Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2025
Sammendrag
Utarbeidelse av skjøtselsplanen for naturbeitemark på Vågøya, Bodø kommune er utført på oppdrag fra Statsforvalteren i Nordland. Skjøtselsplanen baserer seg på feltbefaring og intervjuer med grunneier og gårdbruker. Det er NiN-kartlagt og avgrenset 23 naturbeitemarklokaliteter i forbindelse med denne planen. I tillegg finnes det andre viktige naturtyper på Vågøya som kystlynghei, strandeng, rikmyr og sanddynemark. For å sikre de store verdiene i naturtyper og artsmangfold er det viktig at beite med et optimalt beitetrykk fortsetter i fremtida. Rapporten er delt inn i to hoveddeler. Første del gir en kort beskrivelse av naturbeitemark. Andre del er rettet mot den som skal utføre skjøtsel og forvaltningen, og omhandler naturgrunnlaget og dagens drift i området, samt beskrivelsen av konkrete restaurerings- og skjøtselstiltak innenfor lokaliteten.
Forfattere
Åsa Maria Olofsdotter Espmark Endre Grimsbø Sonal Patel Espen Rimstad Kristin Opdal Seljetun Marco Vindas Erik Georg Granquist Grete H. M. Jørgensen Janicke Nordgreen Ingrid Olesen Sokratis Ptochos Amin Sayyari Tor Atle MoSammendrag
Background: Norwegian aquaculture involves stunning and killing millions of fish every year. Welfare of fish is protected by laws and regulations. According to the legislation, all farmed individuals must be unconscious before killing and kept unconscious until they are confirmed dead after exsanguination. There is a lack of knowledge about to what extent different stunning and killing methods used in Norway fulfil the legislation for all relevant fish species. Farmed fish species have different anatomy, physiology, and behaviour, and there are individual differences regarding size and health status that need to be considered at slaughter. Consequently, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority commissioned VKM to assess which criteria for documentation of methods will secure animal welfare during slaughter and evaluate how differences between fish species may affect documentation and animal welfare. VKM was also asked to summarise the knowledge and hazards for animal welfare regarding the methods for stunning and killing of farmed fish in Norway. Methods: VKM established a working group with expertise in fish welfare, slaughter methods, and risk assessment. Literature search was performed by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Additional manual searches were also performed, including screening of articles cited in the most recent literature, searching the project database by the Norwegian Seafood Research Fund, and web sites by governmental organisations. Species included in the literature search were fish farmed in Norway for human consumption: Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, Arctic char, sea trout, Atlantic halibut, European turbot, Atlantic cod, spotted wolffish, and yellowtail kingfish. In addition, some fish species not for human consumption were included as they may enter the slaughter facilities together with the farmed fish. These include fish used to combat salmon lice (lumpfish, ballan wrasse, goldsinny wrasse, corkwing wrasse, rock cook) and wild fish (saithe, haddock) that may enter the net pens during the production phase. The effects of stunning and slaughter on the fish welfare were evaluated following a modified version of EFSAs Guidance on the assessment criteria for applications for new or modified stunning methods. Assessments: Animal welfare is essential during stunning and killing, and it is important to establish knowledge of methods securing that all individuals are kept unconscious until they are verified as dead. Electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is the optimal method for confirming unconsciousness and death. However, measurement of EEG on individual fish is not applicable at the slaughter facility at the present time, hence different physical measurements, together with behavioural and physiological indicators must be used. Electrical stunning is a method causing temporary stunning. Hence, the biggest hazard for reduced welfare with this method is if the fish regains consciousness before exsanguination. Electrical stunning has species-specific properties; thus, documentation for the performance of the method for the individual species is needed. The number of fish entering the dry electrical stunner is an important factor for animal welfare, as too many fish at the same time increase the risk of insufficient stunning and suffering for the fish. Percussive stunning causes immediate and irreversible loss of consciousness when the blow is applied correctly and is strong enough. However, if done incorrectly, e.g. hitting the fish at the wrong place or with too little kinetic energy, the fish may remain conscious while being killed causing suffering for the fish. Automatic percussive stunners need to be adjusted to fish size and species, the latter because placement of the brain differs between species. The main welfare hazard with the killing method of gill cutting is insufficient cutting with slow exsanguination, resulting in that the fish might regain consciousness before death. Cardiac cutting is dependent upon restraining and exact positioning of the fish for correct insertion of the knife. It is important that the fish is not wrongly oriented, i.e. enter the machine up-side down, in the wrong direction or that more than one individual enters at the same time. Such cases will result in suffering for the fish and reduced welfare. Spiking is a killing method where the fish is restrained, after which a mechanical device inserts a sharp spike directly into the brain This method is unsuitable for most farmed fish in Norway and therefore not used. Maceration should only be performed with dead or unconscious fish, so if the method is correctly