Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2022
Sammendrag
Established invasive alien plant species make it difficult and costly to move and make use of infested soil in public and private construction work. Stationary soil steaming as a non-chemical control method has the potential to disinfect soil masses contaminated with seeds and other propagative plant materials. The outcome can vary depending on steaming temperature and duration. Higher temperatures and longer durations are relatively more efficient but may also have side-effects including change in soil physical and chemical characteristics. Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is among troublesome invasive species in Norway. We have tested different steam duration at 99°C to find the possible lowest effective exposure duration for killing seeds of this annual grass species. Four replications of 40 barnyard grass dry seeds of one population were placed in polypropylene-fleece bags (9*7 cm), moistened for 12 hours, and covered by the soil at a depth of 7 cm in 60*40*20 cm boxes. The boxes with soil and bags were steamed at 99°C for 1.5, 3 and 9 min. The bags including steamed seeds were taken out, opened, placed on soil surface in pots and covered by a thin layer of soil. The pots were placed in greenhouse and watered from below and seed germination was followed for a month. Moistened non-steamed seeds were used as control. It was shown that steaming at 99°C gave 0% germination indicating that 100% of the seeds were killed regardless of exposure duration while in the control seed germination was 100%. Consequently, to achieve an efficacy of 100%, exposure duration of 1.5 min would be enough. Finding the lowest possible steam temperature and exposure duration to get the highest possible seed killing in a seed mixture of different plant species as well as other factors to increase the heat transferability are under investigation. Keywords: Echinochloa crus-galli; Resource recovery; Steaming temperature and duration; Thermal soil disinfection
Forfattere
David Renaudeau Søren Krogh Jensen Morten Ambye-Jensen Steffen Adler Paolo Bani Eric Juncker Lene StødkildeSammendrag
In organic pig production systems, one of the main challenges is to meet the demand for resources rich in protein. Among the resources available, temperate green plants, such as forage legumes, are potential sources of energy and protein. The aim of the study was to determine the nutritional value of silages (S) from the whole plant of lucerne (L) and red clover (R) and protein pastes (PPs) obtained from L and R leaves. In a first trial, 30 pigs were used in a factorial design to determine the total tract digestibility (TTD) of dietary nutrients and energy in five dietary treatments. The control group was fed a control diet (C1). The lucerne silage (LS) and red clover silage (RS) groups were fed a 78%:22% mixture (on a DM basis) of the C1 diet and LS or RS. The lucerne protein paste (LPP) and the red clover protein paste (RPP) groups were fed an 81%:19% mixture (on a DM basis) of the C1 diet and LPP or RPP. In the second trial, five pigs were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to evaluate the standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) in the four legume products. The control diet (C2) was formulated with casein as the sole protein source. The LS and RS groups were fed an 85%:15% mixture (on a DM basis) of the C2 diet and LS or RS. The LPP and RPP groups were fed an 80%:20% mixture (on a DM basis) of the C2 diet and LPP or RPP. Regardless of the plant species, silages obtained from L and R leaves contained less AA and more fibre than protein pastes. While the fresh forages contained the same percentage of protein N in total N (63.6%), lucerne lost more protein N during ensiling than red clover (−75.5 vs −33.8%). The calculated TTD coefficient of energy was higher in silages than in protein pastes and lower in R than in L products (72.8, 71.5, 67.7, and 61.3 for LS, RS, LPP and RPP, respectively). The SID of total essential AA was higher in LPP than in RPP (87.2 vs 79.2%) whereas it was lower in LS than in RS (33.2 vs 56.8%). The lower SID values in silages were explained by the protein degradation during the ensiling process and a high proportion of AA linked to the NDF fraction. The results of the present study show that protein pastes obtained from lucerne and red clover are valuable protein sources for pig. In contrast, legume silages have to be considered as an energy source rather than a protein source.
Sammendrag
Tomato greenhouses at high latitudes (≥58°North) require supplemental light to enable high yields and year-round production. Supplemental light systems can differ in lamp type, high-pressure sodium (HPS) or light emitting diode (LED), and also vary in lamp capacity. Based on a combined greenhouse climate, tomato yield, and greenhouse economics model, a methodology was developed, for determining the optimal supplemental light system, dependent on local climate and economic conditions. Two optimisation objectives were considered separately, maximal energy use efficiency (EUE) and maximal net financial result (NFR). The developed methodology was applied to four different greenhouse locations in Norway. At each location, both optimisation objectives were reached with LEDs. The optimal lamp capacities range from 256 to 341 μmol m−2 s−1 (maximal EUE) and 302–323 μmol m−2 s−1 (maximal NFR). The economically optimal lamp capacity is little sensitive to climate conditions. At the lamp type respective NFR maxima, LEDs resulted, on average, in 10% higher tomato yield, 102.2 NOK m−2 year−1 higher NFR, and 35% higher EUE. Consequently, switching from HPS lamps to LEDs enables increasing productivity, energy efficiency and profitability of greenhouse tomato production. Furthermore, the difference between EUE and NFR optima was, on average, 24% lower in terms of EUE and 56% lower in terms of NFR, when using LEDs instead of HPS lamps. On farm-scale, the proposed methodology can be used as decision-support-tool for selecting an efficient and profitable supplemental light system for greenhouse tomato production, dependent on local climate and economic conditions.
Sammendrag
Aims Root traits associated with resource foraging, including fine-root branching intensity, root hair, and mycorrhiza, may change in soils that vary in rock fragment content (RFC), while how these traits covary at the level of individual root branching order is largely unknown. Methods We subjected two xerophytic species, Artemisia vestita (subshrub) and Bauhinia brachycarpa (shrub), to increasing RFC gradients (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, v v− 1) in an arid environment and measured fine-root traits related to resource foraging. Results Root hair density and mycorrhizal colonization of both species decreased with increasing root order, but increased in third- or fourth-order roots at high RFCs (50% or 75%) compared to low RFCs. The two species tend to produce more root hairs than mycorrhizas under the high RFCs. For both species, root hair density and mycorrhizal colonization intensity were negatively correlated with root length and root diameter across root order and RFCs. Rockiness reduced root branching intensity in both species comparing with rock-free soil. At the same level of RFC, A. vestita had thicker roots and lower branching intensity than B. brachycarpa and tended to produce more root hairs. Conclusion Our results suggest the high RFC soil conditions stimulated greater foraging functions in higher root orders. We found evidence for a greater investment in root hairs and mycorrhizal symbioses as opposed to building an extensive root system in rocky soils. The two species studied, A. vestita and B. brachycarpa, took different approaches to foraging in the rocky soil through distinctive trait syndromes of fine-root components.
Forfattere
Elena Zubiaurre Bolette Bele Veronique Karine Simon Guillermo S. Reher Ana Delia Rodríguez Rodrigo Alonso Benedetta CastiglioniSammendrag
The Faro Convention underlined the importance of educational initiatives related to heritage. This paper focuses on the educational dimension of landscape, as a means to better facilitate its social acceptance and hence its inclusion in planning and management processes. The relation between landscape education and social perception, through a few European examples will be analysed to ascertain whether the principles of the Convention are being complied with effectively. The authors introduce four case studies of heritage-related education carried out in three European countries (Spain, Norway and Italy). These case studies provide the possibility to coherently analyse a wide range of activities and initiatives occurring at various scales and levels: geographic, local and sectoral. In addition, they describe the pedagogical potential of cultural landscapes and cultural heritage, and highlight some of the educational strategies and measures currently used in this field.
Forfattere
Ove BergersenSammendrag
Rapporten gir oversikt over analyser og kunnskap produsert, mottatt og vurdert i 2021. Data for luktregistreringer, sigevannsbehandling og grunnvann fra miljøbrønner i 2021 er vurdert sammen med tidligere data. Nye system for temperaturmålinger av rankene når de er blitt termofile (over 55 °C) i 4 uker er blitt automatisert og sikrer hygienisering av aktive rankene på fase 1 gjennom 2021, også med ekstra vending. Analyser av evt. patogene mikroorganismer ble ikke utført i 2021 på kompostbatcher etter fase 2, men i kun av ferdig kompost. En økning gjennom 2021 i registrering av antall dager med sterk lukt er observert. Registreringstall av lukt i nærmiljøet ble totalt 25 episoder i 2021, av dem 44 i sentrum av Skibotn. I 2020 var antallet 18 og 5 i sentrum. En økning i konsentrasjoner fra rensedam og sedimenteringsdam av sigevann analysert i 2021 ble observert på næringsstoffer og organisk materiale. Vannanalyser gjennom 2021 av infiltrert sigevann fra nærmeste miljøbrønn 3 viste fortsatt ingen økning i konsentrasjoner av både næringsstoffer og metaller. Det er ikke synlige forurensinger (rustbrune jernutfellinger) ved elvebredden av grunnvann som strømmer ut i Skibotnelva.
Forfattere
Kannan Mohan Durairaj Karthick Rajan Thirunavukkarasu Muralisankar Abirami Ramu Ganesan Kasi Marimuthu Palanivel SathishkumarSammendrag
Aquaculture industry is one of the major food-producing sectors in the world that provide nutritional food security for mankind. Fish and crustacean farmers are facing various challenges in treating the rapid spread of infectious diseases in recent times. Numerous strategies, including antibiotics, disinfectants, and other antimicrobial agents, have been applied to protect the cultivable aquatic animals from infectious diseases. These applications lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, toxicity, and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in cells and organelles of the cultivable edible organisms and the environment. The use of naturally derived compounds, polysaccharides, and functional metabolites has gained immense attention among aquaculturists. Mushrooms and their nutraceutical components have been widely used in various sectors, including food, pharmaceutical, poultry, and aquaculture industries, for their non-toxic and eco-friendly properties. To date, there are several reports available on edible and medicinal mushrooms as a dietary ingredient for fish and decapod crustacean culture. The mushroom products such as mycelia, stalk, dry powder, polysaccharides, and extracts have been utilized in aquaculture as growth promoters and immunostimulants, improving the digestive enzyme activity, antimicrobials, and improving the health status of cultivable aquatic animals. This present review elucidates the effectiveness of mushrooms and mushroom-derived compounds as prebiotics in aquaculture. The challenges and future perspectives of mushroom-derived bioactive molecules have been discussed in this review.
Sammendrag
Galera, Matrigon 72SG and their parallel products are approved for weed control in oilseed rape every fourth years. In 2017, clopyralid, which is the active component in the herbicides, was found in Danish honey for the first time when honey from 2016 and 2017 was tested. The maximum acceptable residue level for clopyralid in honey has not been verified scientifically but is set at 0.05 mg/kg, which is not considered harmful to humans. However, 0.1 mg/kg releases a ban on sale of honey. In several of the tested honey samples from both years the amount of clopyralid was higher than 0.1 mg/kg. As nearly 50% of the Danish honey stems from nectar collected from rapeseed the use of clopyralid in oilseed rape poses a very serious economic problem for Danish beekeepers, and already in 2017, the sale of several spring honey lots was rejected. In 2019 and 2020, we tested the following hypotheses 1) nectar and pollen, collected from flowers of winter oilseed rape sprayed with clopyralid according to the regulations may contain clopyralid; 2) honey and pollen collected from beehives placed next to winter oilseed rape fields sprayed with clopyralid according to the regulations may contain clopyralid. Residues of clopyralid were found in all nectar, pollen and honey samples from treated plots and fields. In a large part of the samples, more than 0.1 mg clopyralid/kg was detected, which would have resulted in a ban on the sale of honey. The perspectives of the results are discussed.
