Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Sammendrag
Purpose The impact of winter moisture on root metabolism and root integrity has potential consequences for the geographical distribution of drought-adapted succulent species and for their long-term performance on green roofs. The interacting effects of soil characteristics and precipitation frequency on root mortality under winter conditions and the potential to grow new roots in spring were evaluated for six Sedum species under controlled conditions. Methods To test for the impact of soil moisture during winter on root regrowth potential in six Sedum species, we used a combination of two substrates with differing water-holding capacity and four contrasting watering regimes. Specially, for the fine and coarse substrates, total pore volume was 42 and 46 %, respectively, and maximum water-holding capacity (i.e. field capacity) was 0.50 and 0.33 kg water per L, respectively. The four watering treatments involved overhead watering to runoff (approx. 10 mm): once every second week, once a week, three times per week and three times per week with 1 cm standing water in trays from January to March 2019. Results It was found that winter soil moisture had no major impact on root mortality or root regrowth potential in spring. Root mortality was not affected by watering frequency and regrowth potential showed no directional response to increased watering frequency, although species-specific responses were involved. Root diameter did not differ between the substrates, but there were some differences between the species. Sedum rupestre had on average the thickest roots (0.17 mm), followed by S. acre, S. anglicum and S. sexangulare (0.15–0.16 mm), while S. album and S. hispanicum had the thinnest roots (0.12–0.13 mm). Moreover, effects of watering frequency on root mortality and regrowth potential were not influenced by soil water-holding capacity across species. We concluded that winter soil moisture had no negative effects on root performance within the range of treatments tested here. Conclusions Root response to transient waterlogging or moist but unsaturated soil may not be an important mechanism for determining the survival and distribution of temperate Sedum species during winter.
Forfattere
C. Morgan-Davies G. Tesnière J.M. Gautier Grete H. M. Jørgensen E. González-García S.I. Patsios E.N. Sossidou T.W.J. Keady B. McClearn F. Kenyon G. Caja Lise Grøva M. Decandia L. Cziszter I. Halachmi C.M. DwyerSammendrag
Small ruminant (sheep and goat) production of meat and milk is undertaken in diverse topographical and climatic environments and the systems range from extensive to intensive. This could lead to different types of welfare compromise, which need to be managed. Implementing Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) and other new or innovative technologies could help to manage or monitor animal welfare. This paper explores such opportunities, seeking to identify promising aspects of PLF that may allow improved management of welfare for small ruminants using literature search (two reviews), workshops in nine countries (France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Romania, Spain, and the United Kingdom) with 254 stakeholders, and panels with 52 experts. An investigation of the main welfare challenges that may affect sheep and goats across the different management systems in Europe was undertaken, followed by a prioritisation of animal welfare issues obtained in the nine countries. This suggested that disease and health issues, feed access and undernutrition/malnutrition, maternal behaviour/offspring losses, environmental stressors and issues with agonistic behavioural interactions were important welfare concerns. These welfare issues and their indicators (37 for sheep, 25 for goats) were categorised into four broad welfare indicator categories: weight loss or change in body state (BWC), behavioural change (BC), milk yield and quality (MY), and environmental indicators (Evt). In parallel, 24 potential PLF and innovative technologies (8 for BWC; 10 for BC; 4 for MY; 6 for Evt) that could be relevant to monitor these broad welfare indicator categories and provide novel approaches to manage and monitor welfare have been identified. Some technologies had the capacity to monitor more than one broad indicator. Out of the 24 technologies, only 12 were animal-based sensors, or that could monitor the animal individually. One alternative could be to incorporate a risk management approach to welfare, using aspects of environmental stress. This could provide an early warning system for the potential risks of animal welfare compromise and alert farmers to the need to implement mitigation actions.
