Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
May Bente Brurberg Anupam Gogoi Nina Elisabeth Nagy Mandeep Poudel Andre van Eerde Jahn DavikSammendrag
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Forfattere
Ritter Atoundem Guimapi Berit Nordskog Anne-Grete Roer Hjelkrem Ingeborg Klingen Ghislain Tchoromi Tepa-Yotto Manuele Tamò Karl ThunesSammendrag
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, situation in Africa remains a priority threat despite significant efforts made since the first outbreaks in 2016 to control the pest and thereby reduce yield losses. Field surveys in Benin and Mali reported that approximately one-week post-emergence of maize plants, the presence of fall armyworm (egg/neonates) could be observed in the field. Scouting for fall armyworm eggs and neonates is, however, difficult and time consuming. In this study, we therefore hypothesized that the optimum timeframe for the fall armyworm female arriving to lay eggs in sown maize fields could be predicted. We did this by back-calculating from interval censored data of egg and neonates collected in emerging maize seedlings at young leaf developmental stage. Early time of ovipositing fall armyworm after sowing was recorded in field experiments. By using temperature-based models to predict phenological development for maize and fall armyworm, combined with analytical approaches for time-to-event data with censored status, we estimated that about 210 accumulated Degree Days (DD) is needed for early detection of neonate larvae in the field. This work is meant to provide new insights on timely pest detection and to guide for precise timing of control measures.
Forfattere
Wilson Lara Henao Rasmus Astrup Ari Hietala Kobra Maleki Helmer Belbo Clara Antón FernándezSammendrag
1. Root and butt rot caused by pathogenic fungi in the genera Heterobasidion and Armillaria is a pressing issue in managed Norway spruce forests. The disease results in financial losses for the forest owners and reduces the volume of wood that can be used in long-lived products. Pathogenic wood decay fungi spread either with the aid of airborne spores or via mycelial growth among neighbouring trees, the latter leading to clustering (tendency of decayed trees to be in close proximity relative to their neighbouring trees) of decay-affected trees in forests. Understanding the spatial patterns of the decay-affected trees at the forest stand level is vital for designing management strategies to address this problem. 2. We examined decay clustering in 273 clear-cut Norway spruce stands in Norway using harvester-recorded data on spatial occurrence of decayed and healthy Norway spruce trees. We tested clustering using three global-cluster tests that account for population density and distribution, evaluating clustering without identifying specific cluster locations. 3. The proportions of clustered and non-clustered stands differed depending on the statistical test used for clustering assessment, resulting in overall agreement of 32.8% for clustered and 36.9% for non-clustered. Clustered stands exhibited a median cluster distance (maximum distance between the decay-affected trees within a cluster) of 12 m (Inter-Quantile Range, IQR, 6–20 m) and a median of 6 (IQR 3–16) nearest neighbour trees (number of decayed trees forming a cluster), estimates comparable with prior studies focused on assessment of trees infected by mycelial spread of the same fungal individual. The decay incidence in the clustered stands was 16.24%, while the non-clustered stands had a butt-rot incidence of 20.97%. In clustered stands the average number of trees per hectare was higher (693) than in non-clustered stands (553). 4. Synthesis and applications: Our study demonstrates that Norway spruce stands display a diverse range of spatial patterns of butt rotted trees. We found that higher densities of Norway spruce trees probably facilitate the vegetative spread of pathogenic wood decay fungi, leading to clustering of decay-affected trees. To disrupt the spread of decay fungi between tree generations, precision planting of trees other than Norway spruce around infested stumps of prior generation trees has been recommended by earlier studies. We discussed the potential of using harvester-derived geoposition data for butt-rotted trees upon planning and execution of forest regeneration.
Forfattere
Åsa Helena Frostegård Christer Magnusson Kjetil Klaveness Melby Nana Yaa Boahene Siamak Pour Yazdankhah Beatrix Alsanius Jorunn Børve Paal Krokene Mogens Nicolaisen Line Nybakken Johan A. Stenberg Iben Margrete Thomsen Sandra A.I. Wright May-Guri SæthreSammendrag
Helse- og miljørisiko ved bruk av bakterien Psychrobacter sp. i plantevernmiddelet Nemaslug® Helserisikoen for mennesker ved bruk av Nemaslug® anses som lav, men man kan ikke utelukke risiko for svært infeksjonsutsatte pasientgrupper. Det er ingen bevis for helseproblemer som oppstår ved inntak av matvarer behandlet med Nemaslug®. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har, på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet, utført en risikovurdering av bakterien Psychrobacter sp. som inngår i plantevernmiddelet Nemaslug®. Plantevernmiddelet Nemaslug®, som er godkjent for bruk i Norge siden 2005, inneholder nematoden Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. Nematoden bærer en symbiotisk bakterie som fungerer som den aktive biokontrollorganismen ved å produsere giftstoffer som dreper snegler ved infeksjon. Bakgrunnen for oppdraget er at det ble avdekket at bakterien i Nemaslug® ikke er Moraxella osloensis, som den tidligere godkjenningen er basert på. Den er i stedet blitt identifisert som en art i bakterieslekten Psychrobacter, mest sannsynlig Psychrobacter faecalis, alternativt Psychrobacter pulmonis. Denne vurderingen skal danne grunnlag for Mattilsynets beslutning om hvorvidt Nemaslug® skal beholde sin godkjenning for bruk i Norge eller ei. Resultater Det er begrenset informasjon om helsefarene ved Psychrobacter sp. hos mennesker. Kunnskap om antibiotikaresistens og patogenisitet i slekten Psychrobacter er i stor grad mangelfull. Det er lite informasjon om forekomsten av Psychrobacter sp. i Norge. Potensialet for spredning og etablering av Psychrobacter sp. i miljøet under norske forhold vurderes som lavt. Risikoen Nemaslug® utgjør for ikke-målorganismer, spesielt bløtdyr, er usikker og krever videre forskning. Videre taksonomisk analyse og fullstendig genomsekvensering er nødvendig for å bekrefte artstilhørigheten til bakterien i Nemaslug®. Konklusjoner Selv om informasjonen om helsefarene knyttet til Psychrobacter sp. hos mennesker er begrenset, betraktes den generelt som et lavrisikopatogen. Helserisikoen for mennesker ved bruk av Nemaslug® anses derfor som lav, men risiko for pasientgrupper som er svært mottakelige for infeksjoner kan ikke utelukkes. Det er ingen bevis for helseproblemer som oppstår ved inntak av matvarer behandlet med Nemaslug®. Metode VKM har hentet data og informasjon fra søkeren via Mattilsynet og VKMs forrige rapport om Nemaslug®. Et grundig litteratursøk ble gjennomført for å innhente ytterligere relevant informasjon. Vurderingen er godkjent av VKMs faggruppe for plantehelse.
Sammendrag
Authors: Franić, I, S Prospero, KA, EA, FA, MAA-R, SA, DA, WB, MB, KB, AB, PB, HB, TB, MB Brurberg, TB, DB, MC, JC, DC, GC, K, KD, MdeG, JD, HTDL, RD, JE, ME, CBE, RF, JF, NF, ÁF-M, MG, BG, MH, LH, MKH, MH, MJJ, MK, MK, NK, MK, VK, NL, MVL, JL, ML, HL, CLM, CM, DM, IM, TM, JM, DM, CN, RO'H, FO, TP, TP, BP, HR, JR, AR, AR, BR, KS, CS, V Talgø, МТ, AU, MU, AMV, CV, YW, JW, MZ, R Eschen. Abstract: Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are expected to disrupt the relationships between trees and the organisms associated with them, thereby impacting forest health. In order to comprehend and anticipate these changes, it is crucial to identify the factors that shape tree-associated communities. We collected and analysed insects and fungi obtained from dormant twigs of 155 tree species across 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries on six continents. Fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing. Insects were first reared and then sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were then grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. By employing generalized dissimilarity models, we assessed the relative significance of various climatic, host-related, and geographic factors in driving dissimilarities among tree-associated communities. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree- associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 amplicon sequence variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. Mean annual temperature, the phylogenetic distance between hosts, and the geographic distance between locations were the primary determinants of dissimilarities. The increasing influence of high temperatures on community differences suggests that climate change could directly and indirectly impact tree-associated organisms through shifts in host ranges. Furthermore, insect and fungal communities exhibited greater similarity among closely related hosts compared to distantly related hosts, implying that expansion of host ranges could facilitate the emergence of new pests. Additionally, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance, suggesting that human-mediated transportation could lead to the introduction of new pests. These study results underscore the importance of limiting the introduction and establishment of tree pests and enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems in response to climate change.
Forfattere
Ingeborg Klingen Nils Bjugstad Therese With Berge Krzysztof Kusnierek Hans Wilhelm Wedel-Jarlsberg Roger Holten Anette Sundbye Lene Sigsgaard Håvard Eikemo Kirsten Tørresen Valborg KvakkestadSammendrag
Droner til bruk i plantevern i jord- og hagebruk er relativt nytt og i dette forprosjektet ønsket vi å etablere et kunnskapsgrunnlag for bærekraftig bruk av droner i norsk plantevern. Vi gjorde dette ved å: 1) Systematisere kunnskap om avdrift fra plantevernmidler fra sprøytedroner, 2) Gjennomføre et pilotstudie på en metode for å måle avdrift og avsetning av plantevernmidler utenfor målområdet fra sprøyte droner, 3) Skaffe kunnskap om eksponering av dronepilot for plantevernmidler, 4) Skaffe kunnskap om miljøeksponering inkludert rester av plantevernmidler i drone-sprøytede plantekulturer, 5) Skaffe kunnskap om bruk av droner i presis påføring av plantevernmidler, lavrisikostoffer og biologiske kontrollorganismer, 6) Øke vår kunnskap om forskrifter og standarder som kan påvirke bruken av droner i integrert plantevern i Norge. Basert på kunnskap gjort tilgjengelig i dette forprosjektet, foreslår vi videre studier som er nødvendig å utføre for å kunne bruke droner i integrert plantevern på en smart måte. Vårt håp er at resultatene fra dette forprosjektet vil gjøre det mulig å ta beslutninger om hvordan droner bør brukes i plantevern i Norge for å være i tråd med direktivet for bærekraftig bruk av plantevernmidler (Direktiv 2009/128/EF). Det er spesielt målgrupper som bønder, landbruksrådgivningstjenester, agroindustri, forskere, nasjonale statlige organer som Mattilsynet og lovgivere som kan tenkes å ha nytte av å lese denne rapporten.
Forfattere
Paal Krokene Beatrix Alsanius Jorunn Børve Daniel Flø Bjørn Arild Hatteland Erik J. Joner Lawrence Richard Kirkendall Christer Magnusson Mogens Nicolaisen Line Nybakken Johan Stenberg Selamawit Tekle Gobena Kristine Bakke Westergaard Sandra A. I. WrightSammendrag
Background: The Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) and the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) tasked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) to provide a scientific opinion identifying which growing media associated with import of live plants pose the greatest risk of introducing non-native species to Norway. VKM was also asked to assess how effective various risk-reducing measures are to prevent such introductions. In this report, we focus on the introduction of plant pests. Trade in plants for planting is a large and complex international business where live plants are grown in some areas and shipped to other areas where they are intended to be planted or replanted. Traded plants are usually shipped with associated growing media. Long-lived plants, like trees and bushes, may be imported to the EU (e.g., from Asia) and traded through different countries for several years of on-growth before being shipped to Norway. Long production cycles, partly in outdoor nurseries, suggest that the import of live plants with soil or other growing media into Norway comes with a high probability of introducing plant pests. Such pests could cause severe harm to Norwegian plant health and impact both agriculture and natural ecosystems. In this scientific opinion, we describe the most used growing media and assess the risks associated with these. We further evaluate what types of plants and which exporting countries are considered to pose the highest risks for introducing plant pests. Finally, we describe different risk reduction options and assess the effectiveness of current Norwegian regulations as a tool to reduce risks. Altogether, this assessment provides a comprehensive overview of the potential risks involved in importing soil and other growing media associated with plants for planting and of possible strategies for mitigating these risks. Key findings: Growing media constituents: The most used organic growing media constituents are peat, wood fiber, and compost, but a great array of other constituents is also used. In this report, we have focused on organic constituents, as these are frequently colonized by living organisms when sourced and may support pest species by acting as a food source or as a sheltering environment that provides water, oxygen, and other crucial factors for pest survival. Growing media as a plant pest carrier: Even though most growing media constituents initially are sterile or free from any plant pests, the processes of mixing, potting, plant cultivation, transport, and storage can easily allow contamination by and propagation of pests underway from a primary source to a customer in Norway. Many organisms can colonize and survive in growing media under conditions primarily designed to keep plants alive. Growing media thus poses a risk of introducing plant pests to Norway when such media are imported together with live plants. Identified pest species: Organisms that can arrive with the import of live plants and associated growing media will include organisms that are not plant pests, known plant pests, regulated pests, and species that may be problematic even though they are not currently listed as quarantine pests. By screening two international databases (CABI, 2022; EPPO, 2024b) and performing a structured literature search, we identified a total of 651 pest species, most of which are not present in Norway, that may be associated with plants imported from Europe with soil or other growing media (154 species from CABI, 87 from EPPO, and 410 from the literature search). Due to time limitations, only 89 species were assessed for their association with soil and growing media. This evaluation included 20 species from CABI, 24 from EPPO, and 45 from the literature search, as detailed in Appendix 5. Climate suitability analyses were carried out .........
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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