Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Finding new ways to simultaneously account for monetary and non-monetary goals in ecosystem services is needed in order to establish a new modelling framework for the facilitation of trade-offs between competing stakeholder interests. The socioecological sustainability of an ecosystem service is dependent on the consent of the people in the area of the ESS. An important reason is that a given ecosystem service may have highly different value in different stakeholder cultures. In this aspect is also the understanding of disservices and hidden services. The kind and level of conflict tend to differ with location and the operational level of decision-making. It is crucial work to identify all linked subservices and organise them into a common framework for evaluation. In our research group (MULTIESS) we try to develop multi-criteria tools to assess the implications of prioritizing different interests on ecological, sociological and economic output. Similarly, changes in the human population and environment will interact and influence on the services and their values, demanding such parameters to be evaluated for the whole range of potential scenarios. We maintain that in order to make multi-criteria analyses (MCA) successful, service outputs and externalities must and can be measured in familiar terms (e.g. money, biomass) without the use of direct or stated pricing of non-commodities such as welfare, recreation or biodiversity.
Forfattere
Eva SkarbøvikSammendrag
Artikkelen presenterer resultater fra analyser av fosforinnhold i sediment i elvekanter, samt ut testing av fem ulike metoder for å kvanti sere kanterosjon i to leirelver på Østlandet. Gjennom snittlig innhold av totalfosfor i kantsedimentet var om lag 700 mg/kg. Fosforinnholdet i kant sedimentet var noe lavere enn i åkerjorda, men denne forskjellen kunne forklares med en lavere andel leirfraksjoner og organisk materiale i kant sedimentet. Metodene som ble testet ut for å kvanti sere kanterosjon, omfattet gjentatte befaringer og fotografering av elvekantene, erosjonspinner, fotogrammetri (3Dfotografering), sammenlig ning av elveløpsform med historiske yfoto, samt kjemisk sporing av sedimentet. Konklusjonen var at ingen av de utprøvde metodene er optimale, men at erosjonspinner kombinert med fotogra fering under befaringer kan gi et grovt estimat av erosjonen. Av 13 lokaliteter var det re hvor det ikke ble påvist erosjon, og ni lokaliteter hvor beregnede erosjonsrater utgjorde fra 100 til mer enn 1500 kg sediment pr. lengdemeter elvebredde og år. Den mest omfattende erosjonen ble funnet ved en lokalitet hvor trær langs elvekanten var kuttet ned.
Forfattere
Johannes Deelstra Krishna Reddy K. Suresh Reddy K. Sekhar Udaya Nagothu Geethalakshmi V. Lakshmanan A. M. S. ArasuSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Researchers in plant pathology and entomology often study the interaction between a host plant and its pathogen or an insect pest separately. Although studying single pathogen or insect interactions with a host plant is critical to understand the basic infection processes and to model each disease or pest attack separately, this is an extreme simplification of nature’s complexity, where multiple pests and pathogens often appear in parallel and interact with each other and their host plant. Effective management of pests and diseases require understanding of the complex interaction beteween diseases and pests on the host. Under natural conditions, wheat plants are subjected to attack by several insects and pathogens simultaneously or sequentially. The Bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and the necrotrophic pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum (syn. Stagonospora nodorum) the causal agent of Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) are economically important pests of wheat in Norway. Since they colonize a common host, they may interact directly through competition for resources or indirectly by affecting the host response either positively (induced resistance) or negatively (induced susceptibility or biopredisposition). The effect of aphid infestation on P. nodorum infection and development of the disease could be an important factor in predicting SNB epidemics. However, studies on this multitrophic interactions are scarce. We conducted controlled greenhouse experiments to study the effect of aphid infestation on subsequent SNB development. The wheat cultivar ‘Bjarne’ was treated as follows:1) Aphid infested + insecticide sprayed + P. nodorum inoculated; 2) Insecticide sprayed + P. nodorum inoculated; 3) Water sprayed + P. nodorum inoculated; 4) Control plants (without aphid, insecticide or P. nodorum). When plants were at ca. BBCH 37, 18 adult female aphids (R. padi) were released per pot (treatment 1). Aphid inoculated plants were kept in an insect proof cage in a greenhouse compartment at 20°C, 70% RH, and 16 h photoperiod. Plants for the other treatments were kept in separate insect proof cages in the same greenhouse. Ten days after aphid release, plants infested with aphids (treatment 1) were sprayed with the insecticide BISCAYA (a.i. thiacloprid) at recommended concentration to remove aphids. Plants in treatment 2 and 3 were sprayed with the insecticide and water, respectively. Twenty-four hours after application of the insecticide or water, plants in treatment 1, 2, and 3 were inoculated with P. nodorum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1). The experiment included three replicates and was repeated two times. SNB incidence and severity were recorded. SNB incidence and severity were significantly higher on aphid infested plants than on non-infested plants (P < 0.05). Ten days after P. nodorum inoculation, disease severity were about 3-fold higher on aphid infested plants (treatment 1) than on non-infested plants (treatment 2 and 3). Plants in the blank control (treatment 4) were free of aphids and showed no symptoms of SNB . Infestation of wheat plants by the bird cherry-oat aphid prior to fungal inoculation enhanced the severity of SNB. P. nodorum is a necrotrophic pathogen that lives on nutrients from disintegrated plant cells. The increase in severity of SNB on aphid infested plants could be due to the increased number of dead or dying cells around the aphids feeding sites. However, whether aphids activity induced local or systemic susceptbility to plants is not yet known and needs to be studied further.