Sammendrag
Som drøvtyggar har sauen evne til å omdanna fiberrikt fôr, som ikkje er eteleg for menneske, til høgverdig protein, i kjøtt og biprodukt, med essensielle aminosyrer. I norsk sauehald er det meste av fôrgrunnlaget grovfôr, og beite står for om lag 60 % av fôrinntaket. Men det blir også brukt ein del kraftfôr og mjølkeerstatningar med humant etelege ingrediensar. I denne studien undersøkte vi kor mykje eteleg protein vi får ut i høve til mengd eteleg protein gitt i fôringa. Effektiviteten er rekna som høvetalet (HePeff) med mengd eteleg protein i kjøtt, blod og innmat i høve til mengd eteleg protein brukt i fôringa. Dersom det blir produsert meir eteleg enn det som blir brukt i fôringa, er effektiviteten HePeff større enn 1. Det blei også estimert i kor stor grad aminosyrer brukt i fôringa blir oppgradert til essensielle aminosyrer for menneske. Dette uttrykt som differansen mellom fordøyelege essensielle aminosyrer i kjøtt, blod og innmat og mengd av dei same aminosyrene brukt i fôringa. Datagrunnlaget var tal frå sauebruk som var med i Driftsgranskingane i jordbruket i åra 2018-2020. Mengd innkjøpt kraftfôr og mjølkeerstatning blei estimert ut frå rekneskapstal. Ingrediensar i innkjøpt fôr blei estimert ut frå opplysningar gitt av fôrprodusentar. I kalkylane såg ein på kva det hadde å seie om raps og rapsprodukt i kraftfôret vart rekna som humant eteleg. Dersom ein rekna at både kjøtt, blod og innmat er eteleg, og rapsprodukt ikkje er humant eteleg, blei det i gjennomsnitt produsert om lag like mykje humant eteleg protein som brukt i fôringa, HePeff = 1. Dersom ein ikkje rekna proteinet i raps som humant eteleg, blei det for alle fordøyelege essensielle aminosyrer produsert meir enn brukt i fôringa i regionane ‘Austlandet andre bygder’ og ‘Trøndelag andre bygder’, medan det for andre deler av landet var om lag same mengd protein i kjøtt og biprodukt som det vart brukt i fôringa. Proteineffektiviteten var høgare i regionar med gode utmarksbeite, og Fjell- og dalbygder i Trøndelag og på Austlandet hadde høgare HePeff enn Agder og Rogaland. Mengd kraftfôr per vinterfôra sau og tal gangslam (levande lam på hausten) per vinterfôra sau hadde sterk effekt på HePeff, og det er fullt mogleg å betre effektiviteten med relativt små justeringar av mengd og type ingrediensar i kraftfôr
Forfattere
Lawrence Richard Kirkendall Kyrre Linné Kausrud Martin Malmstrøm Paul Ragnar Berg Anders Bryn Kjetil Hindar Johanna Järnegren Anders Nielsen Erlend Birkeland Nilsen Brett Kevin Sandercock Eva Bonsak Thorstad Gaute VelleSammendrag
The Norwegian Environment Agency has asked VKM to evaluate the risks to biodiversity associated with the import of two species of leeches to Norway, Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbana (so-called medicinal leeches). In addition, they ask that the project group suggest mitigating measures that could reduce any potential risks, should import of the two species be granted. Background Bloodsucking leeches have been employed by humans for millennia. The two species Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbana have dominated the trade in medicinal leeches in Europe. Overcollection combined with loss or degradation of freshwater habitats led to a precipitous decline in European populations by the 1800s and led to a corresponding increase in imports from Turkey, North Africa, Russia and the Middle East. By the turn of the 19th century, the demand for live leeches in Europe had tapered off as contemporary medicine developed, only to have a small resurgence over the last decades as live leeches became recognized as useful for a variety of medical and cosmetic procedures, and to be the source of bioactive molecules of interest to medical researchers. As traditional medicine in Asia also uses a variety of leech products, there is a robust global market for live leeches and leech derivatives that is being met mostly by leech aquaculture, where the live leech trade seems dominated by H. verbana. There is increasing interest in commercializing production and sale of three similar leech species, H. orientalis from Central Asia, H. sulukii from a small region in Turkey, and H. troctina from North Africa. Hirudo medicinalis has been used medicinally in Norway since at least the Middle Ages when they were used by barber-surgeons for bloodletting. Leeches have been dispensed by apothecaries up until the end of the 1950s. Phylogeographic studies have treated the species as native to southern Norway and the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre has numerous records of H. medicinalis, with recent records primarily from the eastern coast of southern Norway. The Norwegian Red List for Species categorizes H. medicinalis as being of Least Concern in Norway. Hirudo verbana naturally occurs in southern Europe and has not been observed in Scandinavia so far (see map in Figure 2). Methods for the risk assessment VKM established a small working group with expertise in invertebrates and risk assessment. Our group combed the scientific literature and relevant websites for information on the taxonomy, natural history, ecology, and medical uses of medicinal leeches broadly and H. medicinalis and H. verbana specifically. The project group contacted major leech providers in Europe and North America to learn more about leech production and sale. Using the EICAT (Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa) system developed by the IUCN, The project group identified those mechanisms (“hazards”) through which these two species could affect native biodiversity in Norway should imported specimens become established in Norwegian nature, and characterized the risk related to each of these hazards. The project group then conducted a semi-quantitative risk assessment for the species according to four categories: Low, Medium, Possibly high, and High risk. Hazards: how likely, how impactful, and overall risks In our report, VKM regard H. medicinalis as a native species, since it is so treated by Hirudo experts and is widespread in Norway. The project group regards H. verbana as non-native to Norway. The potential hazards from the EICAT system that could be associated with introducing one or both species include predation and parasitism, competition, disease transmission, and hybridization. ................................ .................................... Conclusions VKM concludes that the overall risk to biodiversity in Norway from importing live H. medicinalis and H. verbana is low.
2023
Forfattere
Tove Vaaje-KolstadSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Anja Pangård AhlstrømSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Natalia BaydakovaSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Nicolai MunsterhjelmSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Nicolai MunsterhjelmSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ingrid TengeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag