Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Forfattere
Åshild Ergon F Volaire P Korhonen Perttu Virkajärvi G. Seddaiu Marit Jørgensen Gianni Bellocchi Liv Østrem D* Reheul Joost BaertSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Till Seehusen Heidi Udnes Aamot Hugh Riley Jafar Razzaghian Vinh Hong Le Anne-Grete Roer Hjelkrem Ruth Dill-Macky Guro BrodalSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ilse R. Geijzendorffer Stefano Targetti Manuel K. Schneider Dick J. Brus Philippe Jeanneret Robert H.G. Jongman Martin Knotters Davide Viaggi Siyka Angelova Michaela Arndorfer Debra Bailey Katalin Balázs András Báldi Marion M.B. Bogers Robert G.H. Bunce Jean-Philippe Choisis Peter Dennis Sebastian Eiter Wendy Fjellstad Jürgen K. Friedel Tiziano Gomiero Arjan Griffioen Max Kainz Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki Gisela Lüscher Gerardo Moreno Juri Nascimbene Maurizio G. Paoletti Philippe Pointereau Jean-Pierre Sarthou Norman Siebrecht Igor Staritsky Siyka Stoyanova Sebastian Wolfrum Felix HerzogSammendrag
1.To evaluate progress on political biodiversity objectives, biodiversity monitoring provides information on whether intended results are being achieved. Despite scientific proof that monitoring and evaluation increase the (cost) efficiency of policy measures, cost estimates for monitoring schemes are seldom available, hampering their inclusion in policy programme budgets. 2.Empirical data collected from 12 case studies across Europe were used in a power analysis to estimate the number of farms that would need to be sampled per major farm type to detect changes in species richness over time for four taxa (vascular plants, earthworms, spiders and bees). A sampling design was developed to allocate spatially, across Europe, the farms that should be sampled. 3.Cost estimates are provided for nine monitoring scenarios with differing robustness for detecting temporal changes in species numbers. These cost estimates are compared with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) budget (2014–2020) to determine the budget allocation required for the proposed farmland biodiversity monitoring. 4.Results show that the bee indicator requires the highest number of farms to be sampled and the vascular plant indicator the lowest. The costs for the nine farmland biodiversity monitoring scenarios corresponded to 0·01%–0·74% of the total CAP budget and to 0·04%–2·48% of the CAP budget specifically allocated to environmental targets. 5.Synthesis and applications. The results of the cost scenarios demonstrate that, based on the taxa and methods used in this study, a Europe-wide farmland biodiversity monitoring scheme would require a modest share of the Common Agricultural Policy budget. The monitoring scenarios are flexible and can be adapted or complemented with alternate data collection options (e.g. at national scale or voluntary efforts), data mobilization, data integration or modelling efforts.
Sammendrag
Individual tree mortality models based on logistic regression exist for different tree species and countries around the world. We examine two mortality models developed in Norway and two models from Austria for Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula pubescens and Betula pendula) trees. We apply all models with their original coefficients on the Norwegian National Forest Inventory (NNFI) data. The dataset comprises 36,217 spruce, 17,483 pine and 24,418 birch trees. We show the differences in predictions that arise from newly paramete-rized predictor variables and the effect of the original calibration data from different geographic regions. Next we recalibrate the mortality functions with the NNFI data to show the improvements in the predictions and illustrate the impact of the different predictor variables. We apply statistical methods to assess which of the original and recalibrated models best mimic the observed mortality rates of the three species. Finally we provide the new coefficient set for the model functions for spruce, pine and birch in Norway.
Forfattere
Juliet Biira Jens Leth Hougaard Mogens LundSammendrag
Denmark is one of the EU countries with a highly recognised agricultural sector, a high level of animal health and one of the lowest medication usages. In this article we aim to provide an overview of both private and public animal health incentives nested in the cattle and pig production industry that influence the decisions and behaviours of farmers in prevention of livestock disease epidemics. Not only do individual Danish pig and cattle farmers aim at highly efficient animal production, they are also involved in collective marketing and contracting which can enhance social capital, peer pressure and instill a greater sense of ownership of disease control prevention. Public incentives including rules on how animals should be transported within Denmark, SPF certification requirements and rules on farm biosecurity further improve farmer incentives to prevent animal diseases. However, Danish pig and cattle farmers’ incentives could be further improved by specifying consequences for not following requirements such as failure to make a compulsory biosecurity plan. The relatively high compensation in case of a disease outbreak provides a safety net for farmers, encourages them to quickly report suspected notifiable diseases but it could also reduce incentives for disease prevention due to the relatively high amounts of compensation.
Forfattere
Björn Ringselle Göran Bergkvist Helena Aronsson Lars AronssonSammendrag
Without herbicides, the control of Elymus repens relies on intensive tillage, often in the form of repeated post-harvest stubble cultivations followed by ploughing. This is costly and time-consuming and also increases the risk of nitrogen leaching. Our aim was to quantify the controlling effect on E. repens of single and repeated cultivation and differing time of cultivation in relation to spring cereal harvest. A 2-year experiment was conducted at two sites in the south and east of Sweden in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. We compared no, single and repeated tine cultivation followed by mouldboard ploughing; the single cultivation was performed directly after harvest or 20 days after harvest; when repeated, the first cultivation was performed immediately or 5 days after harvest, followed by a second cultivation 20 days after harvest. Tine cultivation in combination with mouldboard ploughing resulted in 50–70% lower rhizome biomass, and increased average subsequent cereal yields by 0–130% compared with ploughing alone. Large E. repens populations appeared to be more efficiently reduced by tine cultivation than smaller populations. A single tine cultivation 20 days after harvest tended to result in a higher E. repens shoot density and more rhizome biomass in the subsequent year than tine cultivation directly after harvest. Additional cultivation 20 days after harvest did not improve control of E. repens or the subsequent cereal grain yield, compared with a single cultivation conducted directly after harvest. In conclusion, preventing the growth of E. repens during the early part of the post-harvest autumn period was more important than starving rhizomes with repeated cultivations.
Sammendrag
Aim: The objective was to assess the nitrogen provided to following crops by peas and fava beans, with varying legume residue incorporation and use of cover crops. Meth: Organic field trial, ‘spilt-split plot design’ with 4 blocks. Whole plots (spring 2014) had legumes (pea or faba beans), and sub plots (autumn 2014) had 4 autumn soil treatments with combinations of legume residue incorporation and cover crop. The sub-sub plots (spring 2015) were with and without additional manure fertilization. Res: The root biomass of both legume pre cops had equal nitrogen (N) concentration, but total root biomass was twice as high for fava beans as for peas (5.08 vs. 2.41 kg m-2). Fava bean pre crop with biomass incorporation without cover crop gave the highest broccoli yield (4.10 t ha-1) compared with pea pre crop with biomass incorporation and no cover crop (2.44 t ha -1). Also the last crop in the rotation, lettuce, had 94% higher yield after fava beans (6.6 t ha-1) compared to peas (3.4 t ha-1). Rye as cover crop efficiently assimilated and conserved N during winter, shown by a 4 to 5 fold reduction in soil NO3-N, and nearly 2 fold reduction in soil N-min levels, compared to open soil. Additional manure application affected crop yield, with 3 and 2 fold increase in broccoli and lettuce respectively. Conc: Fava beans as pre crop resulted in higher yields of broccoli and lettuce the following seasons, compared to peas. This was explained twice as much root biomass for that crop.
Forfattere
Janka Dibdiakova Liang Wang Henning HornSammendrag
Characterization of biomass ash melting and thermal behavior is crucial to prevent and reduce ash related problems in biomass-fired boilers, In present work, ash melting behaviours of spruce saw dust and bark were investigated by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), The decomposition stages of sawdust and bark biomass were characterized by four peaks, respectively, The four peaks are the first relatively small one at temperatures about 317-341 °C, a second large peak at 419-451 °C, a small third peak at 860-1000 °C and a small endothermic peak at 1290-1400 °C, DSC curves of bark sample at both heating rates were shifted towards lower temperatures than DSC curves of sawdust fuels, On average, the degradation process starts 5 °C earlier and the second exothermic peaks in both heating rates are found even 20 °C earlier, The remaining residue of bark samples was approximately two times higher than that of sawdust, The ignition temperatures of both spruce and pine bark were slightly shifted to higher temperatures compared to those of spruce and pine sawdust samples, STA experiments of exanimated biomass fuels indicated that their critical melting temperatures lie in the range of 860-1000 °C, The information obtained in this study qualifies the STA method as a suitable and rather simple method for the determination of ash melting and thermal behavior of woody biomass. © 2016 ETA-Florence Renewable Energies.
Sammendrag
With the Directive 2009/128/EC on sustainable use of pesticides, reductions in herbicide use is a European target. The aim of this study was to compare the fi eld-specifi c herbicide use resulting from simulated integrated weed management (IWM) with farmer’s actual use. Two IWM tools applicable for cereals were explored: VIPS – a web-based decision support system, and DAT sensor – a precision farming technology for patch spraying. VIPS (adaptation of Danish “Crop Protection Online”) optimizes herbicide – and dose to weed species densityand growth stage (including ALS-herbicide resistant populations), temperature, expected yield, cereal species- and growth stage. Weeds were surveyed (0.25 m2, n=23-31) prior to post-emergence spraying in spring 2013 (six fi elds) and 2014 (eight fi elds). DAT sensor enables automatic patch spraying of annual weeds within cereals. It consists of an RGB camera and custom-made image analysis. DAT sensor acquired more than 900 images (0.06 m2) per fi eld. Threshold for simulated patch spraying was relative weed cover (weed cover/ total vegetation cover) = 0.042. Treatment frequency index (TFI, actual dose/maximum approved dose summed for all herbicides) was calculated. Without resistance strategy, average TFI for VIPS was higher for winter wheat (0.96) than for spring cereals (0.38). Spring cereal fi elds with resistance strategies gave an average TFI of 1.45. Corresponding TFI for farmer’s applications were 1.40, 0.90 and 1.26, respectively. For one fi eld wherein both tools were explored in 2013 and 2014, TFI values for VIPS were 1.86 and 1.50 due to resistant Stellaria media, while TFI for farmer’s sprayings were around 1.00. DAT sensor simulated herbicide savings of 69% and 99%, corresponding to TFI values of 0.58 and 0.01, respectively. As measured by TFI, DAT sensor showed a higher potential in herbicide savings than VIPS. VIPS is available without costs to end-users today, while DAT sensor represents a future tool.