Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
Ari Hietala Wilson Lara Henao André Kolsgaard Simon Seljegard Nina Elisabeth Nagy Isabella Børja Tor Arne Justad Yngve Rekdal Even Bergseng Halvor SolheimSammendrag
Forest grazing by free-roaming livestock is a common practice in many countries. The forestry sector sees the practice as unfortunate owing to several reasons, such as damages inflicted by grazing in young plantations. Concerning Norway spruce forests, a tree species known to develop wood decay with high frequency followed from stem bark damage, there is a strong perception among foresters that the trampling damage caused by livestock on the superficial root system of this tree leads to decay. Because of the very limited scientific documentation available on this topic, we pursued a clarification by investigating three 38- to 56-year-old Norway spruce forests used for silvopasture. Two types of injuries were observed on exposed roots: bark cracks characterized by resin exudation, and injuries involving localized bark peeling and exposure of the underlying wood. These injuries occurred up to 250 cm away from the root collar, with the sector 50–150 cm away from the root collar showing the highest incidence of injuries. In two of the forest stands, wood within the injured root areas was primarily colonized by the wound parasite Corinectria fuckeliana or species of the order Helotiales, fungi that do not cause wood decay. Wood colonization of injured roots by Heterobasidion species, the most frequent wood decay fungi of Norway spruce, was common in the third stand, but only in a few cases it was possible to deduce that the colonization had probably initiated via trampling injuries on roots. In a few cases, an injury was located at stem base at the root collar height along paths used by animals, and in such cases, it was obvious that stem colonization by Heterobasidion species had initiated via the wound. The relatively small amount of data warrants caution when drawing conclusions. Considering the high establishment frequency of decay via stem bark wounds of Norway spruce observed in previous studies, our data would suggest that roots are generally better equipped to defend themselves upon infliction of superficial wounds than stem of this tree species. The likelihood of trampling injuries leading to decay may vary considerably between different stands, this presumably depending on the level of local propagule pressure by pathogenic wood decay fungi and the frequency of damages close to root collar.
Forfattere
Svein Solberg Ole Martin Bollandsås Terje Gobakken Erik Næsset Paromita Basak Laura Innice DuncansonSammendrag
Mapping and quantification of forest biomass change are key for forest management and for forests’ contribution to the global carbon budget. We explored the potential of covering this with repeated acquisitions with TanDEM-X. We used an eight-year period in a Tanzanian miombo woodland as a test case, having repeated TanDEM-X elevation data for this period and repeated field inventory data. We also investigated the use of GEDI space–LiDAR footprint AGB estimates as an alternative to field inventory. The map of TanDEM-X elevation change appeared to be an accurate representation of the geography of forest biomass change. The relationship between TanDEM-X phase height and above-ground biomass (AGB) could be represented as a straight line passing through the origin, and this relationship was the same at both the beginning and end of the period. We obtained a similar relationship when we replaced field plot data with the GEDI data. In conclusion, temporal change in miombo woodland biomass is closely related to change in InSAR elevation, and this enabled both an accurate mapping and quantification wall to wall within 5–10% error margins. The combination of TanDEM-X and GEDI may have a near-global potential for estimation of temporal change in forest biomass.
Sammendrag
The commercial farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Indian waters has provided diversifying livelihood to the low-income artisanal fishermen for last 15 years. The sector has got commercial setback due to mass mortality of germplasm during 2013 – 2014. But considering its potential to provide inclusive economic growth in coastal rural settings, the government has renewed its interest in this activity. At the cusp of the strategic expansion of the seaweed sector understanding biosecurity risks, strategies and enforcement of framework is pivotal in reducing the impact of disease outbreaks, epiphytic infestations and pest attacks. The key category aspects include identification of the risks, evaluate the national health management for seaweed aquaculture, and providing potential biosecurity strategy for expanding commercial farming operations. Additionally we also enlisted the biosecurity strategy from other eucheumatoid-producing countries and nations involved in seaweed aquaculture for comparison. In-spite of advancements in science and technology, particularly in seaweed application-based solutions, health management and seaweed aquaculture biosecurity, still remain in their infancy in India. The analysis revealed that there is a complete absence of a national database of diseases, epiphytes, and grazers outbreak. Further limited clarity on a legal administrative procedures for the import of seaweed germplasm for commercial exploitation and its subsequent quarantine is a critical biosecurity risk. There is an urgent need to invest considerably in research and development related to the biosecurity of seaweeds. The rapid internet based technological development could be effectively utilised in disease reporting as well as developing farmer centric syndromic surveillance. The strengthening of regulatory frameworks and policy should be given the highest priority, as application of biosecurity has indirect effects in domains such as products development, food security, agriculture productivity, economic growth and potential regulatory ecosystem services.
Forfattere
Robert Spitzer Monica Ericson Annika M. Felton Morten Heim David Raubenheimer Erling Johan Solberg Hilde Karine Wam Christer Moe RolandsenSammendrag
Understanding how the nutritional properties of food resources drive foraging choices is important for the management and conservation of wildlife populations. For moose (Alces alces), recent experimental and observational studies during the winter have shown macronutrient balancing between available protein (AP) and highly metabolizable macronutrients (total non-structural carbohydrates [TNC] and lipids). Here, we combined the use of continuous-recording camera collars with plant nutrient analyses and forage availability measurements to obtain a detailed insight into the food and nutritional choices of three wild moose in Norway over a 5-day period in summer. We found that moose derived their macronutrient energy primarily from carbohydrates (74.2%), followed by protein (13.1%), and lipids (12.7%). Diets were dominated by deciduous tree browse (71%). Willows (Salix spp.) were selected for and constituted 51% of the average diet. Moose consumed 25 different food items during the study period of which 9 comprised 95% of the diet. Moose tightly regulated their intake of protein to highly metabolizable macronutrients (AP:TNC + lipids) to a ratio of 1:2.7 (0.37 ± 0.002SD). They did this by feeding on foods that most closely matched the target macronutrient ratio such as Salix spp., or by combining nutritionally imbalanced foods (complementary feeding) in a non-random manner that minimized deviations from the intake target. The observed patterns of macronutrient balancing aligned well with the findings of winter studies. Differential feeding on nutritionally balanced downy birch (Betula pubescens) leaves versus imbalanced twigs+leaves across moose individuals indicated that macronutrient balancing may occur on as fine a scale as foraging bites on a single plant species. Utilized forages generally met the suggested requirement thresholds for the minerals calcium, phosphorus, copper, molybdenum, and magnesium but tended to be low in sodium. Our findings offer new insights into the foraging behavior of a model species in ungulate nutritional ecology and contribute to informed decision-making in wildlife and forest management.
Forfattere
Ingunn Øvsthus Mitja Martelanc Alen Albreht Tatjana Radovanović Vukajlović Urban Česnik Branka Mozetič VodopivecSammendrag
Our investigation delves into the previously uncharted territory of cider composition from Norway. This study aimed to obtain an overview of the qualitative and quantitative compositions of general chemical parameters, polyphenols (individual and total expressed as gallic acids equivalents), selected esters, and selected C6-alcohols in ciders with the PDO label Cider from Hardanger. In total, 45 juice and cider samples from the fermentation process were collected from 10 cider producers in Hardanger in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Individual sugars, acids, ethanol, and 13 individual phenols were quantified using HPLC-UV/RI. Seven ethyl esters of fatty acids, four ethyl esters of branched fatty acids, ten acetate esters, two ethyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, and four C6-alcohols were quantified using HS-SPME-GC-MS. For samples of single cultivars (‘Aroma’, ‘Discovery’, ‘Gravenstein’, and ‘Summerred’), the sum of the measured individual polyphenols in the samples ranges, on average, from 79 to 289 mg L−1 (the lowest for ‘Summerred’ and highest for ‘Discovery’ and ‘Gravenstein’). Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant polyphenol in all samples. Ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, isoamyl acetate, and hexanol were present at concentrations above the odour threshold and contributed to the fruity flavour of the Cider from Hardanger.
Sammendrag
Background Vegetated infiltration systems such as raingardens and bioswales are challenging for plant growth and survival due to fluctuating hydrological conditions and further subsequent stresses. Aim Here, we investigated the effect of fluctuation hydrology on growth and flowering and subsequent winter frost hardiness or spring salt tolerance for two common raingarden plant species, Filipendula ulmaria, and Calamagrostis ×acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’, under controlled conditions. Methods During summer, plants were exposed to four hydrological regimes, each with a different combination of repeating dry and wet cycles. Then, after natural winter acclimation and storage, plants went through standardized freezing tests to determine LT50 and regrowth potential or were exposed to four levels of salt treatments (Control, 28 mM, 56 mM, and 84 mM NaCl) in the following spring. Results We found that fluctuating hydrology reduced the growth of Filipendula ulmaria, experiencing cycles of 72 hours of flooding and 264 hours of drained conditions, followed by a reduction of growth and flowering after salt exposure. Calamagrostis xacutiflora was less responsive to both fluctuating hydrology and salinity. Cycles with the longest dry conditions (Wet-dry cycles) showed the strongest negative effect on the performance of tested species. The hydrological regimes did not influence freezing tolerance in either species. Conclusion Moderate hydrological fluctuations did not cause damage to vegetation in vegetated infiltration systems, at least under shaded conditions. At the same time, drought tolerance is an important trait for species and cultivars in raingardens during hydrological fluctuations. Our prediction that hydrological conditions that negatively affected plant growth would reduce subsequent frost and salinity tolerance was only partially supported.
Sammendrag
STOPPest-prosjektet («Risk management of imported plants and seeds: possibilities for improved pest detection to prevent the introduction and spread of new pests» 2021-2025) har som mål å gå igjennom dagens norske plantehelsesystem og forvaltningsprosedyrer for vurdering av muligheter for å minimere biologisk risiko knyttet til import. En av arbeidspakkene i prosjektet fokuserte på de fysiske kontrollene som skal utføres av importører av importerte planter for å sikre at de er fri for medfølgende planteskadegjørere, sjekk av dokumentasjon (plantesunnhetssertifikat) som kreves for importert frø av enkelte grønnsakarter, samt laboratorieanalyser av frø til hobbydyrking for å undersøke for medfølgende planteskadegjørere. I 2021 var fokus i denne arbeidspakken først og fremst på planteskadegjørere innen slekta Phytophthora, som typisk følger med som blindpassasjerer i rotklumpen på importerte grøntanleggs- og hageplanter. I 2022 var det fokus dels på karanteneskadegjøreren Phytophthora ramorum, som ofte følger med importerte grøntanleggsplanter (først og fremst Rhododendron), og dels på skadegjørere på jordbærplanter som det ble åpnet opp for import av i 2016. I 2023 var det fokus på frøoverførte sjukdomsfremkallende organismer (patogener) på importert frø av en del grønnsaker og blomster til hobbymarkedet. Dette inkluderte laboratorieanalyser for frøsmitte i stikkprøver av åtte utvalgte vekster (tomat, løkvekster, salat, gulrot, kål, selleri, solsikke og blomsterert) som er populære i hobbydyrking, kontroll av sunnhetssertifikater for frø av tomat og løkvekster, samt en vurdering av risiko for spredning av plantesjukdommer knyttet til import av denne typen frø. Denne rapporten inneholder resultatene fra laboratorieanalysene og dokumentkontrollen, samt informasjon om en karanteneskadegjører (Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) og diverse kvalitetsskadegjørere som ble påvist på importert frø. Se mer utførlig sammendrag side 5.
Forfattere
Sunil Mundra Dinesh Sanka Loganathachetti Håvard Kauserud Anna Maria Fiore-Donno Tonje Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
Large-scale replacements of native birch with spruce have been carried out in Western Norway for economic reasons. This tree species shift potentially affects biotic components such as the eucaryome, consisting of microscopic animals (Metazoa), protists and fungi, which are key players in the functioning of forest ecosystem. The impact on the belowground eukaryome and its interactions with vegetation and soil properties is not well assessed. We examined the impact of replacing native birch with Norway spruce plantations on the eukaryome of the boreal forest floor in Western Norway using 18S rDNA metabarcoding. The tree species shift from birch to spruce had significant impacts on the eukaryome at both taxonomic (Metazoa) and functional categories (phagotrophs, phototrophs, parasites and osmotrophs). The distinct differences in eukaryome communities were related to changes in understorey vegetation biomass and soil chemistry following the tree species shift. This had a negative effect on eukaryome richness, particularly affecting phagotrophs and parasites, while the opposite was observed for osmotroph richness. Our results indicated that the spruce plantations altered the eukaryome communities and their food-web patterns compared to what was found in the native birch forest soil. This information should be taken into consideration in forest management planning.
Sammendrag
Authors: Franić, I, S Prospero, KA, EA, FA, MAA-R, SA, DA, WB, MB, KB, AB, PB, HB, TB, MB Brurberg, TB, DB, MC, JC, DC, GC, K, KD, MdeG, JD, HTDL, RD, JE, ME, CBE, RF, JF, NF, ÁF-M, MG, BG, MH, LH, MKH, MH, MJJ, MK, MK, NK, MK, VK, NL, MVL, JL, ML, HL, CLM, CM, DM, IM, TM, JM, DM, CN, RO'H, FO, TP, TP, BP, HR, JR, AR, AR, BR, KS, CS, V Talgø, МТ, AU, MU, AMV, CV, YW, JW, MZ, R Eschen. Abstract: Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are expected to disrupt the relationships between trees and the organisms associated with them, thereby impacting forest health. In order to comprehend and anticipate these changes, it is crucial to identify the factors that shape tree-associated communities. We collected and analysed insects and fungi obtained from dormant twigs of 155 tree species across 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries on six continents. Fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing. Insects were first reared and then sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were then grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. By employing generalized dissimilarity models, we assessed the relative significance of various climatic, host-related, and geographic factors in driving dissimilarities among tree-associated communities. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree- associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 amplicon sequence variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. Mean annual temperature, the phylogenetic distance between hosts, and the geographic distance between locations were the primary determinants of dissimilarities. The increasing influence of high temperatures on community differences suggests that climate change could directly and indirectly impact tree-associated organisms through shifts in host ranges. Furthermore, insect and fungal communities exhibited greater similarity among closely related hosts compared to distantly related hosts, implying that expansion of host ranges could facilitate the emergence of new pests. Additionally, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance, suggesting that human-mediated transportation could lead to the introduction of new pests. These study results underscore the importance of limiting the introduction and establishment of tree pests and enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems in response to climate change.
Forfattere
Kim Viggo Paulsen Weiby Linda Årvik Margrete Eknæs Angela Schwarm Håvard Steinshamn K. A. Beauchemin Peter Lund Ingunn Schei Ingjerd DønnemSammendrag
The aim of this study was to examine how silages from different grassland species and harvesting frequencies affect feed intake, milk production, and methane (CH4) emission in dairy cows. We hypothesized that cows consuming silages of more frequent harvest, grass species with greater organic matter digestibility and legumes with lower NDFom concentration would have greater silage dry matter intake and milk yield and thereby lower CH4 yield and intensity. Forty Norwegian Red cows were allocated to 5 treatments in a cyclic changeover design with 4 21-d periods (14 d of adaptation, 7 d of data collection). The 5 treatments evaluated were silages produced from timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in a 3-cut system (T3), timothy in a 2-cut system (T2), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in a 3-cut system (PR3), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in a 3-cut system (RC3) and a mix of T3 and RC3 (50:50 on DM basis) (T3/RC3). The treatments were prepared by mixing silages from each crop over the growing season, proportional to the harvested DM yield of each cut. Cows were offered the mixed silages ad libitum supplemented with a fixed level of concentrate. Gas emissions were measured using 2 Greenfeed units. Milk yield was recorded in the milking robot at each visit, and milk samples were collected at 3 consecutive milkings during the last 7 d of each period. Cows were weighed after each milking, and total-tract digestibility of each diet was estimated using acid insoluble ash as internal marker in fecal grab samples. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with block, period and treatment as fixed effects and animal within block as random effect. Silage and total DMI did not differ between T3 and T2, but total DMI was lower for PR3 than for T3. There was a quadratic effect of increased proportion of red clover, with highest intakes of T3/RC3 and lower intakes of RC3 than of T3. Energy corrected milk (ECM) yield was lower for T2 than T3, and for PR3 than T3. There was a quadratic effect of increased proportion of red clover, with highest ECM yield in T3/RC3 and lower in RC3 than in T3. Organic matter digestibility was lower for T2 than T3, but it did not differ between T3 and PR3. Including red clover in the diet linearly decreased organic matter digestibility. Methane production (g/d) did not differ between T3 and T2, but CH4 intensity (g/kg ECM) was greater for T2 than for T3. There was no difference between T3 and PR3 for CH4 production but yield and intensity were greater for PR3 than T3. Including red clover in the diet linearly increased CH4 production, yield and intensity with greatest intensity in the 100% red clover diet. In conclusion, changing harvesting frequency for timothy from 2 to 3 harvests per year did not affect CH4 production or yield, but CH4 intensity was reduced. Replacing timothy with perennial ryegrass and increased inclusion rate of red clover both increased CH4 yield and intensity. Key words: enteric methane, timothy, red clover, perennial ryegrass, greenfeed system