Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2022
Forfattere
Leonardo H. Teixeira Guilherme G. Mazzochini Johannes Kollmann Gislene GanadeSammendrag
1. Little attention has been paid to phylogenetic diversity during restoration initiatives. Because plant phylogenetic distance can be a surrogate for functional diversity, its consideration could foster the restoration of degraded areas. 2. This study investigates the influence of species richness and phylogenetic relatedness during early restoration of a riparian forest located between the Atlantic Forest and semi-arid ecosystems in NE Brazil. The restoration experiment was established along a perennial stream in Monte Alegre, RN, investigating the significance of species richness and phylogenetic diversity for sapling survival and growth of the restored communities. 3. We used phylogenetic information on 47 tree species naturally occurring at the study site. The resulting phylogenetic tree had a basal node with three major clades. To implement the experiment, three species from each clade were randomly selected, resulting in nine species (from five families). We defined five levels of diversity: (i) no planting, (ii) monoculture, (iii) three phylogenetically related species (same clade), (iv) three phylogenetically distant species (different clades) and (v) nine species. The experiment consisted of 96 (12 m × 10 m) plots established along the two margins of the stream. Overall, 1656 saplings (20–50 cm) were planted in September 2015 (184 per species). We tested whether the survival and growth of saplings are influenced by the number of species planted and phylogenetic distance among them. 4. We assessed plant mortality and growth during two consecutive years (2016 and 2017). Survival was lower but relative growth was higher for plants near the stream. After controlling for differences in initial size, plots with phylogenetically distant species produced significantly taller plants, but only when occurring near the stream. Diversity treatments did not influence plant survival, while initial size determined plant survival and growth. 5. Our findings show that greater phylogenetic distance led to increased plant growth, probably, because of the presence of functionally divergent species that use resources in a complementary way. Therefore, plant phylogenetic relatedness should be considered during the design of restored communities to improve the outcomes of future restoration initiatives.
Sammendrag
I 2007 vart det første gang utført verdiskapingsberekningar for jordbruket i Møre og Romsdal basert på tal for 2005, og i 2012 vart det gjennomført oppdaterte berekningar basert på tal frå 2010. I denne rapporten er resultatet frå oppdaterte berekningar for jordbruket, basert på tal frå 2020, presentert. I tillegg er det berekna verdiskaping frå landbruksbaserte tilleggsnæringar, skogbruk og landbruksbasert industri. Det er også gjort ein analyse av ringverknader av landbruket i Møre og Romsdal. Det var registrert 13 293 landbrukseigedomar i Møre og Romsdal i 2020. Medan talet på landbruks-eigedomar i Møre og Romsdal er redusert med 6,6 prosent frå 2010 til 2020, er talet jordbruksføretak redusert med 21 prosent. 