Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
I denne artikkelen er det fokus på godt kjente og nye, mindre kjente sjukdomar på frukttre som alle kan gi alvorleg skade.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
I 2005 undersøkte vi soppfloraen på frø av edelgran (Abies spp.). Mellom anna fann vi mykje Sydowia polyspora, soppen som fører til flekkar på årsnåler (CSNN /Current Season Needle Necrosis) og visne skot (Sclerophoma-skade). På bakgrunn av dette ville vi undersøkja om S. polyspora også kan førekoma på andre bartrefrø og inkluderte difor, i tillegg til edelgran, frøparti frå slektene Douglas (Pseudotsuga), furu (Pinus), gran (Picea), hemlokk (Tsuga), sypress (Chamaecyparis) og tuja (Thuja) i ein frøtest i 2010. S. polyspora vart funnen på frø i alle slektene. Her omtalar vi også andre soppfunn frå denne testen.
Sammendrag
Current season needle necrosis (CSNN) has been a serious foliage disorder on noble fir (Abies procera), Normann fir (A. nordmanniana) and grand fir (A. grandis) in Europe and North America for more than 25 years. Approximately 2-4 weeks after bud break, needles develop chlorotic spots or bands that later turn necrotic. The symptoms were reported as a physiological disorder with unknown aetiology. In a recent study in Norway, Sydowia polyspora (anamorph: Hormonema dematioides) was found to cause CSNN. To determine if fungi found to cause diseases on fir (Abies spp.) might be seed borne, seed samples from Austria, Georgia, Russia, Canada and Norway were tested using agar plate methods. Some fungi were identified to species based on sequencing of ITS regions of rDNA. S polyspora was isolated from 10 of the 12 seed samples tested, representing all countries of the study. The fungus occurred in frequencies from 0.5 – 87%. Sirococcus conigenus, causing shoot blight of several conifer species, was found in a Norwegian A. procera seed lot (31% infected seeds), which to our knowledge is the first report of this pathogen on noble fir seed. Caloscypha fulgens, the seed or cold fungus, was recorded at low levels on subalpine fir from Canada. In addition the following fungus genera was recorded: Acremonium, Acremoniella, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Dictyopolyschema, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Genicularia, Mucor, Neonectria, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhizopus, Sordaria, Trichoderma and Trichothecium, and an unidentified fungus. Species within some of these fungal genera are known pathogens in nurseries and production fields. In 2009, we discovered S. polyspora on samples of pine and spruce seedlings from germination tests at the Norwegian Forest Seed Center. Due to these latter findings, we tested 44 conifer seed lots for S. polyspora this year. The main results will be presented. There is reason to consider seeds infected with S. polyspora as an important source of inoculum for infection of young trees. To reduce the damages in production fields, and to limit the risk of long distance spread of important seed borne diseases of conifers by international trade, seed health testing of fir seeds is recommended.
Sammendrag
VIPS (Varsling Innen PlanteSkadegjørere) is a web-based forecasting and information service developed for integrated management of pests and diseases in cereals, vegetables and fruit crops. It also includes a decision support for management of weeds in cereals. VIPS was established in 2001 as a collaborative project between Bioforsk and Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service (NAES) under a government-funded action for reducing risk connected to the use of pesticides. The service is open and free of charge at www.vips-landbruk.no. Forecasting models that predict the likelihood of pest or disease outbreak can assist crop growers in determining when or if pesticides are needed. Reduced unneccesary fungicide applications will reduce the monetary and environmental costs asssociated with traditional spray programs. Inputs to the forecasting models in VIPS are weather data from the Bioforsk Agrometeorological Service consisting of a network of 80 automatic weather stations located across crop production areas, weather forecasts from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and biological/field observations collected by NAES. A general interface is used for all models incorporated in the system, allowing new models to be implemented. Currently, VIPS includes forecasts and/or monitoring of leaf blotch diseases (Stagonospora nodorum Septoria tritici, Drechslera tritici-repentis) in wheat, net/spot blotch (Drechslera teres) and scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) in barley, Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium spp) in spring wheat and oats, stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in oil seed rape, potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans), cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), cabbage root fly (Delia radicum), turnip root fly (Delia floralis), carrot root fly (Psila rosae), the tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis) in vegetables, lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), celery late blight (Septoria apiicola), onion downy mildew (Peronospora destructor), apple scab (Venturia inequalis), codling moth (Cydia pomonella), apple fruit moth (Argyresthia conjugella) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberry. A preliminary model for calculation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) content in oats at harvest is also included. Models for additional pests/diseases are under development. During the growing season the monitoring of several pests and diseases are recorded through a message system in VIPS. Forecasts are also available as SMS messages. Current development aiming at transferring the service from weatherstation-based to farm-based forecasts is presented by Nordskog et al. at this seminar. The weed management component was developed in Denmark and has been adjusted to Norwegian conditions. It includes assessment of the need for control of weeds in cereal fields, eg choice of herbicide(s) and calculation of doses. Both experiments and practical large-scale testing of “VIPS weeds” have demonstrated the potential of a significant reduction in the use of herbicides in cereals.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
Neonectria er registrert på mange lauvfellande buskar og tre i grøntanlegg, til dømes lønn (Acer), kornell (Cornus), poppel (Populus), rogn (Sorbus), ask (Fraxinus) og hegg (Prunus). I fruktproduksjonen er spesielt eple (Malus) og pære (Pyrus) utsett. Også på det vintergrøne lauvtreet kristtorn (Ilex aquifolium) har vi funne Neonectria i eit villbestand i Rogaland.
Sammendrag
Ved angrep av Phytophthora spp. vert bladverket glissent og gult og greiner daudar. Dette skuldast at røtene gradvis vert øydelagde og dermed ikkje kan forsyna krona med nok næring og vatn. Det vert tjærefarga flekkar/blødande sår i barken på stammane, og veden vert misfarga under flekkane.Typiske Phytophthora-symptom vart i 2009 og 2010 observerte på eldre bøketre (Fagus sylvatica) i Bergen sentrum, i ein privathage i Haugesund og i eit skogholt i Stavanger.
Sammendrag
For de som ikke visste det; agurken er en frukt! Den består av ca. 96 % vann og er derfor i tillegg til en frukt nærmest en tørstedrikk, ettersom en halv agurk tilsvarer omtrent et glass vann. Den kom til Norge på midten av 1600-tallet, ble etter hvert svært populær, og dyrkes i dag i stort monn i Norge. Selvfølgelig har den sitt eget EU-direktiv (EEC No 1677/88)! Den har også den siste tiden (juni 2011) fått et ufortjent rykte som E-coli smittekilde. Dette var noe innledende informasjon om agurken og kanskje gammelt nytt? Det som derimot ikke er så godt kjent er den kampen på liv og død som foregår i veksthusene der agurkene dyrkes.