Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
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Sammendrag
Three primary causal agents are involved in the leaf blotch disease (LBD) complex of Norwegian winter and spring wheat: Phaesophaeria nodorum, Mycospaerella tritici, and Pyrenophora drechslera-tritici. The dynamics of symptom development, similarity of symptoms caused by each agent, and confounding of disease symptoms by leaf senescence interfere with accurate assessment of disease. Empirical and regression models for disease and yield loss forecasting are only as good as the data upon which they are based. Accurately describing the relationship between symptoms and yield loss is therefore critical to meaningful economic thresholds for management decisions and advisory systems. A general guideline for yield loss and disease severity has been described as 1% yield loss per 1% disease severity on the flag leaf at BBCH stage 70-75 (King et al., 1983). However, several years of field trials in Norway indicate that disease severity can increase exponentially during these developmental stages, making disease severity highly dependent upon time of assessment. LBD severity on flag leaves of the spring wheat variety ‘Bjarne’ at two different locations in 2010 varied during the above BBCH stages from 27% to 44% and from 4.45% to 23.2%. Different varieties may compensate differently for loss of photosynthetic area on the flag leaf due to leaf blotch pathogens, rendering the general guide line for yield loss inaccurate. Preliminary studies in Norway indicated that the relation between yield reduction (TKW) and disease severity of the flag leaf differed substantially for five different spring varieties and ranged from 0.03 to 1.4 at BBCH 70 and from 0.8 to 4.1 at BBCH 75, at one field site at Aas, Norway in 2010. The causes of the observed variation in the relationship between flag leaf severity and yield reduction are poorly understood. Effects of other diseases are not accounted for by leaf blotch assessments, nor are fungicides applied to reference plots necessarily eliminating all disease effects on yield. Timing of assessments may be as critical as the accuracy of the assessments; making it necessary to time the assessments properly, and distinguish clearly between leaf senescence and leaf blotch symptoms.
Sammendrag
Downy mildew, caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica s.l., represents an increasing threat to Norwegian production of cruciferous vegetable crops. Although the pathogen has been present in Norway for over a century, the intensified production regimes of field vegetables has contributed to an increase in disease incidence and severity. The project “Effective and sustainable control strategies for downy mildew in rocket, broccoli and cauliflower” were initiated by vegetable growers and financed by the Norwegian Research Council, “Jordbruksavtalen”, “Fondet” and vegetable growers for the period 2009-2011. As part of the project we have surveyed the presence of downy mildew in cruciferous crops and weeds, tested possible cross inoculation between different cruciferous crops and weeds, and tested how long detached spores can survive in air. The survey of downy mildew incidence in cruciferous crops (mainly rocket, broccoli and cauliflower) and weeds were performed by local extension officers in the Counties Buskerud, Rogaland, Vestfold, østfold, and Hedmark. In addition, 65 growers were asked to survey and report findings in their fields. During the project period downy mildew incidence was mainly observed in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) and broccoli, while a few incidences of downy mildew were reported in swede, oil seed rape and the weed Sheperd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). The host range of isolates collected in the survey was assessed on a selection of cruciferous species. Seedlings of wild rocket (‘DI902’), cultivated rocket (Eruca sativa), cauliflower (‘Freedom’), broccoli (‘Ironman’), oil seed rape (‘Valo’) and swede (‘Vige’) were inoculated by spraying the cotyledons with a spore suspension. One week after inoculation, the seedlings were incubated over-night at high RH and scored for positive infections by observation of visible sporulation on the cotyledons. Preliminary results show that downy mildew from oil seed rape can infect swede, cauliflower and broccoli. Isolates from broccoli were partly virulent on cauliflower. An isolate from swede were virulent on broccoli, while an isolate from rape were virulent on cauliflower, broccoli and swede. An isolate from Sheperd’s purse was virulent on broccoli. Isolates from wild rocket were not virulent on any of the other plants in the trial. The results indicate a risk of cross infection between different cruciferous species, although also supporting the ongoing discussions on dividing H. parasitica into separate species. The possibility of long distance dispersal of viable spores depends on how long the spores can survive in free air. Spores from freshly sporulating rocket seedlings were transferred to filter paper and exposed to solar radiation or in shade. Preliminary results show that spores were not able to germinate after 6 hours exposure to the sun, while shaded spores were able to survive for 24 hours or more. These results will be included in the development of a forecasting model for downy mildew on cruciferous crops.
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Forfattere
Igor A. Yakovlev Carl Gunnar Fossdal Tore Skrøppa Harald Kvaalen Jorunn Elisabeth Olsen Øystein JohnsenSammendrag
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