Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
Ralf RautenbergerSammendrag
During the cultivation of Ulva fenestrata in a land-based aquaculture system, the colonisation of the water tanks’ surfaces and eventually the macroalgal biomass by the biofouling diatom Fragilariopsis oceanica compromises the production process. Since germanium dioxide (GeO2) is an effective growth inhibitor of diatoms, this study aimed to understand how it affects the presence of F. oceanica and the photosynthesis and growth of U. fenestrata as a primary parameter contribution to the biomass production. A toxicological dose-response experiment showed that the diatom’s growth was inhibited at the low GeO2 concentration of 0.014 mg l−1. In contrast, the photosynthetic performances and growth rates of U. fenestrata remained unaffected under a wide GeO2 concentration range (0.022–2.235 mg l−1) in small- and large-scale experiments in 1-l glass beakers and 100-l Plexiglass water tanks, respectively. In the latter, the diatom density in the tanks was reduced by 40 %. The costs arising from the use of GeO2 can range between €2.35 and €8.35 kg−1 fresh weight of produced U. fenestrata biomass under growth conditions resulting in growth rates of 20 and 11.5 % d−1, respectively. GeO2 is an effective agent to control biofouling diatoms such as F. oceanica during the land-based biomass production of U. fenestrata.
Forfattere
Eivind Handegard Ivar Gjerde Rune Halvorsen Robert John Lewis Ken Olaf Storaunet Magne Sætersdal Olav SkarpaasSammendrag
Multiple ecological drivers, along with forest age, determine the species composition of boreal forest ecosystems. However, the role of age in successional changes in forests cannot be understood without taking site conditions, the disturbance regime and forest structure into account. In this study, we ask two research questions: 1. What is the relationship between forest age and overall species composition in older near-natural spruce forests, i.e. forests of age beyond harvest maturity? 2. Do species associated with different forest habitats respond similarly to variation in forest age? Data were collected in 257 Norway spruce dominated 0.25 ha plots from three study areas in Southeastern and Central Norway. Species inventories were conducted for lichens and bryophytes on trees and rocks, vascular plants on the forest floor, and for deadwood-associated bryophytes and polypore fungi. Although NMDS ordination analyses of the total species composition identified a main axis related to the age of the oldest trees in two of the study areas, variation partitioning analyses showed that age explained a small fraction of variation of the species composition compared to site conditions, logging history, forest structure, and differences between the sites in all habitats. The unique variation explained by forest age species was, however, significant for all habitats. The fraction of variation in species composition explained by forest age was the largest for lichens and bryophytes on trees, and for deadwood-associated bryophytes and polypore fungi. Our results suggest that practical mapping of near-natural forests for management purposes inventories should include site conditions, forest structure and between site differences in addition to forest age.
Forfattere
Jan Peter George Mari Rusanen Egbert Beuker Leena Yrjänä Volkmar Timmermann Nenad Potočić Sakari Välimäki Heino KonradSammendrag
Ash dieback (ADB) has been threatening populations of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior & F. angustifolia) for more than three decades. Although much knowledge has been gathered in the recent past, practical conservation measures have been mostly implemented at local scale. Since range contraction in both ash species is likely to be exacerbated already in the near future by westward expansion of the emerald ash borer and climate change, systematic conservation frameworks need to be developed to avoid long-term population-genetic consequences and depletion of genomic diversity. In this article, we address the advantages and obstacles of conservation approaches aiming to conserve genetic diversity in situ or ex situ during tree pandemics. We are reviewing 47 studies which were published on ash dieback to unravel three important dimensions of ongoing conservation approaches or perceived conservation problems: i) conservation philosophy (i.e. natural selection, resistance breeding or genetic conservation), ii) the spatial scale (ecosystem, country, continent), and iii) the integration of genetic safety margins in conservation planning. Although nearly equal proportions of the reviewed studies mention breeding or active conservation as possible long-term solutions, only 17 % consider that additional threats exist which may further reduce genetic diversity in both ash species. We also identify and discuss several knowledge gaps and limitations which may have limited the initiation of conservation projects at national and international level so far. Finally, we demonstrate that there is not much time left for filling these gaps, because European-wide forest health monitoring data indicates a significant decline of ash populations in the last 5 years.
Forfattere
Behailu Etana Disasa Anagaw Meshesha Atickem Peter Fashing Diress Tsegaye Alemu Matthias De Beenhouwer Luc Lens Afework Bekele Nils Christian StensethSammendrag
Understanding the effects of variation in resource availability and habitat disturbance on the ecology of mammals is vital for successful conservation management. In this study, we examined how human disturbances, resource availability and elevation gradients influence mammal assemblages in both managed coffee forest and natural forest of the Belete-Gera National Forest Priority Area, southwestern Ethiopia. We surveyed mammals using motion-detecting infrared camera traps in 90 locations for a total of 4142 camera days. We measured distance from main roads and settlements as disturbance factors, and distance from water sources, key grazing sites, and forest edges and woody plant diversity as resource variables. We assessed the mammal assemblages in coffee forest and natural forests using generalized linear models. Further, we used linear modelling to compare the relationships of mammal detection rates by feeding guilds and body size to resource variables. In total, we recorded 8815 videos identifying 23 different mammal species. The mammal assemblages in coffee forests were negatively associated with increasing distances from key grazing sites, water sources, and elevation. In contrast, the association with increasing distance from the road and woody plant diversity was positive. In addition, herbivores and large (25–200 kg) and very large (≥200 kg) mammals, were all negatively associated with increasing distance from the natural forest edges. With the conversion of natural forest to coffee forest and the intensification of coffee forest management, sustainable management of key grazing sites, water sources, and diverse woody plant species will be essential to the conservation of mammals. In addition, to ensure mammal conservation, adjacent natural forests around coffee forests should also be protected.
Forfattere
Attiq ur Rehman Terhi Iso-Touru Jakob Junkers Marja Rantanen Saila Karhu Daniel Fischer Muath K Alsheikh Stein Harald Hjeltnes Bruno Mezzetti Jahn Davik Alan H. Schulman Timo Hytönen Tuuli HaikonenSammendrag
The cultivated garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) has a rich history, originating from the hybridization of two wild octoploid strawberry species in the 18th century. Two-step reconstruction of Fragaria × ananassa through controlled crossings between pre-improved selections of its parental species is a promising approach for enriching the breeding germplasm of strawberry for wider adaptability. We created a population of reconstructed strawberry by hybridizing elite selections of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis. A replicated field experiment was conducted to evaluate the population's performance for eleven horticulturally important traits, over multiple years. Population structure analyses based on Fana-50 k SNP array data confirmed pedigree-based grouping of the progenies into four distinct groups. As complex traits are often influenced by environmental variables, and population structure can lead to spurious associations, we tested multiple genome-wide association study (GWAS) models. GWAS uncovered 39 quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions for eight traits distributed across twenty chromosomes, including 11 consistent and 28 putative QTLs. Candidate genes for traits including winter survival, flowering time, runnering vigor, and hermaphrodism were identified within the QTL regions. To our knowledge, this study marks the first comprehensive investigation of adaptive and horticultural traits in a large, multi-familial reconstructed strawberry population using SNP markers.
Forfattere
Claire Coutris Karl Andreas Jensen Pierre-Adrien Rivier Selena Deviller Anastasia Georgantzopoulou Sebastian KuehrSammendrag
By the time they enter soils, engineered nanomaterials (ENM) have undergone physicochemical transformations and may no longer resemble the pristine materials which have been thoroughly investigated during two decades of nanotoxicology research. Is the behavior of environmentally relevant chemical forms of ENM different from that of other metallic species present in soils? Are they more available to soil organisms than their naturally occurring counterparts? The present study aimed at answering these questions, through the use of isotopically enriched ENMs, which could be traced at low concentrations in soil microcosms, despite high natural metallic background. The relevance of the chemical forms was ensured by introducing isotopically enriched 109Ag, 68ZnO and 46TiO2 ENM to a wastewater treatment plant and using the resulting sewage sludge (final sink for most ENM) as amendment in soil microcosms with earthworms. The sludge application rate to soil was similar to that used in agriculture and the experiment lasted for a month. Protocols using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were developed for determination of isotope ratios in complex matrixes, such as soil and organisms. For 109Ag ENM, the dissolved fraction in soil (i.e. the most easily accumulated in organisms) was extremely low and comparable to that of Ag naturally present in soil, and transfer factors to earthworms were similar to those of natural Ag. For 46TiO2 ENM, the transfer to earthworms was negligible, similarly to what was observed for natural Ti. While no difference in behavior and bioavailability was observed between ENM and their naturally occurring counterparts for Ag and Ti, different results were obtained for Zn. The dissolved fraction for 68ZnO ENM was 3-5 times higher than for Zn forms naturally present in soil, and transfer factors to earthworms twice those of natural Zn. Overcoming long-standing challenges related to environmental relevance of chemical forms and concentrations in nanotechnology studies, the approach provides valuable insight into behavior and impacts of environmentally relevant forms of ENM in soils.
Sammendrag
I lab. ved 20 °C er nedbrytingen av klopyralid i jord fra Steinkjer, Apelsvoll og Særheim innenfor spennet på halveringstider som EU har satt som referanseverdier, men halveringstidene er i snitt langsommere enn i jord fra EU. I felt viser predikerte toppjordkonsentrasjoner å være betydelig høyere i våre tre lokaliteter, særskilt i feltet på Steinkjer som hadde et lavt innhold av organisk materiale, enn tilsvarende predikert i en EU-lokalitet. Årsaken er trolig et kjøligere klima i Norge, med langsom/lite nedbryting gjennom vinteren. Den beregningen av predikert toppjordkonsentrasjon av klopyralid som ble utført da klopyralid ble godkjent som aktivt stoff i EU, overestimerer forsvinningshastigheten av klopyralid i forhold til det vi har predikert for jord i norsk klima. Klopyralidkonsentrasjonen i toppjorda ble i godkjenningsforsøkene predikert å være 6 μg/kg 100 dager etter sprøyting, men våre beregninger for de norske feltene predikerer at det tar fra 342 til 532 dager å oppnå det samme i norsk klima. Klopyralidrester på halm brytes effektivt ned ved innblanding i jord, viser våre nedbrytingsforsøk. Klopyralid kan imidlertid ha mer persistens i halmrester og stubb enn det som tidligere er kjent. Vi målte et klopyralidinnhold i tørr halm fra åkeren på 61.2 μg/kg, 98 dager etter sprøyting. Forbud mot høstpløying gjør det vanskelig å få pløyd halmstubb ned i jorda, og hvis klopyralidrestene ligger i toppjorda om våren kan det føre til skade på sensitive vekster som tomat, erter mm. Hvis det skal dyrkes klopyralidsensitive arter året etter så anbefaler vi at stubben harves inn i jorda om høsten. Dersom halm fra klopyralidbehandlet åker blir brukt til dyrefôr kan klopyralid opphopes i husdyrgjødsla. Advarsel om bruk av behandlet halm til fôr bør angis på etiketten til klopyralidpreparatene som er tillatt i korn i Norge i dag.