applied, welfare will not be an issue. However, moribund, diseased, wild fish or cleaner fish species may be alive and conscious at maceration, leading to pain and suffering in the process. Uncertainties and data gaps: The scientific documentation of animal welfare in percussive stunning is not considered adequate, and absent for some species in this report. There is lack of knowledge about the time it takes for fish to lose and regain consciousness after both electrical and percussive stunning, and the time from gill or cardiac cutting until the fish is exsanguinated and dead. This information is species-specific. In addition, there is a lack of data on how different behavioural and physical measurements correlate with the EEG. These indicators may be suitable for use at slaughter facilities, but documentation is lacking for all fish species included in this report. Conclusion: VKM concludes that there is a general lack of scientific documentation of the currently applied stunning and killing methods to ensure that farmed fish remain unconscious after stunning until death by exsanguination. The time period from stunning to regained consciousness needs to be established through research to ensure that fish are slaughtered with minimal stress, fear, and suffering. Furthermore, it is necessary to know the time required from gill or cardiac cutting to cessation of brain activity. There is a risk of reduced animal welfare due to this lack of documentation. The different fish species have different anatomy and physiology which impacts the effect of stunning and killing. Especially in bottom dwellers (halibut, turbot, spotted wolffish), an individual variation in placement of the brain affects the effect of the slaughtering methods. There is insufficient documentation about how species and individual differences affect the welfare of percussive stunning, spiking, gill cutting, and cardiac cutting. There is limited documentation of the effect of electrical stunning for most species. The effect of electrical stunning of salmonids is better documented; however, verification by EEG is scarce. The direction and placement of the fish when entering the stunner and killing machines are a vital hazard for reduced welfare of the fish. Wrong direction of the fish or overload into the machines may result reduced effect of the methods. Welfare may also be impaired when the machines are not correctly adjusted to the species and size of fish or there is a large variation of the size of the fish entering the machines.
Forfattere
Vahe Atoyan Thomas Georges A Bawin Laura Jaakola Anna AvetisyanSammendrag
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) captures rich spectral data across hundreds of contiguous bands for diverse applications. Dimension reduction (DR) techniques are commonly used to map the first three reduced dimensions to the red, green, and blue channels for RGB visualization of HSI data. In this study, we propose a novel approach, HSBDR-H, which defines pixel colors by first mapping the two reduced dimensions to hue and saturation gradients and then calculating per-pixel brightness based on band entropy so that pixels with high intensities in informative bands appear brighter. HSBDR-H can be applied on top of any DR technique, improving image visualization while preserving low computational cost and ease of implementation. Across all tested methods, HSBDR-H consistently outperformed standard RGB mappings in image contrast, structural detail, and informativeness, especially on highly detailed urban datasets. These results suggest that HSBDR-H can complement existing DR-based visualization techniques and enhance the interpretation of complex hyperspectral data in practical applications. Tested in remote sensing applications involving urban and agricultural datasets, the method shows potential for broader use in other disciplines requiring high-dimensional data visualization.
Forfattere
Finn-Arne HaugenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Finn-Arne HaugenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Finn-Arne HaugenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Finn-Arne HaugenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Shun Hasegawa Kjetil Schanke Aas Ulrika Jansson Asplund Lise Dalsgaard Heleen de Wit Andreas Hagenbo Carl-Fredrik Johannesson Jenni NordénSammendrag
Norwegian forests cover 12 million hectares and are vital for carbon uptake and biodiversity, yet CO2 absorption has declined since 2010 due to increased harvesting, mortality and reduced growth as more forests surpass harvest maturity. With 45% now economically mature and 20% older than 120 years, the future carbon uptake of these stands is uncertain, particularly if they develop towards old-growth. Old-growth forests form without stand-replacing disturbances and have diverse structures and deadwood. Norwegian mature forests mostly originate from clear-cutting, so insights from primary old-growth must be applied with caution. After maturity, forests continue to sequester carbon but more slowly, with increasing storage in deadwood and soil. Soil carbon trajectories remain uncertain: disturbance often causes short-term losses followed by decades of accumulation. Microbial communities, especially fungi, influence long-term soil carbon, but data are limited. Norway uses the Yasso soil carbon model, which predicts continued soil carbon increases with age though at slowing rates; however, it simplifies key processes, and more advanced models are in development. Biodiversity supports carbon cycling, resilience and soil health, yet knowledge gaps persist. Climate change is expected to increase disturbances, raising long-term risks for older stands. The report highlights the need for improved monitoring, research and modelling to better understand carbon dynamics and resilience as forests age.
Sammendrag
NIBIO takserte elgbeitene i Bamble og Drangedal kommuner i 2025. Som ventet var naturgrunnlaget for produksjon av elgbeite best i Bamble og fattigst i øvre deler av Drangedal. Bamble hadde betydelig høyere tetthet av trær i elgens beitehøyde enn snittet for våre øvrige takster i Sør-Norge. Drangedal lå noe under snittet. Trærne i både Bamble og Drangedal produserte en del mindre årsskudd per tre enn snittet av Sør-Norge, dels på grunn av et svært høyt beitepress. Beitepresset på alle treslag som elg ofte selekterer for (rogn, osp, selje og eik) (ROSE) var blant de høyeste vi har registrert. Beitepresset på ROSE bør ned. Vi fant stor forskjell mellom kommunene i estimert ernæringsmessig bæreevne vinterstid: maks 1.7 elg-ekvivalenter per km2 tellende jaktareal i Bamble og 0.8 i Drangedal. Dette er grove anslag og gjelder et normalt til godt vær-år. Det må gjøres fratrekk for hjort (og rådyr), og det er usikkert hvor mye det utgjør. Uventet lavt beitepress sommerstid i forhold til vinterstid tyder på at det er trekk av dyr over kommunegrensene, slik at beregnet tetthet av elg og hjort (basert på jaktstatistikken) er usikre. Dette er noen av flere grunner til å holde antall elg-ekvivalenter godt under maks bæreevne. Vi har beregnet dagens tetthet av elg til 0.8 per km2 i Bamble, og 0.5 i Drangedal (snitt 2020-2024). Bestandstettheten av elg alene er altså et stykke under ernæringsmessig maks bæreevne. Vi anbefaler å ikke la bestandene av annet hjortevilt øke uten å avveie konsekvensene for elg. Slaktevektene vitner om elg i veldig dårlig kondisjon, som trenger maks bra forhold for å ta seg opp igjen. Utfordringer for god kondisjon vil bare øke framover, med økt nedbygging og et stadig varmere klima (mer varmestress, mer parasitter, mer konkurranse med hjort, m.m.).
Sammendrag
Denne rapporten undersøker hvordan hydroponisk dyrking av salat ved bruk av industriell restvarme kan bidra til økt norsk frilandsproduksjon av grønnsaker. Målet er å utnytte for tiden ubrukte ressurser, styrke norsk selvforsyning gjennom innovative dyrkingsmetoder og redusere avhengigheten av grønnsaksimport. Som et første steg ble det utviklet en datamodell for å kunne predikere potensiell avling og energiforbruk i ved bruk av systemet med ulike vanntemperaturer og isolasjonsmaterialer i ulike landsdeler. For å kunne validere modellen ble det bygget et testanlegg ved NIBIO Særheim, hvor restvarme ble simulert med varmepumper. Anlegget ble testet med ulike vanntemperaturer og metoden for klimaregulering med seks crispy salatsorter og to salanova-typer om våren 2022 og 2023. Klimadata, vannkvalitet, vekst, produksjon og energiforbruk ble nøye logget. Bruk av restvarme ga høyere veksthastighet, større avling og kortere produksjonstid, særlig tidlig i sesongen og for vekstvillige sorter som ‘Lalique’ og ‘Crispenza’. God isolasjon reduserte energiforbruket. Data som ble samlet inn bekreftet verdien av modellen. Men det oppstod også avvik. Utfordringer inkluderte plutselige temperaturendringer og store daglige differanser mellom minimum og maksimumstemperatur og luftfuktighet, kontroll på oksygeninnhold i vannet og sykdom, som førte til tap av avling. Utvidet klimakontroll og å opprettholde oksygeninnhold i vannet nødvendige for å redusere avlingstap krevde ekstra innsats og energi. Bruk av restvarme kan gi betydelige energibesparelser og bidra til mer bærekraftig matproduksjon, særlig i nordlige strøk. Økt antall plantinger per år og høyere avling gir muligheter for å utvide produksjonssesongen samt økt inntekt, men det er tvilsomt om dette alene kan forsvare investerings- og driftskostnadene for hydroponiske anlegg for salat. Derfor virker det som at risiko for avlingstap i sensitive salatsorter er for stor. Videre teknisk utvikling, bedre klimakontroll og vurdering av andre, mer klimatolerante, vekster anbefales før bred implementering.