Forfattere
Laura Zoratti Hannele Klemettilä Laura JaakolaSammendrag
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is an important wild berry that has long tradition as a food and medicinal plant in Europe. Nowadays, bilberries are picked commercially, especially in northern and eastern parts of Europe. These berries are among the best sources of anthocyanin pigments, which have multiple health-beneficial properties. In addition to anthocyanins, bilberries also contain high yields other phenolic compounds and carotenoids, and are a good-to-moderate source of vitamins and both macro- and micro-nutrients. Variation in the quantitative and qualitative composition of phytonutrients has been detected between different bilberry ecotypes, but more comprehensive studies on this topic are still needed. As bilberries have not been subjected to breeding or cultivation programs, the populations of this species still possess the natural variation developed as a result of long-term adaptation, under different growth conditions.
Forfattere
Rein Drenkhan V Tomesova-Haataja S Fraser RE Bradshaw P Vahalik MS Mullett J Martin-Garcia LS Bulman MJ Wingfield T Kirisits TL Cech S Schmitz R Baden K Tubby A Brown M Georgieva A Woods R Ahumada L Jankovsky IM Thomsen K Adamson B Marcais M Vuorinen P Tsopelas A Koltay A Halasz N La Porta N Anselmi R Kiesnere S Markovskaja A Kacergius I Papazova-Anakieva M Risteski K Sotirovski J Lazarevic Halvor Solheim P Boron H Braganca D Chira DL Musolin AV Selikhovkin TS Bulgakov N Keca D Karadzic V Galovic P Pap M Markovic L. Poljakovic Pajnik V Vasic E Ondruskova B Piskur D Sadikovic JJ Diez A Solla H Millberg J Stenlid A Angst V Queloz A Lehtijärvi HT Dogmus-Lehtijärvi F Oskay K Davydenko V Meshkova D Craig S Woodward Irene BarnesSammendrag
Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most important diseases of pine. Although its notoriety stems from Southern Hemisphere epidemics in Pinus radiata plantations, the disease has increased in prevalence and severity in areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, during the last two decades. This increase has largely been attributed to expanded planting of susceptible hosts, anthropogenic dispersal of the causative pathogens and changes in climate conducive to disease development. The last comprehensive review of DNB was published in 2004, with updates on geographic distribution and host species in 2009. Importantly, the recognition that two species, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, cause DNB emerged only relatively recently in 2004. These two species are morphologically very similar, and DNA-based techniques are needed to distinguish between them. Consequently, many records of host species affected or geographic location of DNB prior to 2004 are inconclusive or even misleading. The objectives of this review were (i) to provide a new database in which detailed records of DNB from 62 countries are collated; (ii) to chart the current global distribution of D. septosporum and D. pini; (iii) to list all known host species and to consider their susceptibility globally; (iv) to collate the published results of provenance trials; and (v) to consider the effects of site factors on disease incidence and severity. The review shows that DNB occurs in 76 countries, with D. septosporum confirmed to occur in 44 and D. pini in 13. There are now 109 documented Pinaceae host taxa for Dothistroma species, spanning six genera (Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga), with Pinus being the dominant host genus, accounting for 95 host taxa. The relative susceptibilities of these hosts to Dothistroma species are reported, providing a resource to inform species choice in forest planting. Country records show that most DNB outbreaks in Europe occur on Pinus nigra and its subspecies. It is anticipated that the collaborative work described in this review will both underpin a broader global research strategy to manage DNB in the future and provide a model for the study of other forest pathogens.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
This report presents soil statistics for agricultural land in the county of Nordland. Soil data from the soil survey form the basis of the statistics. The survey was conducted according to standard procedures. The mapping is done as a sample survey on 0.9 km2 plots, in a predefined 9x9 km2 grid system. Hence, the statistics for Nordland is an estimate. The area distribution of a number of topics is presented (both in decares and percentage). This report estimates that 30 % of the cultivated land in Nordland has a very good soil quality and 57 % of the cultivated land has a good soil quality. The most limiting factor on the cultivated land is a high content of organic matter.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Guro Brodal Jan Netland Elin Thingnæs Lid Åshild Ergon Christer Magnusson Arild Sletten Leif Sundheim May Sæthre Anne Marte Tronsmo Bjørn Økland Trond RafossSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag