Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2017
Forfattere
Ioannis Dimitriou Blas Mola-YudegoSammendrag
Trees of genus Populus (in our context primarily poplars) are predominantly grown in Sweden in small plantations on arable land in southern and central parts of the country to produce biomass for energy and other purposes. This study evaluated the effects (i) of poplar plantations on groundwater quality, by determining differences in leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus to groundwater, and (ii) of poplar and hybrid aspen plantations on soil quality in terms of carbon in the top- and subsoil. The study was conducted comparing Populus plantations in Sweden with adjacent fields with cereals and grasslands. The experiment concerning the groundwater leaching was conducted in eight poplar plantations along three growing seasons (2012–2015). For the soil carbon experiments, 19 poplar and two hybrid aspen plantations and the respective reference fields were sampled. NO3-N leaching from poplar plantations was significantly lower than that from reference fields with cereals, but not when compared with grasslands. Spring NO3-N leaching was significantly lower in poplars than in the reference fields, whereas leaching of NO3-N in autumn did not differ. Concentrations of PO4-P in the groundwater of poplar plantations were lower compared to the respective ones of the reference fields. There were no clear trends observed when comparing carbon concentrations in the topsoil of the poplar and hybrid aspen plantations compared to the respective adjacent reference fields. For the subsoil, the average carbon concentrations in the poplar and hybrid aspen plantations were equal to the respective ones of cereals, but were higher when compared to grassland.
Forfattere
Signe Nybø Per Arneberg Erik Framstad Rolf Anker Ims Anders Lyngstad Ann Kristin Schartau Hanne Sickel Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson Vigdis VandvikSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ivar Pettersen Arne Grønlund Aina Elstad Stensgård Finn WallandSammendrag
Norsk jordbruk står for om lag åtte prosent av de norske klimagassutslippene. Jordbrukets utslipp kan, etter våre analyser, reduseres betydelig, uten å påføre samfunnet vesentlige kostnader. Rapporten vurderer kostnader for fem klimatiltak. Kostnadsanslagene er usikre, blant annet fordi det per dags dato finnes lite tilgjengelig kunnskap om virkemidlene som kan utløse de nødvendige endringene i jordbruket eller leddene nedstrøms, som matindustrien, dagligvarehandelen eller blant forbrukerne. Visse virkemidler kan føre til redusert konsumentnytte eller ineffektivitet i ressursallokeringen som kan oppveie anslåtte gevinster, f.eks. ved redusert forbrukerutlegg. I det følgende oppsummeres vurderingene av de fem klimatiltakene: • Økt utnyttelse av husdyrgjødsel til biogassproduksjon • Redusert produksjon og konsum av storfekjøtt - erstattes med frukt, grønt og fisk • Redusert produksjon og konsum av storfekjøtt – erstattes med svinekjøtt • Redusert matsvinn • Stans i nydyrking av myr Tiltak 1 - husdyrgjødsel til biogassproduksjon: Satsing på biogass kan gi bærekraftig erstatning av fossil energi. Å utnytte husdyrgjødsel til biogass reduserer utslipp av metan, lystgass og ammoniakk fra gjødsellagre i jordbruket. Tiltaket går ut på å øke andelen husdyrgjødsel til biogassproduksjon til 50 % av biogasspotensialet er utnyttet i 2050. To ulike typer biogassanlegg er inkludert i tiltaket: småskala gårdsanlegg der biogassen produseres og utnyttes lokalt til oppvarming, og store sambehandlings-anlegg for husdyrgjødsel og annen biomasse der biogassen oppgraderes til drivstoffkvalitet og distribueres fortrinnsvis til transportformål.......... The research team has investigated five measures aiming to reduce climate gas emissions from Norwegian agriculture: 1. Biogas from manure, 2. Replacing cattle meat with plant based products and fish, 3. Replacing cattle meat with pork, 4. Reducing food waste, 5. Ban on cultivation of peatland. The study concludes that most measures may be implemented at zero or even negative costs. Cutting down on cattle meat consumption may have substantial and positive health effects. The exception is biogas production using dung where indications show average costs of approximately USD 200 per ton Climate Gas Emission. Indicated cost levels are based on optimal ways of implementation. Bad implementation may hurt both consumer welfare and efficiency of resource allocation. The authors thus leave some, but limited reason to expect that cutting substantial emissions from farming will be socially costless.
Sammendrag
Ice encasement (IE) is the most economically important winter stress in Scandinavia; however, little is known about the IE tolerance of different turfgrass species and subspecies except that creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is more tolerant than annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). The objective of this study was to assess the impact of IE and two protective covers (plastic and plastic over a 10-mm woven mat) on the winter survival of six cool-season turfgrasses commonly used on golf greens. The experiment was conducted on a sand-based green at Apelsvoll, Norway (60°42′ N, 10°51′ E) during the winters of 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. Turfgrass samples (8 cm in diameter, 10 cm deep) were removed from the plots at the time of cover installation and throughout the winter. The samples were potted and percent live turfgrass cover assessed after 21 d of regrowth in a growth chamber. Percent turfgrass cover, percent disease, and turfgrass quality were also registered in the field plots in spring. Results indicated that velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.) had superior tolerance to IE, surviving for 98 and 119 d of IE during the winters of 2011–2012 and 2012–2013, respectively. The order of IE tolerance in 2012–2013 was: velvet bentgrass > creeping bentgrass > Chewing’s fescue (Festuca. rubra L. ssp. commutata), slender creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. litoralis) ≥ colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris) > annual bluegrass. Colonial bentgrass responded negatively to both protective covers in 2012 due to the development of Microdocium nivale. None of the species benefited from the plastic cover alone, compared with natural snow conditions. Annual bluegrass was the only species that benefited from plastic over a woven mat.
Forfattere
Milica Fotiric Aksic Radosav Cerovic Vera Rakonjac Ivana Bakic Slavica Colic Mekjell MelandSammendrag
Vitality of pollen, in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth (pollen tube length and pollen tube growth rate) were investigated in Oblačinska sour cherry in order to determine the differences between clones which have divergent yielding potential. For this purpose two ‘Oblačinska’ sour cherry clones with high fruit set and high yields (II/2, III/9) and two with low fruit set and low-yielding (XI/3 and XIII/1) were used in this study. Pollen germination was done on artificial medium containing 14% sucrose and 0.3% agar-agar at room temperature (23°C). Pollen tube growth was stopped with a drop of 40% formaldehyde, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after contact with the medium. The maximum percentage of germination ranged from 13.01% (clone II/2, after 1 h) to 54.19% (clone III/9, after 24 h). Pollen tube length varied from 64.84 μm (clone XIII/1, after 1 h) to >1,100 μm (clones II/2 and III/9, after 24 h). Pollen growth rate was quite high (up to 1.71 μm min-1) after 6 h of germination, but rather decreasing until 24 h of germination (0.560.83 μm min-1). The dynamics of in vitro pollen tubes growth among the clones were quite different, especially after 12 h and 24 h of germination. Clones that are singled out as fruitful (II/2 and III/9) gave much better results regarding pollen germination and pollen tube growth in comparison to clones which were characterized by low fruit set and yields (XI/3 and XIII/1).
Sammendrag
В рамках международного проекта по мониторингу бурого медведя на территории трехстороннего парка «Пасвик-Инари» (Россия, Норвегия, Финляндия) проведен анализ численности и структуры популяции бурого медведя на российской сторо-не в 2015 г. В работе представлены данные, полученные в результате применения двух бесконтактных методов: анализа ДНК образцов шерсти и экскрементов и мето-да использования фотоловушек. Материал собирали с помощью пяти ловушек для сбора шерсти из колючей проволоки и пахучей приманки и четырех фотоловушек модели Boskon Guard. Помимо этого проводился сбор экскрементов, а также шер- сти с линии ИТС государственной границы представителями Пограничной службы России. Всего было собрано 54 образца шерсти и 10 образцов экскрементов. На основании полученных результатов рассчитана численность медведей на иссле-дуемой территории, которая составила 20 особей: 13 особей были установлены при помощи только анализа ДНК, остальные 7 – при помощи фотоловушек. Всего определено 9 самок и 7 самцов; 13 взрослых особей, 4 второгодка и 3 сеголетка. Социальная структура включала в себя три семейные группы и 10 одиночек, из кото- рых один – возможный самец-доминант. Плотность населения медведей на иссле- дуемой территории составила 1 особь на 1000 га. Совместное применение методов сбора шерсти и экскрементов, фотоловушек, а также ГИС показало себя взаимодо- полняющим при анализе численности и структуры популяции бурого медведя.
Forfattere
Anna Palmé Heli Fitzgerald Jens Weibull Åsmund Asdal Birgitte Lund Dag Terje Filip Endresen Elina Kiviharju Hjörtur Þorbjörnsson Morten Rasmussen Ulrika Carlson-NilssonSammendrag
The Nordic project “Ecosystem services: Genetic resources and crop wild relatives” was initiated with the long-term aim to assure conservation and sustainable use of the wild genetic resources associated with future food security. There is an increasing threat to crop wild relatives (CWRs) in nature and actions are therefore needed to safeguard these important resources. The Nordic project has resulted in two stakeholder workshops (Stockholm 2015, Vilnius 2016), a common homepage dedicated to Nordic CWR (www.nordgen.org/cwr), policy recommendations on CWR conservation and use and the first common Nordic conservation approach for CWRs. During the project, a common CWR checklist was created and prioritized. The most important crop wild relatives of the region, related to food and forage crops, were selected with use and value criteria. The in situ conservation planning identified potential complementary conservation sites for the priority species. These sites would conserve a maximum number of target taxa and their intraspecific variation by using ecogeographic land characteristic map categories of the region as a proxy for the adaptive scenarios of the priority taxa populations. The potential conservation sites are found in all the five countries (Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden) across the Nordic region. Since the Nordic countries share many species and habitats across the region, the goal is that joint conservation planning on the Nordic level should make national conservation activities more efficient. The project is funded by Nordic Council of Ministers.
Forfattere
Leif Sundheim Inger Therese L. Lillegaard Christiane Kruse Fæste Anne Lise Brantsæter Guro Brodal Gunnar Sundstøl EriksenSammendrag
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin in Norwegian cereals, and DON is detected in most samples of crude cereal grain and cereal food commodities such as flour, bran, and oat flakes. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety assessed the risk for adverse effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in different age groups of the domestic population. This review presents the main results from the risk assessment, supplemented with some recently published data. Impairment of the immune system together with reduced feed intake and weight gain are the critical effects of DON in experimental animals on which the current tolerable daily intake was established. Based on food consumption and occurrence data, the mean exposure to DON in years with low and high levels of DON in the flour, respectively, were in the range of or up to two times the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) in 1-year-old infants and 2-year-old children. In years with high mean DON concentration, the high (95th-percentile) exposure exceeded the TDI by up to 3.5 times in 1-, 2- , 4-, and 9-year-old children. The assessment concluded that exceeding the TDI in infants and children is of concern. The estimated dietary DON intakes in adolescent and adult populations are in the range of the TDI or below, and are not a health concern. Acute human exposure to DON is not of concern in any age group.
Forfattere
Yusuke Satoh Taher Kahil Edward Byers Peter Burek Günther Fischer Sylvia Tramberend Peter Greve Martina Flörke Stephanie Eisner Naota Hanasaki Piotr Magnuszewski Luzma Fabiola Nava William Cosgrove Simon Langan Yoshihide WadaSammendrag
This paper presents one of the first quantitative scenario assessments for future water sup- ply and demand in Asia to 2050. The assessment, developed by the Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative, uses the latest set of global climate change and socioeconomic scenarios and state-of-the-art global hydrological models. In Asia, water demand for irrigation, industry, and households is projected to increase substantially in the coming decades (30–40% by 2050 compared to 2010). These changes are expected to exacerbate water stress, especially in the current hotspots such as north India and Pakistan, and north China. By 2050, 20% of the land area in the Asia-Pacific region, with a population of 1.6–2 bil- lion, is projected to experience severe water stress. We find that socioeconomic changes are the main drivers of worsening water scarcity in Asia, with climate change impacts further increasing the challenge into the 21st century. Moreover, a detailed basin-level analysis of the hydro-economic conditions of 40 Asian basins shows that although the coping capacity of all basins is expected to improve due to gross domestic product (GDP) growth, some basins continuously face severe water challenges. These basins will potentially be home to up to 1.6 billion people by mid-21st century.
Sammendrag
Over the recent decades, the Norwegian cereal industry has had major practical and financial challenges associated with the occurrence of Fusarium and mycotoxins in cereal grains. From 2011, payment reductions to farmers were implemented for oat grain lots with high levels of deoxynivalenol (DON). However, according to preliminary results by NIBIO, NMBU and Graminor, certain oat varieties with generally medium or low DON contamination, may contain high levels of HT-2 and T-2-toxins (HT2+T2). These mycotoxins, formed by Fusarium langsethiae, are considerably more toxic than DON. Resistance to F. langsethiae is not included in the variety screening in Norway. In 2016 a new project, SafeOats, was initiated. This project is led by NIBIO and is a collaboration between NIBIO, NMBU, Kimen, and the main Norwegian and Swedish breeding companies, Graminor and Lantmännen. Harper Adam University (UK) and Julius Kühn-Institut (Germany) are international collaborators. SafeOats will develop resistance screening methods in order to facilitate the phase-out of susceptible oat germplasm. Furthermore, SafeOats will give new insight into the biology of F. langsethiae and HT2+T2 accumulation in oats, and thus facilitate the choice of relevant control measures. The results from SafeOats will benefit consumers nationally and internationally by providing tools to increase the share of high quality grain into the food and feed industry. SafeOats is financed by The Foundation for Research Levy on Agricultural Products/Agricultural Agreement Research Fund/Research Council of Norway with support from the industry partners Graminor, Lantmännen, Kimen, Felleskjøpet Agri, Felleskjøpet Rogaland Agder, Fiskå Mølle Moss, Norgesmøllene and Strand Unikorn/Norgesfor.