Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2017
Forfattere
Johannes Breidenbach Sebastian Eiter Rune Eriksen Knut Bjørkelo Gregory Taff Gunnhild Søgaard Stein Michael Tomter Lise Dalsgaard Aksel Granhus Rasmus AstrupSammendrag
I henhold til det Norske klimagassregnskap leder avskoging til en betydelig del av de nasjonale klimagassutslipp. Målet med denne rapporten er en kartlegging av størrelse og årsaker til avskoging som kan forbedre forståelsen av avskogingsprosesser, og på sikt kan være et første steg for å redusere utslippene fra avskogingen. I Kyotoprotokollen er avskoging betegnet som menneskeskapte endringer fra skog til en annen arealkategori siden 1990. I Norge har avskoging siden 1990 vært på om lag 58 km2 per år. På grunn av påskoging (på aktivt forvaltede arealer) og skogutvidelse (naturlig etablering på ikke forvaltede arealer) har skogarealet ikke forandret seg nevneverdig. Men den teoretiske produksjonsevnen, altså skogens evne til å produsere biomasse og dermed også til å ta opp karbon fra atmosfæren i et gitt tidsrom, av det samlede arealet av påskoging og skogutvidelse er mindre enn produksjonsevnen av avskogingsarealet. Hovedgrunnen til avskoging var utbygging (68 % av avskogingsarealet), men også omlegging til beite (18 %) eller nydyrking (13 %) bidro. I denne rapporten er alle areal og utslippsestimater basert på Landsskogtakseringen som er en landsdekkende utvalgsundersøkelse. Grunnet det lille totale areal av avskoging i Norge er arealestimatene assosiert med relativ stor usikkerhet relatert til antall prøvefelter i utvalgskartleggingen. Blant utbyggingskategoriene var vei og bebyggelse de viktigste grunnene til avskoging. Traktor- og skogsbilveier var de største enkeltkategoriene blant veikategoriene og til sammen står de for om lag 13 % av avskogingsarealet. Bolig og fritidsbolig var de største enkeltkategoriene blant bebyggelseskategoriene og til sammen står de for om lag 13 % av avskogingsarealet...
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Sammendrag
The use of digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) for forest inventory purposes has been widely studied and can produce comparable accuracy compared with airborne laser scanning (ALS) in small, homogeneous areas. However, the accuracy of DAP for large scale applications with heterogeneous terrain and forest vegetation has not yet been reported. In this study we examined the accuracy of timber volume, biomass and basal area prediction models based on DAP and national forest inventory (NFI) data on a large area in central Norway. Two separate point clouds were derived from aerial image acquisitions of 2010 and 2013. Vegetation heights were extracted by subtracting terrain elevation derived from ALS. A large number of NFI sample plots (483) measured between 2010 and 2014 were used as reference data to fit linear models for timber volume, biomass and basal area with height metrics derived from the DAP data as explanatory variables. Variables describing the heterogeneous environmental and image acquisition conditions were calculated and their influence on the model accuracy was tested. The results showed that forest parameter prediction using DAP works well when applied to a large area. The model fits of the timber volume, biomass and basal area models were good with R2 of 0.80, 0.81, 0.81 and RMSEs of 41.43 m3 ha−1 (55% of the mean observed value), 32.49 t ha−1 (47%), 5.19 m2 ha−1 (41%), respectively. Only a small proportion of the variation could be attributed to the heterogeneous conditions. The inclusion of the relative sun inclination led to an improvement of the model RMSEs by 2% of the mean observed values. The relatively low cost and stability across large areas make DAP an attractive source of auxiliary information for large scale forest inventories.
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Removal of logging residues causes significant nutrient losses from the harvesting site. Furthermore,collection of residues into piles could lead to small-scale differences in establishment conditions for seedlings. We studied the effects of stem-only (SOH) and aboveground whole-tree harvesting (WTH) on Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedling growth and pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage at two sites (SE and W Norway). We also compared two planting environments within the WTH plots (WTH-0: areas with no residues, WTH-1: areas where residue piles had been placed and removed before planting). In practice, one-third of the residues were left on site after WTH. After three growing seasons there were no differences for height or diameter increment between SOH and WTH (WTH-1 and WTH-0 combined) treatments. However, relative diameter increment was largest for WTH-1 seedlings and lowest for WTH-0 seedlings. Few seedlings sustained pine weevil attacks at the W Norway site, with no differences among treatments. At the SE Norway site, the percent of seedlings damaged by pine weevils and average debarked area were significantly higher after WTH (82% and 3.3 cm2) compared to SOH (62% and 1.7 cm2). We conclude that WTH may lead to spatial differences in establishment conditions.
Forfattere
Erling Meisingset Leif Egil Loe Øystein Brekkum Richard Bischof Inger Maren Rivrud Unni Støbet Lande Barbara Zimmermann Vebjørn Veiberg Atle MysterudSammendrag
1. Population-level management is difficult to achieve if wildlife routinely crosses administrative boundaries, as is particularly frequent for migratory populations. However, the degree of mismatch between management units and scales at which ecological processes operate has rarely been quantified. Such insight is vital for delimiting functional population units of partially migratory species common in northern forest ecosystems. 2. We combined an extensive dataset of 412 GPS-marked red deer (Cervus elaphus) across Norway with information on the size and borders of two administrative levels, the governmental level (municipality) and landowner level (local management units, LMUs), to determine the timing and scale of mismatch between animal space use and management units. We analysed how landscape characteristics affected the use of management units and the timing and likelihood of crossing borders between them, in an effort to delineate more appropriate units in various landscapes. 3. Median municipality size could potentially cover 70% of female and 62% of male annual ranges, while only 12% and 4% of LMUs were expansive enough to accommodate migratory routes in females and males, respectively. Red deer migrate along elevational gradients and are more likely to find both suitable lowland winter habitat and higher summer habitat within management units with variable topography. Consistent with this, the likelihood of border crossing decreased with increasing diversity of elevations. 4. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate a considerable mismatch between animal space use and management units. Far-ranging movements and frequent administrative border crossings during autumn migration coincides with the period of active management (hunting season). Our study also highlights that, due to extensive movements of males, coordination of management aims may provide a more realistic avenue than increasing sizes of local management units. A more general insight is that the degree of mismatch between range use and management units depends on the season and landscape type. This needs to be accounted for when delimitating functional population units of migratory populations.
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Populærvitenskapelig – Skogens klimagassregnskap
Gunnhild Søgaard, Johannes Breidenbach, Aaron Smith
Sammendrag
Skog er en viktig del av den globale karbonsyklusen, både som lager og som opptaker av karbon fra atmosfæren. Norge rapporterer årlig utslipp og opptak av klimagasser i skog til FNs klimakonvensjon, samt til Kyotoprotokollen. Skog rapporteres under landsektoren (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry; LULUCF). I 2015 var netto-opptaket i skog 29,0 millioner tonn CO2-ekvivalenter, mens det totale utslippet av klimagasser i Norge i de øvrige sektorene var 53,9 millioner tonn. Netto opptak i skog tilsvarer dermed 54 prosent av klimagassutslippene i de øvrige sektorene.