Sammendrag
To shift towards low-fossil carbon economies, making more out of residual biomass is increasingly promoted. Yet, it remains unclear if implementing advanced technologies to reuse these streams really achieves net environmental benefits compared to current management practices. By integrating spatially-explicit resource flow analysis, consequential life cycle assessment (LCA), and uncertainty analysis, we propose a single framework to quantify the residual biomass environmental baseline of a territory, and apply it to the case of France. The output is the environmental threshold that a future large-scale territorial bioeconomy strategy should overpass. For France, we estimate the residual biomass baseline to generate 18.4 ± 2.7 MtCO2-eq·y−1 (climate change), 255 ± 35 ktN-eq·y−1 (marine eutrophication), and 12,300 ± 800 disease incidences per year (particulate matter formation). The current use of crop residues and livestock effluents, being essentially a return to arable lands, was found to represent more than 90 % of total environmental impacts and uncertainties, uncovering a need for more certain data. At present, utilizing residual streams as organic fertilizers fulfills over half of France's total phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) demands. However, it only meets 6 % of the nitrogen demand, primarily because nitrogen is lost through air and water. This, coupled with the overall territorial diagnosis, led us to revisit the idea of using the current situation (based on 2018 data) as a baseline for future bioeconomy trajectories. We suggest that these should rather be compared to a projected baseline accounting for ongoing basic mitigation efforts, estimated for France at 8.5 MtCO2-eq·y−1.
Sammendrag
Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes crown rot in strawberry leading to significant economic losses every year. To invade the host, P. cactorum secretes an arsenal of effectors that can manipulate host physiology and impair its defense system promoting infection. A transcriptome analysis was conducted on a susceptible wild strawberry genotype (Fragaria vesca) 48 hours post inoculation with P. cactorum to identify effectors expressed during the early infection stage. The analysis revealed 4,668 P. cactorum genes expressed during infection of F. vesca. A total of 539 secreted proteins encoded by transcripts were identified, including 120 carbohydrate-active enzymes, 40 RXLRs, 23 proteolytic enzymes, nine elicitins, seven cysteine rich proteins, seven necrosis inducing proteins and 216 hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Twenty of the 40 RXLR effector candidates were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration and five previously unreported RXLR effector genes (Pc741, Pc8318, Pc10890, Pc20813, and Pc22290) triggered cell death when transiently expressed. The identified cell death inducing RXLR effectors showed 31–66% identity to known RXLR effectors in different Phytophthora species having roles in pathogenicity including both activation and suppression of defense response in the host. Furthermore, homology analysis revealed that these cell death inducing RXLR effectors were highly conserved (82 - 100% identity) across 23 different strains of P. cactorum originating from apple or strawberry.
Sammendrag
The No-till system and organic fertilization combined can be a potential strategy to avoid nutrient leaching, as the soil structure plays a crucial role in retaining them. In this study, we evaluated the influence of different rates of a bio-fertilizer made of industrial organic waste (IOW) from a poultry slaughterhouse on the percolation and stocks of nitrate in disturbed and undisturbed soil samples collected from a subtropical no-till field in southern Brazil. In an incubation experiment, we performed a percolation experiment using lysimeters and simulated rainfall for 180 days and evaluated the remaining soil nitrate stock after the incubation period. We set up a completely randomized experiment with three replicates using four IOW rates (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, and 8 Mg ha−1) and two sample types: disturbed and undisturbed soils. Using the bio-fertilizer increased nitrate mineralization from 0.77 to 1.55 kg ha−1 day−1. Overall, the IOW application increased the amount of percolated nitrate, significantly influenced by the simulated rainfall (p < 0.01). The amount of water flushed through the lysimeters was significantly higher for the disturbed soils (p < 0.05, LSD test), suggesting that the loosened structure promoted a higher water flux. No differences were observed between undisturbed and disturbed samples for nitrate percolation, implying that the amount of nitrate in the liquid soil phase may be a more critical factor in determining nitrate leaching than the water flux. The disturbed samples presented significantly higher nitrate percolation with increasing IOW rates, regardless of precipitation. Stocks in the 0–5 cm depth were 6.6 kg ha−1 higher for undisturbed samples (p < 0.05, LSD test). This result suggests preserving the soil structure can significantly increase the nitrate stocks upon IOW application.