2 390 jordbruksføretak søkte om produksjonstilskot i 2020. Frå 2010 til 2020 gjekk jordbruksareal i alt i fylket ned med 10 prosent, frå 568 981 dekar til 509 409 dekar. Gjennomsnittsarealet per bruk i Møre og Romsdal var 187 dekar i 2010, 201 dekar i 2015 og 213 dekar i 2020. Verdiskaping frå jordbruket i Møre og Romsdal rekna som bruttoprodukt, er berekna til 1 025 mill. kr i 2020. Det er 49 mill. kr mindre enn det som vart berekna for 2010 (målt i 2020 kr.). Av den totale verdiskapinga frå jordbruket i Møre og Romsdal, kjem 36 % frå kommunane Hustadvika, Surnadal, Molde og Volda. Sysselsettinga i jordbruket er berekna til 2 292 årsverk. Det er 706 årsverk mindre enn i 2010. Frå 2010 til 2020 er verdiskapinga auka med kr 85 500 per årsverk i jordbruket i Møre og Romsdal. Av den totale verdiskapinga i 2020, rekna som bruttoprodukt, kjem 67 prosent frå mjølke-produksjon Samanlikna med 2010, utgjer mjølkeproduksjon tre prosentpoeng mindre av verdiskapinga i fylket. Verdiskapinga i sauehaldet har gått ned med knapt to prosentpoeng frå 2010, medan kjøtproduksjon med ammekyr har auka med fire prosentpoeng i same periode. Svinehaldet har gått ned med eitt prosentpoeng, samanlikna med 2010. Om lag to prosent av dei sysselsette i landet som arbeider i skogbruket, hadde arbeidsstad i Møre og Romsdal, og i 2020 var 132 personar sysselsette i skogbruket i fylket. I Møre og Romsdal ble det avverka ca. 271 200 m3 industrivirke i 2020. Det utgjer om lag 2,6 prosent av den samla avverkinga i landet. Berekna omsetnadsverdi av skogprodukta i Møre og Romsdal er samla berekna til 212 mill. kroner i 2020, og verdiskaping rekna som bruttoprodukt for skogbruket er berekna til 186 mill. kr. Surnadal og Rauma er dei to kommunane som har høgast verdiskaping frå skogbruket i 2020, med høvesvis 19,1 og 16,9 millionar kroner. Leigekøyring og utmarksnæring er dei mest vanlege tilleggsnæringane i Møre og Romsdal. Av dei som driv tilleggsnæring, er det 26 prosent som driv leigekøyring, og 21 som driv ei eller anna form for utmarksnæring. Verdiskaping frå tilleggsnæringar, rekna som bruttoprodukt, er berekna til 162 mill. kr for Møre og Romsdal i 2020. Det er leigekøyring og tenesteyting som bidreg med høgast verdiskaping med i overkant av 40 mill. kr kvar. Av kommunane er det Surnadal som har størst verdiskaping frå tilleggsnæring med 15,6 mill. kroner. Sysselsettinga frå dei landbruksbaserte tilleggsnæringane er berekna til 165 årsverk à 1845 timar for 2020. Samla sett har sysselsettinga i næringsmiddelindustrien i Møre og Romsdal auka med 2,3 prosent frå 3 464 i 2015 til 3 545 i 2020. Berekning av verdiskaping innanfor jordbruksbasert verksemd tar utgangspunkt i tal sysselsette ein kan seia er avhengig av lokalt jordbruk. Totalt er dette vurdert til å vere 850 sysselsette i Møre og Romsdal i 2020. For skogbruksbasert industri er det 539 sysselsette i fylket i 2020. Av desse er 35 vurdert å vere avhengig av lokalt skogbruk. Verdiskapinga i landbruksbasert industri som ein kan hevda er avhengig av landbruk i Møre og Romsdal er berekna til å utgjera 1 173 millionar kr., der næringsmiddelindustrien står for 1 151 millionar kr....
Forfattere
James Edward Sample Marianne Bechmann Sigrun Hjalmarsdottir Kværnø Leah Amber Jackson-Blake Øyvind KasteSammendrag
NIBIO-modellen JOVAest og NIVA-modellen TEOTIL har vært brukt i mange år for å simulere tilførsler av totalt nitrogen og fosfor på nasjonal skala i Norge. Modellene brukes til å støtte vannforvaltning, for eksempel ved å sammenligne simulerte tilførsler med målverdier. Denne rapporten beskriver de eksisterende modellene i detalj og foreslår oppdateringer og forbedringer for å gjøre modelleringsarbeidsflyten mer relevant for behovene til vannforvaltere. Foreslåtte endringer inkluderer: (i) oppdatering av alle komponenter i den eksisterende arbeidsflyten; (ii) å bruke modellen Agricat2 for å simulere jordbruksfosfor; (iii) simulering av underfraksjoner av totalt nitrogen og fosfor; (iv) tilsetning av suspendert sediment og organisk materiale som tilleggsparametere; og (v) å tilføre ytterligere punktkilder til næringsstoffer, slik som utslipp fra landbasert akvakultur.
