Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Authors
Tor Håkon Sivertsen Josef Eitzinger Sabina Thaler Simone Orlandini Pavol Nejedlik Valentin Kazandjiev Visnja Vucetic Dragutin Mihailovic Branislava Lalic Emmanuel Tsiros Nicolas R. Dalezios Andreja Susnik K. Christian Kersebaum Nicholas M. Holden Robin MatthewsAbstract
During the past decades, in connection with the development of computers, many new software tools were developed to be used for agricultural research as well as for decision making. For example, crop and whole farm system modelling, pest and disease warning models/algorithms, models for irrigation scheduling or agroclimatic indices can help farmers significantly in decision-making for crop management options and related farm technologies. In research models can be used to simulate and analyse the complex connections in the soil-plant-atmosphere system for example in the important field of climate change impacts on agricultural production. All these modelled systems and their interactions include however many different kind of uncertainties and limitations, such as trends in technology and human activities, models representation of reality, lack of knowledge on system responses or lack of calibration data. Much research was done worldwide in the field of model development, model improvements or model comparisons. The aims of Working group 1 of COST734 was a review and assessment of agroclimatic indices and simulation models relevant for various European agricultural activities. The results of an europeanwide survey are presented in this study. It includes an overview of most used agrometeorological or agroclimatic indices and process oriented crop models for operational as well as scientific applications, an analysis of the limitations for applications and an overview of spatial applications in combination with GIS and remote sensing in Europe.
Authors
B Etemad G, Batra R Raut S Dahiya S Khanam S Swaminathan VS Reddy SS Klemsdal jihong liu clarke N KhannaAbstract
Objective To develop a tetravalent dengue antigen and to express and evaluate the antigen in tobacco chloroplasts, aiming for a cost-effective and safe production system. Methodology EDIII-encoding sequences corresponding to all four DEN virus serotypes were fused, generating a tetravalent gene, rEDIII-T, and integrated into the Pichia pastoris genome. A 6xHis Tag-encoding sequence was designed at the 3" end. The recombinant EDIII-T protein was expressed and purified. Balb/c mice (4-6 weeks old) were immunized intraperitoneally on days 0, 21, 42 and 84 with 20 "g purified rEDIII-T protein. Immune sera from the immunized mice were used to detect the DEN virus serotypes in infected BHK 21 cells. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed using each DEN virus serotype pre-incubated with heat-inactivated serum, plaqued on LLCMK2 cells with 50 "l virus-antiserum mix/well. Results A novel tetravalent chimeric protein was developed by fusing the receptor-binding envelope domain III (EDIII) of the four DEN virus serotypes. This protein was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and purified to near homogeneity in high yields. Antibodies induced in mice by the tetravalent protein, formulated in different adjuvants, neutralized the infectivity of all four serotypes. Conclusions and future work We developed a non-replicating subunit vaccine prototype based on EDIII, a critical domain of the major DEN virus E protein that mediates viral entry, contains multiple neutralizing epitopes and induces robust protective immunity. The EDIII-based recombinant protein is a promising candidate for the development of a safe, efficacious, and inexpensive tetravalent DEN vaccine. Our goal is to express and evaluate the antigen in tobacco chloroplasts aiming for a cost-effective and safe production system.
Authors
M Vaarst C Leeb C Nicholas S Roderick G Smolders M Walkenhorst J Brinkman E Ströger C Winkler C Winkler E Gratzer E Gratzer V Lund Britt I.F. Henriksen Inger Hansen M NealeAbstract
Livestock farming is an important part of organic farming systems, and it is an explicit goal of organic farming to ensure high levels of animal health and welfare (AHW) through proactive and appropriate management of breeding, feeding, housing and species specific husbandry. A goal in organic livestock farming is to minimise the use of veterinary medicines to improve food quality and protect the environment, and to do this by improving livestock living conditions rather than using alternative medical treatments. Key values influencing organic livestock production are naturalness, harmony at all levels of production, use and recirculation of local resources and adoption of the precautionary principle. The concepts of "positive health and welfare" are incorporated in EU Regulation 2092/91 on organic production. The farmer must ensure that farm animals can perform natural behaviours and live natural lives, but at the same time he/she must intervene when necessary and at first signs of disharmony in the herd. Based on various project experiences and results and research questions from different European countries, a research project entitled `Minimising medicine use in organic dairy herds through animal health and welfare planning" was initiated in mid-2007 with the aim as indicated in the title. This paper introduces the project. The first project meeting and workshop was held in Hellevad in Denmark on the 9th-12th October 2007. A summary of the outputs from the workshop is provided here. The anticipated project activities are also outlined. The project will adopt the name ANIPLAN.
Authors
Tor Håkon SivertsenAbstract
There exist several very complicated mechanistic crop growth models, like SUCROS, CERES etc. These models are constructed by modeling quantitatively physiological processes in relation to environment. Some of these models have been used for predictions and consequences of global change.The model CERES, a model for cereal crops, is delivered by IBSNAT, The International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnical Transfer, University of Hawai, Honolulu. This model contains output parameters of yield, biomass, phenological phases, soil water content etc. The input data are parameters describing the soil physics, the varieties of the cereal crop, and the weather. In addition management of fertilization and management of pests and diseases may be consideredThe input weather data of interest for the present discussion are simulations, scenarios, of future climatic conditions in different countries and different regions in Europe. The type of crop production basically connected to the model CERES are technically advanced commercial production of cereals on the large agricultural scale. The outcome of any study containing this model in the present shape, will be the limits of this type of agricultural production connected to quantitative scenarios of the future climate in the different regions of Europe.How should one attach the concepts of sustainable agriculture and global change to crop growth modeling?How should crop growth modeling be connected to sustainable farming systems and the challenges of globalchange.Has anyone tried to use crop growth models in a context of production, storage, distribution, consumption, and the treatment of waste connected to crop production.Several ecological systems of nature contain recycling of minerals and waste products. Has anyone tried to combine crop growth models to such ecological systems?How should the temporal and spatial scope of mechanistic crop growth models be evaluated and discussed?
Authors
Heidi Anette Grønsten Rut SkjevdalAbstract
Jordbruksarealer som jordarbeides om høsten kan være utsatt for overflateavrenning og erosjon med tap av jord og næringsstoffer til vassdrag. Et veletablert plantedekke kan beskytte mot erosjon. En del forsøk og overvåkingsresultater, bla. gjennom Program for jord og vannovervåking i landbruket (JOVA) (Øygarden et al. 2003), har imidlertid avdekket stor erosjon fra høstkornareal som er pløyd før tilsåing. Interessen for høstkorndyrking har vært økende og gitt behov for å undersøke hvordan redusert jordarbeiding påvirker erosjonstapene. Prosjektet "Effekter av tradisjonell jordarbeiding, høstharving, og direktesåing av høstkorn på erosjon og avrenning av næringsstoffer" ble finansiert av Statens landbruksforvaltning (SLF) i perioden 2002-2007. Formålet var å måle hvordan de ulike jordarbeidingsmetodene til høstkorn påvirket avrenningsmengder, erosjon og fosfortap ved episodestudier gjennom ulike sesonger. Bakkegård et al . (2005, 2007) undersøkte i samme periode de dyrkingsmessige og praktiske konsekvensene av de ulike jordarbeidingsmetodene som en del av prosjektet "Kostnadseffektiv høstkorndyrking uten pløying på erosjonsutsatt jord". Forsøksringen SørØst og Det Kgl. Selskap for Norges Vel utførte det praktiske arbeidet med ruteforsøk og avrenningsmålinger. I perioden høsten 2002 " våren 2007 ble det gjennomført avrenningsmålinger fra ruteforsøk på Hellerud (figur 1) i Akershus og Øsaker i Østfold. Høstkorn som var pløyd og harvet før såing om høsten ikke ga noe bedre erosjonsbeskyttelse enn tradisjonell høstpløying til vårkorn. I noen tilfeller var jordtapet også høyere ved høstpløyd høstkorn. 84 % av jordtapet fra høstpløyd høstkorn skjedde i perioden september til februar. Redusert jordarbeiding med lett høstharving eller direktesåing reduserte jord og næringsstofftapet betydelig Resultatene viste at høstkorn som var pløyd og harvet før såing om høsten ikke ga noe bedre erosjonsbeskyttelse enn tradisjonell høstpløying til vårkorn . I noen tilfeller var jordtapet også høyere ved høstpløyd høstkorn. 84 % av jordtapet fra høstpløyd høstkorn skjedde i perioden september til februar. Redusert jordarbeiding med lett høstharving eller direktesåing reduserte jord og næringsstofftapet betydelig.
Authors
Celine Rebours Åsbjørn Karlsen Oddvar H. Ottessen Jim Treasurer Julie Maguire R. Fitzgerald N. ZhuravlevaAbstract
An EU Northern Periphery Project entitled "Ecofish" has been established to examine the rearing of ballan wrasse, Labrus bergylta and the application of this species in sea lice control. The rapid expansion of finfish farming in Northern Europe has focussed attention on problems caused by a variety of pest organisms such as sea lice which sometimes occur at high densities in coastal waters. This project provide the European marine finfish aquaculture industry with a practical solution to control lice in an environmentally friendly way by using ballan wrasse (a lice eating fish) as a supplement to control lice in sea cages. Until now the R&D activities on ballan wrasse have been local and limited to a few institutions, mainly, in Norway. In the present project, a broad partnership in the Northern periphery area, in a unique collaboration between governmental institutions, public R&D institutions and the industry in Norway, UK and Ireland, are developing methods for production and use of cleaner fish in finfish farming. This is based on substantive interest from fish farmers in Shetland, Scotland, Ireland and Norway in the use of wrasse and whether this can be reared for use as cleaner fish on fish farms. The collective expertise provide a unique opportunity to address the sustainability (environmental and economic) of aquaculture, enabling us to challenge a range of issues in a unified manner that would be difficult or impossible by individual countries acting alone. In this way fragmentation of effort across the Northern Periphery are reduced and a more co-ordinated approach to research at an international level are engendered.
Authors
Michelle Fountain Jerry Cross Gunnhild Jåstad David HallAbstract
Three mirids of horticultural importance in the UK have been studied to ascertain the chemicals involved sexual attraction of males to females. Lygus rugulipennis, the European tarnished plant bug, is an important pest of strawberries and raspberries causing malformation of fruit. Lygocoris pabulinus, the common green capsid, is primarily of concern on blackcurrant, but increasingly damaging on raspberry shoots. Finally, Liocoris tripustulatus, the nettle capsid, causes surface scaring on peppers and aubergines. Ordinarily mirids are controlled with sprays or chlorpyrifos. However, increasing demand for zero residues fruit and the eradication of effective pesticides from IPM programmes is rendering crops more susceptable to attack from mirids. The aim of this project is to develop a long-lived, practical lure, attractive to these species, in order to monitor populations so that effective timings of spray applications can be made to control the pests in fruit crops. It has been demonstrated that adult male L. rugulipennis are attracted to traps baited with live virgin females. Volatiles produced by virgin female L. rugulipennis have been identified as, hexyl butyrate, (E)-2- hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal and elicit electroantennographic (EAG) responses from males in analyses by linked gas chromatography"electroantennography (GC-EAG). We will report results of laboratory and field experiments with blends of the three compounds released from a range of dispensing systems including microcapillary tubes and a piezoelectric dispenser. We have also investigated the effects of various host-plant volatiles on attractiveness and made improvements to trap design and laboratory bioassay procedures.
Authors
M Vaarst C Leeb P Nicholas S Roderick Smolders G M Walkenhorst J Brinkman S March E Stöger E Gratzer C Winckler V Lund Britt I.F. Henriksen Berit Hansen M Neale L WistanceAbstract
Good animal health and welfare is an explicit goal of organic livestock farming, and will need continuous development and adjustment on the farms. Furthermore, the very different conditions in different regions of Europe calls for models that can be integrated into local practice and be relevant for each type of farming context. A European project with participants from seven countries have been established with the aim of developing principles for animal health and welfare planning in organic dairy farming, based on a process where knowledge about the status within a given herd will be included as background for taking decisions and planning future improvements. An important part of the planning process is communication with other farmers as well as animal health and welfare professionals (veterinarians and advisors). Other principles such as systematic evaluation of how the improvements work in the farm ensure the continuity of the planning process. This presentation gives an overview over the current animal health and welfare planning initiatives in the participating countries and lines up the principles which are being gradually implemented in partner countries in collaboration with groups of organic farmers and organisations.
Abstract
Clonal plants of Leuzea charthamoides and Rhodiola rosea, and plants from a seed population of Serratula coronata, were grown in a phytotrone under controlled conditions at 9"C, 15"C, 21"C day/9"C night and 21"C. All these treatments had 24 hours of light (long day). In addition there was one treatment at 21"C with only 12 hours light (short day). Each treatment had 28, 36 and 40 individuals of Rhodiola, Leuzea and Serratula respectively. Plants were harvested after 4 months and plant height and number of leaves were recorded. Leaves of Serratula and roots of Leuzea and Rhodiola were dried and analyzed for adaptogenic compounds. Number of shoots and dry weight of roots of Rhodiola increased from 9"C to 15"C. Differentiated day and night temperature with a temperature sum of 15"C further increased the growth. The highest temperature, 21"C, produced the lowest number of shoots and the lowest dry weight of roots. The results indicate that the concentration of most of the analyzed adaptogenic compounds was not effected by temperature, while the levels of total rosavins were highest at 9"C. The temperature effect of plant height and dry weight of roots of Leuzea was comparable to the results of Rhodiola, but with a slightly better growth at 21"C. On the contrary, Serratula seems to prefer warmer temperatures and produced most leaves at 21"C. At 21"C, all three species preferred long days (24 h light) compared to short days (12 h light). The results of this experiment indicate that it might be an advantage to grow Rhodiola and Leuzea at low average temperatures, while Serratula should be grown at slightly warmer places, however, it must be remembered that the experiment is limited to certain clones of each species.
Abstract
In order to improve the basis for utilizing white clover (Trifolium repens L) in northern agriculture, we studied the effects of defoliation intensity on spring growth in a sub-arctic climate in relation to carbohydrate and nodule status. White clover plants (cv Snowy) were studied in a pot experiment in the field on the coast of northern Norway from spring 2001 until spring 2002. The experiment was repeated with some modifications from spring 2002 until spring 2003. During the growing season from summer to autumn, the plants were totally stripped of leaves down to the stolon, cut at four or seven cm height or left undisturbed. The plants were sampled destructively in autumn, early spring and late spring and sorted into leaves, stolons and roots. The plant material was weighed and analysed for carbohydrate reserves and nodule number. Defoliation during the growing season resulted in reduced concentration of reserve carbohydrates in autumn and reduced winter survival of the stolons. The most severe defoliation treatment reduced the herbage growth in spring. In contrast, the two milder defoliation treatments had no effect on herbage growth during spring or on total plant dry matter and nodule status in late spring. In conclusion, moderate defoliation during the growing season had no effect on herbage growth the following spring nor on carbohydrate, nodule or dry matter status of the plant in late spring. Moderate defoliation increased spring growth and thereby also the nitrogen demand of the plants. This probably enhanced nodule formation and development of inactive to active nodules.