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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2023

Sammendrag

Oat harvested from plants infested with plant pathogenic fungi within the Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex may sometimes contain high levels of mycotoxins, which makes the grain unsuitable for food and feed. Fusarium graminearum, a deoxynivalenol (DON) producer, and Fusarium langsethiae, a T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 toxin (HT2) producer, are commonly occurring in Norwegian oats. We have analysed grains of Nordic oat varieties and breeding lines for the content of mycotoxins and DNA of Fusarium species belonging to the FHB disease complex (Hofgaard et al. 2022). The grains were harvested from field trials located in South-East Norway in the years 2011-2020. The ranking of oat varieties according to HT2+T2 levels corresponded with the ranking according to the DNA levels of F. langsethiae. However, this ranking did not resemble the ranking for DON and F. graminearum DNA. Our results implies that a moderate resistance to DON producers does not guarantee a moderate resistance to HT2+T2 producers. Separate tests are therefore necessary to determine the resistance towards DON and HT2+T2 producers in oats. This creates practical challenges for the screening of FHB resistance in oats as todays’ screening focuses on resistance to F. graminearum and DON. We identified oat varieties with generally low levels of both mycotoxins and FHB pathogens which should be promoted to mitigate mycotoxin risk in Norwegian oats.

Sammendrag

In Norway, Fusarium diseases and associated mycotoxin contamination in spring oats occasionally cause problems for growers, livestock producers and the food and feed industries. Besides weather factors, such as rainfall and temperature in the critical periods around flowering and before harvest, inoculum production and disease development are influenced by agricultural practices. The occurrence of Fusarium graminearum and DON in oat grain lots do not generally correlate with that of Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2/T-2-toxins. Therefore, to develop a robust disease management strategy, there is a need to reveal the influence of weather and agricultural practice on disease development in oats for both these fungal species. Through various research projects NIBIO researchers have performed field trials to study the effects of straw management, tillage practice, cultivar, and chemical and biological control treatments on the development of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins in oats. In particular we have investigated whether the amount of straw residues and tillage practice influences the survival of Fusarium spp. in residues, and the subsequent Fusarium spp. infection of the harvested grains. In addition, Fusarium spp. DNA and mycotoxin content (DON and HT-2/T-2) have been analysed in oats from current official cultivar trials. This work has been a collaboration between NIBIO and the Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service. Results will be presented on the Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin contamination of grains harvested from oats grown under various agricultural practices. High incidence of Fusarium avenaceum are often observed in harvested grains as well as straw residues. Fusarium graminearum is also commonly detected. Despite the high concentrations of F. langsethiae DNA and HT-2/T-2 toxins sometimes recorded in oat grain, only low levels of F. langsethiae have been detected in crop residues and air samples. We speculate that the life cycle of F. langsethiae differs from those of F. graminearum and F. avenaceum with regards to survival, inoculum production and dispersal.

Sammendrag

Her presenteres resultater fra en undersøkelse av forekomst av miljøgifter/ plantevernmidler ekstrahert fra insekter samlet i Malaisefeller i den løpende nasjonale insektovervåkingen. Undersøkelsen er gjennomført av NIBIO på oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet via det NINA-koordinerte prosjektet Hotspots for trua arter på land: kartlegging med digitale verktøy. Vi har fokusert på kjemiske syntetiske plantevernmidler som brukes i jord- og hagebruk for å belyse problematikk knyttet til funn av miljøgifter i oppsamlingsvæsken i et utvalg av insektfellene. Det er videre gjort en vurdering av hvordan en overvåking som skal si noe om plantevernmidlers påvirkning på insektforekomst (og diversitet) bør utformes. For fullt sammendrag se side 4.

Sammendrag

Varierende værforhold og mange rekorder for både temperatur og nedbør har preget været i 2023. Forsommertørke med påfølgende vått vær på ettersommeren ødela mange kornavlinger i sørlige deler av landet, og frukt ble ødelagt av lokale haglbyger i Hardanger i juni. Ekstremværet Hans satte et vått punktum for mange produsenter i august, da ekstreme nedbørmengder og flom gjorde det umulig å komme utpå jordene. I nord ble ettersommeren preget av varmt og tørt vær, noe som bidro til gode avlinger.

Sammendrag

The large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major regeneration pest in commercial forestry. Pesticide application has historically been the preferred control method, but pesticides are now being phased out in several countries for environmental reasons. There is, thus, a need for alternative plant protection strategies. We applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) or oxalic acid (OxA) on the stem of 2-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) plants to determine effects on inducible defenses and plant growth. Anatomical examination of stem cross-sections 9 weeks after application of 100 mM MeJA revealed massive formation of traumatic resin ducts and greatly reduced sapwood growth. Application of high concentrations of SA or OxA (500 and 200 mM, respectively) induced much weaker physiological responses than 100 mM MeJA. All three treatments reduced plant height growth significantly, but the reduction was larger for MeJA (~55%) than for SA and OxA (34-35%). Lower MeJA concentrations (5-50 mM) induced comparable traumatic resin duct formation as the high MeJA concentration but caused moderate (and non-significant) reductions in plant growth. Two-year-old spruce plants treated with 100 mM MeJA showed reduced mortality after exposure to pine weevils in the field, and this enhanced resistance-effect was statistically significant for three years after treatment.

Sammendrag

Det er i dette prosjektet gjennomført en feltkartlegging og en litteratursammenstilling av eksisterende datagrunnlag for å belyse mulige utfordringer med rester av plantevernmidler i jordbruksjord. Det er også gjort en gjennomgang av tilgjengelig litteratur om plantevernmidler og effekter på jordhelse. Plantevernmidler kan påvirke prosesser i jord som blir sett på som viktige funksjoner en sunn jord bidrar med. Det finnes imidlertid ingen etablerte jordhelseparameter som kan direkte knyttes til plantevernmiddelrester i jord. Det er et behov for studier som ser plantevernmidler i sammenheng med andre parametre av betydning for jordhelse for om mulig å kunne utlede sammenhenger og risikoindikatorer.