Forfattere
Björn Andersson Annika Djurle Jens Erik Ørum Marja Jalli Antanas Ronis Andrea Ficke Lise Nistrup JørgensenSammendrag
Validation of models for plant disease management is a crucial part in the development of decision support systems in plant protection. Bespoke field trials are usually conducted to determine the performance of a model under practical conditions. However, field trials are very resource-demanding, and the use of already existing field trial data could significantly reduce costs for model validation. In this study, we took this novel approach to verify the performance of models for determining the need of fungicide applications against leaf blotch diseases in wheat by utilising historical weather data and yield data available from fungicide efficacy field trials. Two models based on humidity factors were used in the study. To estimate how specific humidity settings in the two models affect the number of recommended fungicide treatments per season, historical weather data from a 5-year period from weather stations in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Lithuania was used. The model output shows major differences between seasons and regions, typically recommending between one and three treatments per season. To determine the prediction potential of the models, data on yield gains from either one or two fungicide applications in fungicide efficacy trials conducted in wheat over a 5-year period in the five countries was utilised. The yield responses from fungicide treatments in the efficacy trials varied considerably between years and countries, as did the proportion of predictions of profitable treatments. In general, there was a tendency for the models to overestimate the need to apply fungicides (low specificity), but they rarely failed to recommend an application that was needed (high sensitivity). Despite the importance of having specific trials across regions in order to adjust models to local cropping and weather conditions, our study shows that historical weather data and existing field trial data have the potential to be used in model validation.
Forfattere
Michel Mench Shahlla Matin Wieslaw Szulc Beata Rutkowska Tomas Persson Arne Sæbø Aritz Burges Nadège OustriereSammendrag
The INTENSE project, supported by the EU Era-Net Facce Surplus, aimed at increasing crop production on marginal land, including those with contaminated soils. A field trial was set up at a former wood preservation site to phytomanage a Cu/PAH-contaminated sandy soil. The novelty was to assess the influence of five organic amendments differing in their composition and production process, i.e. solid fractions before and after biodigestion of pig manure, compost and compost pellets (produced from spent mushroom substrate, biogas digestate and straw), and greenwaste compost, on Cu availability, soil properties, nutrient supply, and plant growth. Organic amendments were incorporated into the soil at 2.3% and 5% soil w/w. Total soil Cu varied from 179 to 1520 mg kg−1, and 1 M NH4NO3-extractable soil Cu ranged from 4.7 to 104 mg kg−1 across the 25 plots. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ella) was cultivated in plots. Changes in physico-chemical soil properties, shoot DW yield, shoot ionome, and shoot Cu uptake depending on extractable soil Cu and the soil treatments are reported. Shoot Cu concentration varied from 45 ± 24 to 140 ± 193 mg kg DW−1 and generally increased with extractable soil Cu. Shoot DW yield, shoot Cu concentration, and shoot Cu uptake of barley plants did not significantly differ across the soil treatments in year 1. Based on soil and plant parameters, the effects of the compost and pig manure treatments were globally discriminated from those of the untreated, greenwaste compost and digested pig manure treatments. Compost and its pellets at the 5% addition rate promoted soil functions related to primary production, water purification, and soil fertility, and the soil quality index.
Forfattere
Jayanga T. Samarasinghe Randika K. Makumbura Charuni Wickramarachchi Jeewanthi Sirisena Miyuru Gunathilake Nitin Muttil Fang Yenn Teo Upaka RathnayakeSammendrag
Understanding the changes in climate and land use/land cover (LULC) over time is important for developing policies for minimizing the socio-economic impacts of riverine floods. The present study evaluates the influence of hydro-climatic factors and anthropogenic practices related to LULC on floods in the Kelani River Basin (KRB) in Sri Lanka. The gauge-based daily precipitation, monthly mean temperature, daily discharges, and water levels at sub-basin/basin outlets, and both surveyed and remotely sensed inundation areas were used for this analysis. Flood characteristics in terms of mean, maximum, and number of peaks were estimated by applying the peak over threshold (POT) method. Nonparametric tests were also used to identify the climatic trends. In addition, LULC maps were generated over the years 1988–2017 using Landsat images. It is observed that the flood intensities and frequencies in the KRB have increased over the years. However, Deraniyagala and Norwood sub-basins have converted to dry due to the decrease in precipitation, whereas Kithulgala, Holombuwa, Glencourse, and Hanwella showed an increase in precipitation. A significant variation in atmospheric temperature was not observed. Furthermore, the LULC has mostly changed from vegetation/barren land to built-up in many parts of the basin. Simple correlation and partial correlation analysis showed that flood frequency and inundation areas have a significant correlation with LULC and hydro-climatic factors, especially precipitation over time. The results of this research will therefore be useful for policy makers and environmental specialists to understand the relationship of flood frequencies with the anthropogenic influences on LULC and climatic factors.
Forfattere
Julia S. Joswig Christian Wirth Meredith C. Schuman Jens Kattge Björn Reu Ian J. Wright Sebastian Sippel Nadja Rüger Ronny Richter Michael E. Schaepman Peter M. van Bodegom J.H.C. Cornelissen Sandra Díaz Wesley N. Hattingh Koen Kramer Frederic Lens Ülo Niinemets Peter B. Reich Markus Reichstein Christine Römermann Franziska Schrodt Madhur Anand Michael Bahn Chaeho Byun Giandiego Campetella Bruno E. L. Cerabolini Joseph M. Craine Andres Gonzalez-Melo Alvaro G. Gutiérrez Tianhua He Pedro Higuchi Hervé Jactel Nathan J. B. Kraft Vanessa Minden Vladimir Onipchenko Josep Peñuelas Valério D. Pillar Ênio Sosinski Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia Evan Weiher Miguel D. MahechaSammendrag
Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land–climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles.
Forfattere
Peter Annighöfer Martina Mund Dominik Seidel Christian Ammer Aitor Ameztegui Philippe Balandier Ieva Bebre Lluis Coll Catherine Collet Tobias Hamm Franka Huth Heike Schneider Christian Kuehne Magnus Löf Any Mary Petritan Ion Catalin Petritan Peter Schall Jürgen BauhusSammendrag
Just as the aboveground tree organs represent the interface between trees and the atmosphere, roots act as the interface between trees and the soil. In this function, roots take-up water and nutrients, facilitate interactions with soil microflora, anchor trees, and also contribute to the gross primary production of forests. However, in comparison to aboveground plant organs, the biomass of roots is much more difficult to study. In this study, we analyzed 19 European datasets on above- and belowground biomass of juvenile trees of 14 species to identify generalizable estimators of root biomass based on tree sapling dimensions (e.g. height, diameter, aboveground biomass). Such estimations are essential growth and sequestration modelling. In addition, the intention was to study the effect of sapling dimension and light availability on biomass allocation to roots. All aboveground variables were significant predictors for root biomass. But, among aboveground predictors of root biomass plant height performed poorest. When comparing conifer and broadleaf species, the latter tended to have a higher root biomass at a given dimension. Also, with increasing size, the share of belowground biomass tended to increase for the sapling dimensions considered. In most species, there was a trend of increasing relative belowground biomass with increasing light availability. Finally, the height to diameter ratio (H/D) was negatively correlated to relative belowground biomass. This indicates that trees with a high H/D are not only more unstable owing to the unfavorable bending stress resistance, but also because they are comparatively less well anchored in the ground. Thus, single tree stability may be improved through increasing light availability to increase the share of belowground biomass.
Sammendrag
VIPS is a technology platform for prognosis, monitoring and decision support for integrated pest management in crops in Norway. The service facilitates access to a Danish decision support tool, IPMwise, for the management of weeds. This tool, called VIPS-weeds in Norway, is adjusted to the Norwegian conditions for cereals. VIPS-weeds selects and adjusts the dose of herbicides according to weed species, weed density and temperature. The tool is being tested each year for local adaptations and updating. In 2021, four experiments were performed in spring wheat and barley. The experiments were designed in completely randomised blocks with three replications, and each included a control (unsprayed), a VIPS-weeds, and an adviser choice plot as well as plots for a variety of herbicides that are common in these crops. The weed species and density, development stage and possible herbicide resistance of each species in the control plots as well as crop information and temperature data were registered in VIPS-weeds three days before the normal spraying time. The suggested herbicides (set to be suggested based on the price) were applied to the VIPS-weeds plots. The effect of suggested herbicides and their dose was assessed as the reduction of weed coverage (%) in sprayed plots compared to the control plots 3-4 weeks after spraying. The average efficacy targets for the weed species (observed at least in two fields) Spergula arvensis, Viola sp., Stellaria media, Galeopsis sp., Chenopodium album, and Fumaria officinalis were predicted to be at 91, 84, 65, 83, 80, and 72% respectively, by VIPS-weeds. The results showed an average efficacy of 45, 58, 79, 80, 91 and 82% for these weeds, respectively. The VIPS-weeds solution was economically reasonable and gave similar results as adviser choice in terms of weed control and yield.
Forfattere
Darius Kviklys Vytautas Abukauskas Mekjell Meland Walter Guerra I. Höller N. Dallabetta T. Pantezzi J. Carbo J. Lordan A. Karlström F. Fernandez M. Brüggenwirth L. Laňar M. Mészáros T. Rühmer S. Perren S. Cia S. Codarin V. Mathieu F. Bernard P. Bielicki L. Manfrini L. Corelli Grappadelli A. Gomand Jef VercammenSammendrag
In 2017, two multi-location apple rootstock trials were established at 16 sites in 12 European countries. The evaluations are performed by members of the EUFRIN (European Fruit Research Institute Network) Apple & Pear Variety & Rootstock Testing Working Group. Two separate trials were arranged, grouping rootstocks into dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks according to the expected vigour; ‘Galaval’ was used as scion cultivar. The trial of dwarf rootstocks includes ‘G.11’ and ‘G.41’ (US), ‘EM_02’, ‘EM_03’, ‘EM_04’, ‘EM_05’ and ‘EM_06’ (UK), ‘62-396-B10®‘ (Russia), ‘P 67’ (Poland), ‘PFR4’ and ‘PFR5’ (New Zealand) and ‘Cepiland-Pajam®2’ as control. The trial of semi-dwarf rootstocks includes ‘G.202’ and ‘G.935’ (US), ‘PFR1’ and ‘PFR3’ (New Zealand), ‘EM_01’ (UK) and ‘G.11’ as a control for both trials. Part of the rootstocks (from dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstock trials) was planted in replanting conditions to test their tolerance to apple replant disease. All test trees came from the same nursery, and a common standardised evaluation protocol was used. Based on preliminary results averaged across sites, dwarf rootstocks can be ranked in terms of vigour in the following order: ‘EM_04’ < ‘EM_03’, ‘EM_05’ < ‘62-396-B10®’, ‘P 67’, ‘EM_02’, ‘G.11’ < ‘G.41’, ‘Cepiland-Pajam®2’ < ‘EM_06’, ‘PFR4’ < ‘PFR5’. On average, semi-dwarf rootstocks can be ranked in terms of vigour in the following order: ‘G11’ < ‘G.935’, ‘G.202’ < ‘PFR3’, ‘EM_01’ < ‘PFR1’. The highest cumulative yield in the young orchard was registered for trees on ‘PFR5’, ‘PFR4’, ‘G.11’, ‘G.41’, ‘Cepiland-Pajam®2’ and ‘EM_02’, while the lowest production was found for trees on ‘EM_04’. In the group of semi-dwarf rootstocks, the highest yield was on ‘PFR3’, ‘G.935’ and ‘PFR1’. Rootstocks also had a significant effect on fruit weight and fruit quality parameters. Results from the young orchards revealed interactions between sites and rootstock, potentially leading to site-specific rootstock choice based on the combination of rootstock, soil conditions and climate.