrubs) than by supplementary feeding. The proportion of damaged pine trees was higher in stands with a lower density of pine stems; in landscapes with a lower density of key broadleaf tree species (genera Sorbus, Salix, Populus and Quercus); and in landscapes with more open land (agricultural fields and paddocks). Damage was also higher in stands where relatively large amounts of moose faeces was found, while not related to the amount of faeces from other cervid species. The amount of supplementary feed (silage or other types such as root vegetables) did not explain variation in pine damage, but the result was possibly affected by relatively few study areas supplying sufficient data on supplementary feeding. The results from our inventory illustrate the efficacy of using naturally growing forage to mitigate browsing damage to young pine trees in managed landscapes. Creation of such forage is also recommended over supplementary feeding because of co-benefits to forest biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Forfattere
Daniel Patel Mattia Natali Endre Mølster Lidal Julius Parulek Emilio Vital Brazil Ivan ViolaSammendrag
The process of creating terrain and landscape models is important in a variety of computer graphics and visualization applications, from films and computer games, via flight simulators and landscape planning, to scientific visualization and subsurface modelling. Interestingly, the modelling techniques used in this large range of application areas have started to merge in the last years. This chapter is a report where we present two taxonomies of different modelling methods. Firstly we present a data oriented taxonomy, where we divide modelling into three different scenarios: the data-free, the sparse-data and the dense-data scenario. Then we present a workflow oriented taxonomy, where we divide modelling into the separate stages necessary for creating a geological model. We start the report by showing that the new trends in geological modelling are approaching the modelling methods that have been developed in computer graphics. We then introduce the process of geological modelling followed by our two taxonomies with descriptions and comparisons of selected methods. Finally, we discuss the challenges and trends in geological modelling.
Sammendrag
Maarud fabrikker på Disenå ønsket å finne en god løsning på hvordan man kunne sirkulere ulike nærings avfall strømmer fra fabrikken. Komposteringsløsning ble valgt siden avfallet, som ikke er av animalsk opprinnelse, egner seg godt for kompostering og vil kunne bli til næringsrik kompost. Det biologiske avfallet som består av slam fra avløpsrenseanlegget, stivelse og ødelagt potet fra fabrikken er rent og en viktig ressurs å sirkulere. NIBIO har vært behjelpelig med å sikre en god og trygg prosess for kompostering av avfallet. Rapporten beskriver en risikovurdering av prosessen for å forhindre at mulig planteskadegjørere overlever kompostering og at en streng strategi for hygienisering er lagt til rette for drift av anlegget. Rapporten beskriver også oppbygningen av et komposteringsanlegg med fysisk inndeling i ren og ulike urene soner. God soneinndeling er en forutsetning for å sikre at ikke mulig smitte overføres til ferdig kompost. Rapporten beskriver en rekke laboratoriestudier hvor ulikt avfall er utprøvd i forskjellige blandingsforhold for å sikre temperatur over 55-70 °C over tilstrekkelig tid. Erfaringene fra laboratoriestudiene har deretter blitt utprøvd på store ranker som vendes slik at all masse eksponeres for høye temperaturer. Alle ranker overvåkes kontinuerlig med 4 trådløse temperaturfølere som sender data tilbake til kontrollrommet hvor informasjon kan logges på monitor og overføres til en database på PC. Operatørene følger daglig opp på prosessen slik at 100% av ranken holder seg over 55-70 °C både før og etter vendinger i 28 dager. Etter 2 års utprøving er det utviklet ulike resepter tilpasset sommer og vinter forhold. Slam mengden i resepten har blitt optimalisert slik at næringsinnholdet målt som Total N ligger på ca. 20 g/kg TS og Total P 6-7 g/kg TS. Over tid er det laget en empirisk modell for å vise hvor lang tid de ulike ranker skal ligge under aktiv fase, ettermodningsfase og til moden siktet kompost på ren grønn sone. Beregninger i modellen viser at prosessen trenger 33 uker fra avfallet blandes til komposten er ferdig modnet. Totalt ble det produsert 600 m3 kompost i prosjektet fra høsten 2020 til sommeren 2021 fordelt på 4 ulike batcher. Varedeklarasjoner for disse er laget og alle kompostbatcher har høy næringsverdi, kvalitets klasse 0 for innhold av tungmetaller og de inneholder ingen fremmedlegemer. Ingen cyster av PCN og patogene mikroorganismer er blitt påvist i noen av kompostrankene.
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Forfattere
Birgitta Åhman Minna Turunen Jouko Kumpula Camilla Risvoll Tim Horstkotte Élise Lépy Svein EilertsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Denne rapporten presenterer resultater fra et prosjekt der det er beregnet effekter av ulike kantsonebredder på tilførsler av partikler og fosfor til vassdragene, og konsekvenser av dette for produksjonsareal og kornavling. Studieområdet er kommunene og nedbørfeltene i gamle Vestfold fylke. Jord- og fosfortap er beregnet i den empiriske modellen Agricat 2, for ulike scenarier: #0 – ingen kantsoner, #1 – dagens naturlige kantsoner, avledet fra et kart utviklet av Nord Universitet, og #2-#4 – øke bredden av kantsoner til hhv. 2, 6 eller 10 m der dagens kantsoner er smalere enn dette. Tap av produksjonsareal og kornavling er beregnet utfra arealet som utvidede kantsoner beslaglegger, og gjennomsnittlige kornavlinger per kommune. Resultatene tilsier at dagens kantsoner har stor betydning i å redusere jord- og fosfortilførsler fra jordbruksarealene (40% reduksjon i fosfortap), sammenliknet med om det ikke hadde vært kantsoner langs vassdragene. Utvidelse av kantsonene jf. scenario #3 og #4 ga noe økning i tilbakeholdelse av partikler og fosfor (hhv. 4 og 9% reduksjon i fosfortap). Disse scenariene ga hhv. 800 og 3000 daa (0,4 og 2,5%) reduksjon i produksjonsareal og hhv. 300 og 1150 tonn (0,3 og 1%) reduksjon i kornavling. Utvidelse av kantsoner smalere enn 2 m (scenario #2) hadde liten betydning for jord- og fosfortap, produksjonsareal og avling ettersom så smale kantsoner sjelden forekommer. Ved vurdering av behov for kantsoner og hvordan de skal utformes, må en ta med i betraktning også de andre viktige funksjonene kantsoner har mht. bl.a. stabilisering av bekkeskråninger, flomvern og biologisk mangfold.
Sammendrag
Prediction of the relative phosphorus (P) fertiliser value of bio-based fertiliser products is agronomically important, but previous attempts to develop prediction models have often failed due to the high chemical complexity of bio-based fertilisers and the limited number of products included in analyses. In this study, regression models for prediction were developed using independently produced data from 10 different studies on crop growth responses to P applied with bio-based fertiliser products, resulting in a dataset with 69 products. The 69 fertiliser products were organised into four sub-groups, based on the inorganic P compounds most likely to be present in each product. Within each product group, multiple regression was conducted using mineral fertiliser equivalents (MFE) as response variable and three potential explanatory variables derived from chemical analysis, all reflecting inorganic P binding in the fertiliser products: i) NaHCO3-soluble P, ii) molar ratio of calcium (Ca):P and iii) molar ratio of aluminium+iron (Al+Fe):P. The best regression model fit was achieved for sewage sludges with Al-/Fe-bound P (n = 20; R2 = 79.2%), followed by sewage sludges with Ca-bound P (n = 11; R2 = 71.1%); fertiliser products with Ca-bound P (n = 29; R2 = 58.2%); and thermally treated sewage sludge products (n=9;R2=44.9%). Even though external factors influencing P fertiliser values (e.g. fertiliser shape, application form, soil characteristics) differed between the underlying studies and were not considered, the suggested prediction models provide potential for more efficient P recycling in practice.