Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2026
Sammendrag
Røyktester ble gjennomført for å kartlegge luftfordeling og ventilasjonsforhold i potetlager. Testene viste at god luftfordeling er avgjørende for at spirehemmende middel skal fordeles jevnt i lageret. Det ble gjennomført røyktest i 23 lager. Resultatene viste variasjon mellom lagertyper, blant annet Findus-lager, Tolsma-lager og Agrovent-lager. Viktige forhold var kassestabling, avstand mellom kasserekker, viftekapasitet, kondensvifter, dødsoner og tetthet rundt luker og dører. Røyktestene viste at enkelte lager hadde områder med svak ventilasjon. Slike dødsoner kan gi dårligere behandlingseffekt og økt risiko for groing, fukt og kondens. I noen lager var det behov for justering av viftebruk under gassing, for eksempel korte perioder med internventilasjon etterfulgt av pause. Røyktest anbefales derfor som et praktisk tiltak før behandling med spirehemmende midler.
Forfattere
Pia Heltoft ThomsenSammendrag
Temperaturforsøkene undersøkte betydningen av lagringstemperatur for groing, vekttap, sukkerinnhold og friteringskvalitet. Det ble testet ulike sorter ved 4, 6 og 8 °C over flere sesonger. Resultatene viste at både sort og temperatur påvirker grolengde og vekttap. Lavere temperatur reduserte generelt spiring, men kunne gi økt innhold av reduserende sukkerarter. Dette påvirker friteringsfarge negativt, særlig i pommes frites-sorter. Chipssorter så ut til å tåle lavere lagringstemperatur bedre enn pommes frites-sorter. For friteringskvalitet er det derfor viktig å velge sorter som tåler lav temperatur uten sterk sukkerakkumulering. Presentasjonen peker på at lagring under 6 °C kan være risikabelt for enkelte sorter dersom målet er lys og jevn friteringsfarge.
Forfattere
Janicke Nordgreen Grete H. M. Jørgensen Cecilie Marie Mejdell Ruth C. Newberry Stephan Reber Kristin Opdal Seljetun Åsa Maria Olofsdotter Espmark Erik Georg Granquist Ingrid Olesen Sonal Patel Sokratis Ptochos Amin Sayyari Marco Vindas Tor Atle MoSammendrag
VKM has assessed the welfare needs, welfare challenges, and mitigation measures for 27 exotic bird species kept as companion and hobby animals in Norway. VKM concludes that it is challenging to achieve good welfare for these exotic bird species in captivity. There is a high risk of poor welfare in these birds kept without conspecifics. Furthermore, inadequate housing lacking enrichment and without the possibility of free flying outdoors is detrimental to the welfare of all species. Feather clipping and hand-rearing are other high-risk factors, as is feeding a seed-based diet. VKM has also compiled an overview of mitigation measures.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Giovanni Peratoner Caren Pauler Manuel Schneider Vibeke Lind Andreas Klingler Andreas Schaumberger Enrico SturaroSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Trine Eggen Carl Einar Amundsen Robert Barneveld Aksel Bernhoft Barbara Alexandra Bukhvalova Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen Belinda Flem Christiane Kruse Fæste Tron Øystein Gifstad Merete Grung Veronika Sele Kaja Helvik Skjærven Øystein Sæle Stefan Trapp Christian Vogelsang Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
This report presents a risk assessment of organic contaminants in sewage sludge and sewage-sludge-based products used on agricultural land in Norway, under current and alternative fertiliser regulations and management practices. It identifies a limited number of substances of concern for soil health, aquatic organisms, animal health, and human health, and provides a scientific basis for evaluating circular economy, organic fertilisers, and the safe recycling of bioresources in agriculture. Background and purpose The Norwegian fertiliser regulations was revised in 2025 to support reduced pollution, better utilisation of nutrients, fulfilment of international obligations, simplification, and facilitation of nutrient recycling. In Norway, 50 to 60 per cent of sewage sludge is used on agricultural land, compared with around 40 per cent in the EU. Norway has many small wastewater treatment plants and a long tradition of using treated sludge in agriculture. At the same time, incineration is less common in Norway than in many other European countries, partly because Norwegian wastewater treatment largely relies on chemical phosphorus precipitation (chemical separation of phosphorus). In recent years, new products based on sewage sludge have been developed, such as pellets, biochar and struvite (a fertiliser product recovered from wastewater that makes it possible to recycle phosphorus and nitrogen for agricultural use). At the same time, knowledge about organic contaminants in sewage sludge has increased. On this basis, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority asked VKM to assess the risks associated with organic contaminants in sewage sludge and sludge-based products. Terms of reference and scope VKM was tasked with identifying organic contaminants in sewage sludge and assessing which substances were relevant to include in the risk assessment. The assignment also covered products made from sludge, such as biochar, ash and struvite. Risks were to be assessed for the use of sludge on agricultural land over a period of up to 100 years. If current practice could lead to undesirable effects, alternative application rates and uses were also to be evaluated. In addition, less stringent rules for use in the cultivation of vegetables and on grassland used for mowing and grazing were to be assessed. The assessment covered possible effects on soil-dwelling organisms, aquatic organisms, livestock and humans. Combined effects of multiple substances were not assessed in detail. Methods and scenarios The risk assessment was based on data for more than 1,000 organic contaminants measured in Norwegian sewage sludge. For some pharmaceuticals that had not been analysed, levels were estimated using consumption data and modelling. Substances were prioritised based on occurrence, properties, degradation, mobility and toxicity. A model was developed to calculate how organic contaminants may accumulate and spread in soil, water and plants over time. The calculations were used to assess exposure for soil- and water-dwelling organisms, livestock and humans. The model accounted for climate and soil conditions in five regions in Norway. A wide range of scenarios for the use of sewage sludge and sludge-based products in the cultivation of cereals, potatoes, vegetables and grass were assessed. These included current practice, reduced application rates, use every ten years and annually, different intervals between application and cultivation or grazing, and the use of pellets, biochar, struvite and liquid digestate from sewage sludge. The effects of thermal hydrolysis were also assessed. Summary of main findings Norwegian monitoring data show that municipal sewage sludge contains many different organic contaminants, but levels vary widely between treatment plants and regions. The levels of several legacy pollutants, such as PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs, have decreased over time but are still present in sludge and remain relevant because they degrade slowly and can accumulate in the environment. PFAS are regularly detected, particularly PFOS and other long-chain PFAS. Pharmaceuticals and newer industrial chemicals often occur at low levels but with large variation. Several substances found at the highest concentrations are linked to cosmetics and personal care products. The different sludge-based products have different risk profiles. Pellets are expected to pose roughly the same or slightly lower risk than dewatered sludge. Struvite contains very low levels of organic contaminants and was consistently associated with low risk. Biochar is distinctive in that pyrolysis reduces many organic contaminants, but there is still uncertainty related to the possible formation of new compounds and how residues may be bound or released over time. For soil-dwelling organisms, the assessment showed that current practice may pose a long term risk for some substances. After quality assessment of the data, 19 organic substances showed potential risk, including certain pharmaceuticals, cosmetic-related substances, plastic related compounds, PAHs and PFOS. Lower application rates reduced risk but did not eliminate it. For some persistent substances, annual application could result in a higher cumulative load than application every ten years. For aquatic organisms, under current practice one substance exceeded the risk threshold, the pharmaceutical fenbendazole, but the assessment is uncertain. In scenarios with less stringent conditions or alternative uses, several substances were considered capable of posing a risk to the aquatic environment. For livestock, the