Sammendrag
NIBIO har i denne rapporten utredet bestemte virkemidler som skal bidra til å sikre hensiktsmessige generasjonsoverganger i reindriften. Rapporten tar for seg rekrutteringssituasjonen i reindriften og tiltak over reindriftsavtalen: tidligpensjonsordningen, etableringstilskudd, særskilt driftstilskudd for ungdom og fagbrevordningen i reindriften. Vi har gjennomført intervjuer med et utvalg av personer som har vært mottakere av de ulike tilskuddene. Vi finner at formålet med de ulike ordningene for en stor del oppfylles og at de som har benyttet seg av tilskuddene i hovedsak er fornøyde. Intervjuene med siidaandelsledere som er i aldersgruppen 57-67 år hvor de har mulighet for å søke tidligpensjon, men har valgt å ikke gjøre det viser imidlertid en bekymring for en forverret økonomisk situasjon dersom de skulle gå over på tidligpensjon. Det er økonomisk krevende å klare seg på tilskuddet til tidligpensjon og det dyretall tidligpensjonisten har anledning til å ha i bevoktning dersom en ikke har muligheter for å skaffe seg annet inntektsgivende arbeid oppfattes som for lavt. Vi foreslår derfor at den som overtar driften til en som tar tidligpensjon gis rett til å søke et rentefritt lån for å kjøpe ut livdyrene til tidligpensjonisten basert på en avtale mellom partene. Vi har også vist til mulige finansieringsordninger for reindrifta i likhet med det øvrig landbruksnæring har gjennom Landkreditt. Disse mulighetene bør etter vår mening være med i en utredning om økonomiske forhold ved generasjonsoverganger i reindriften. ČOAHKKÁIGEASSU: NIBIO lea dán raporttas čielggadan dihtolágan doaibmabijuid mat galget leat veahkkin sihkkarastime ulbmillaš buolvasirdima boazodoalus. Raporttas boahtá ovdán boazodoalu rekrutterendilálašvuohta ja doaibmabijut boazodoallošiehtadusa bokte: árrapenšuvdnaortnet, earenoamáš doaibmadoarjja nuoraide ja boazodoalu fágareiveortnet. Mii leat čađahan jearahallamiid singuin geat leat ožžon dakkár iešguđetlágan doarjagiid. Mii leat gávnnahan ahte daid iešguđetlágan ortnegiid ulbmilat eanas muddui devdojuvvojit, ja sii geat leat ávkkástallan doarjagiiguin leat duhtavaččat. Go leat jearahallan 57–67 jahkásaččaid ahkejoavkku siidaoasejođiheddjiid, geain lea vejolaš ohcat árrapenšuvnna, muhto leat válljen ahte eai daga dan, de čájehuvvo ahte sii leat balus jus ekonomalaš dilli vearáska jus váldet vuostá árrapenšuvdnaortnega. Ipmirduvvo ahte lea ekonomalaččat gáibideaddji birget dušše árrapenšuvnna doarjagiin ja dainna boazologuin maid árrapensionisttas lea vejolaš atnit geahččoboazun, jus ii leat vejolašvuohta háhkat eará dienasbarggu. Dan dihte mii árvalit ahte son gii váldá badjelasas siidaoasi sus gii vuostáiváldá árrapenšuvnna, ahte sutnje addo vejolašvuohta ohcat reantokeahtes loana mainna oastá árrapensionista ealihanbohccuid, mii lea vuođđuduvvon bealálaččaid šiehtadussii. Mii leat maid ovdanbuktán vejolaš ruhtadanortnegiid boazodollui, nugo muđui lea eanandoalus Landkreditt bokte. Mii oaivvildit ahte dat vejolašvuođat berrejit leat mielde go čielggadit ekonomalaš dilálašvuođaid boazodoalu buolvasirdima.
Sammendrag
Legumes are important in sustainable agriculture and particularly so when they are intercropped with other species. In breeding programs, little attention is paid to their agronomic performance in species mixtures. In red clover, improved persistence is an important breeding goal. We identified traits associated with survival of red clover cultivated in pure stands (PS 3) or in mixtures with grasses (MS 3) and managed under a 3-cut system (two locations), as well as in pure stands in a 5-cut system (PS 5, one location). Survivors from replicate plots were collected and a new generation made from each plot. The new generations were characterized in a growth experiment with light or simulated shade, and in a freezing experiment. We show that the traits related to red clover persistence depend on both plant community composition and cutting frequency. MS 3 had more leaves with larger leaf blades and longer petioles during the vegetative stage, followed by earlier stem elongation, higher number of elongating stems, higher biomass (also when accounting for earlier stem elongation) and more leaves in the regrowth after cutting than PS 3. MS 3 also had better freezing tolerance. PS 5 was similar to MS 3 and different from PS 3 in the number of leaves, leaf blade size, petiole length and number of elongating stems. These results show that breeding and cultivar evaluation, which is currently almost exclusively considering performance in pure stands, may miss some variation which provides persistence of red clover in mixtures with grasses.