calculations generally showed low levels of individual substances in feed rations. Risk was highest for grazing animals, as soil ingestion is an important exposure pathway, and with the use of liquid digestate from sewage sludge, direct intake may also contribute. Delayed grazing after application of products was found to reduce exposure. At the same time, some substances, particularly bisphenols and certain pharmaceuticals, are highlighted as relevant to animal health, and combined effects cannot be ruled out. For humans, current use of sewage sludge is generally assessed to pose relatively low risk to food safety for most of the substances examined. At the same time, an increase in organic contaminants in agricultural soil is undesirable. The report highlights PFAS, PCBs, dioxins, PAHs, PBDEs, siloxanes, bisphenol A, octocrylene and several pharmaceuticals as important for food safety, because dietary exposure to some of these substances is already considered undesirable or of concern. For individuals with high consumption of locally caught freshwater fish, exposure is generally assumed to be limited, but for some individuals it may be relevant. Main conclusion Norwegian data show that sewage sludge contains many organic contaminants, but levels vary widely. Most substances appear to pose low risk to soil-dwelling and aquatic organisms, and low health risk to livestock and humans. Some persistent substances may give rise to concern over time. Struvite was consistently associated with low risk, while pellets, biochar, sewage sludge and liquid digestate from sewage sludge have more complex risk profiles. For humans and livestock, risk is generally low under current practice, but certain groups of substances are undesirable because the overall burden is already high or of concern. The report concludes that some substances should be prioritised for further investigation and follow-up. In summary: VKM concludes that most organic contaminants in sewage sludge pose low risk, but that some organic contaminants may give rise to concern over time. This particularly applies to persistent substances that can accumulate in soil. The report therefore highlights the need for further investigation through the collection of more data and knowledge to support future risk assessments.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Rosenort er en anerkjent medisinplante, verdsatt for sine svært aktive sekundære metabolitter i røtter og jordstengel (rhizom). Noen av de viktigste metabolittene antas å være salidrosid, cinnamylalkohol, glykosider (rosin, rosavin, rosarin), flavonoider (rhodionin, rhodiosin, rhodiolin) og terpener. I Skandinavia har rosenrot vært brukt som tradisjonell medisin plante i lang tid, og vikingene brukte den for å forbedre sin fysiske ytelse, styrke og utholdenhet. Rosenrot forekommer naturlig over det meste av landet og har i tillegg gode muligheter for å kunne dyrkes. Den kan formeres ved både frøformering og vegetativ formering. Før spiring krever frøene en kuldeperiode. Rosenrot kan dyrkes på alle jordtyper, men det ser ut til at myrjord gir best tilvekst. Gjødsling med 50 til 100 kg N /Ha øker tilveksten i de underjordiske plantedelene med 30-40%. Innhold av Rosaviner var i norske undersøkelser positivt påvirket at dyrking på myrjord, og ved gjødsling, med 50-100 kgN/Ha. Ved dyrking kan felt anlegges på drill eller på flatt land og med eller uten jorddekke duk. Man kan regne med mellom 4400 – 6200 planter per daa. Plantene står gjerne på felt i 3-5 år og vekt av de underjordiske plantedelene per plante ligger da på rundt 500 g friskvekt, tørrstoff % ligger på ca 25-30%. Innhold av sekundære metabolitter er høyst ved blomstring, men siden vekten øker en del hen mot høsten kan det lønne seg å høste etter nedvisning. Etter høsting bør de underjordiske plantedelene enten bearbeides med det samme eller oppbevares ved temperaturer under 5°C før bearbeiding. Røtter og jordstengel vaskes, snittes og tørkes før lagring. Tørketemperaturen bør ikke være over 50°C. Det er stort potensial for dyrking av rosenrot i Norge og stor etterspørsel etter produktet. For at norske produsenter skal komme inn på dette marked kreves innsikt i, og mulighet for, produktutvikling og kontrakter med aktuelle avtakere.
Forfattere
Eldrid Lein MoltebergSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Per Jarle MøllerhagenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag