Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2019
Authors
Atle Wehn HegnesAbstract
Purpose An important requirement when producers apply for protected designation of origin (PDO) or protected geographical indications (PGIs) is to adapt and agree on a concise definition of the geographical boundaries and area of the product. Whereas PDO products must be both strongly ecologically and culturally embedded in the specific area, PGI products are allowed a weaker degree of embeddedness. The research question of this paper is: How are geographical boundaries becoming PDOs and PGIs? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on diverse forms of empirical material. Document studies of laws, policy documents, etc. have been analyzed to uncover what kind of measures and concepts that have been important for implementation of the scheme in Norway. Interviews with producer organizations have involved the persons responsible for working out product regulations in producer organizations. Interviews have also been conducted with key informants representing public administrative bodies administering the regulation. All interviews have been semi-structured. Findings The analysis identifies a set of important conditions for the boundary work of PDO-PGI in Norway. The conditions can generally be said to be characterized by a weak understanding of the food-people-places nexus and a strong reliance on instrumentalised system logic in how to deal with the map-nature dimension in boundary work. The short answer to the research question is that geographical boundaries are becoming PDO and PGI through controversies. Originality/value The controversies are characterized by what is defined as cultural adaptation work. The actors overall adaptation work is understood as the sum of the practices that takes place in the interplay between people’s translations of language and knowledge, reorganization of social relationships and transformation of materiality. The interplay is embedded in the tension between the global and the local, the old and the new and results in both intended and unintended consequences.
Authors
Karin Westlund Petrus Jönsson Dag Fjeld Peter Rauch Christoph KoglerAbstract
Seasonal variations in wood supply are linked to the regional operating environment. This study constitutes the Norwegian contribution to Era-Net MultiStrat (Multimodal strategies for more resilient wood supply) covering oceanic, sub-arctic and continental climate zones. The oceanic zone is characterized by considerable seasonal variation in both temperature and precipitation. The goal of the study was to seek solutions for more resilient wood supply under these conditions. The study started with a general mapping of wood supply management processes including common demand and supply risks (WP1). The work continued with analysis of three years of production and transport reports (2014-2016) with tracking of roadside stocks and transport lead times (WP2). Daily temperature, precipitation, and snowpack were tracked with data from 65 surrounding weather stations. A simple multimodal transport problem with a rolling selection of planning horizons was then used to find the efficient multimodal solutions for the core, adjacent and peripheral supply regions through 12 balance periods per year (WP3). The transport analysis covers 65 supply districts feeding 6 assortment groups to 10 mills via 11 shipping terminals. The transport analysis varied both vessel cargo capacity and cargo collection practices. The results demonstrated a wide range of solutions to ensure roundwood availability with limited increases in system costs. While the transport analysis demonstrated the contribution of the multimodal solutions to structural flexibility, it also revealed a bottleneck for resilience of the wood supply system; seasonal variation in truck transport output (m3km/week). The geographical distribution of seasonality showed the main source to be one particular supply region. A subsequent wood supply planning workshop with production managers indicated that a bottleneck for improved production planning was short wood purchase and planning horizons. A simple optimization experiment was therefore set up to quantify the feasibility of more specific site-type selection according to actual soil and seasonal weather conditions for the selected region. On-line grid-based groundwater modeling was used to monitor weekly geographical variations in bearing capacity and the experiment provided a plausible re-scheduling of flows to reduce variation in delivery volumes and transport output.
Authors
Milica Fotiric Akšic Dragana Dabic Zagorac Milica Sredojevic Jasminka Milivojevic Uros Gasic Mekjell Meland Maja NaticAbstract
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Authors
Bjørg Helen Nøstvold Ingrid Kvalvik Morten Heide Florent Govaerts Kristin Beate Hansen Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Hilde Halland Åse Vøllestad Susanne RamstadAbstract
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Authors
Finn-Arne HaugenAbstract
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Abstract
Aim: Many countries lack informative, high‐resolution, wall‐to‐wall vegetation or land cover maps. Such maps are useful for land use and nature management, and for input to regional climate and hydrological models. Land cover maps based on remote sensing data typically lack the required ecological information, whereas traditional field‐based mapping is too expensive to be carried out over large areas. In this study, we therefore explore the extent to which distribution modelling (DM) methods are useful for predicting the current distribution of vegetation types (VT) on a national scale. Location: Mainland Norway, covering ca. 324,000 km2. Methods: We used presence/absence data for 31 different VTs, mapped wall‐to‐wall in an area frame survey with 1081 rectangular plots of 0.9 km2. Distribution models for each VT were obtained by logistic generalised linear modelling, using stepwise forward selection with an F‐ratio test. A total of 116 explanatory variables, recorded in 100 m × 100 m grid cells, were used. The 31 models were evaluated by applying the AUC criterion to an independent evaluation dataset. Results: Twenty‐one of the 31 models had AUC values higher than 0.8. The highest AUC value (0.989) was obtained for Poor/rich broadleaf deciduous forest, whereas the lowest AUC (0.671) was obtained for Lichen and heather spruce forest. Overall, we found that rare VTs are predicted better than common ones, and coastal VTs are predicted better than inland ones. Conclusions: Our study establishes DM as a viable tool for spatial prediction of aggregated species‐based entities such as VTs on a regional scale and at a fine (100 m) spatial resolution, provided relevant predictor variables are available. We discuss the potential uses of distribution models in utilizing large‐scale international vegetation surveys. We also argue that predictions from such models may improve parameterisation of vegetation distribution in earth system models.
Authors
Seyda Özkan_Gülzari Grete H. M. Jørgensen Svein Eilertsen Inger Hansen Snorre Hagen Ida Marie Luna Fløystad Rupert PalmeAbstract
Several non-invasive methods for assessing stress responses have been developed and validated for many animal species. Due to species-specific differences in metabolism and excretion of stress hormones, methods should be validated for each species. The aim of this study was to conduct a physiological validation of an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) in male reindeer by administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; intramuscular, 0.25 mg per animal). A total of 317 samples were collected from eight male reindeer over a 44 h period at Tverrvatnet in Norway in mid-winter. In addition, 114 samples were collected from a group of reindeer during normal handling and calf marking at Stjernevatn in Norway. Following ACTH injection, FCM levels (median and range) were 568 (268–2415) ng/g after two hours, 2718 (414–8550) ng/g after seven hours and 918 (500–6931) ng/g after 24 h. Levels were significantly higher from seven hours onwards compared to earlier hours (p < 0.001). The FCM levels at Stjernevatn were significantly (p < 0.001) different before (samples collected zero to two hours; median: 479 ng/g) and after calf marking (eight to ten hours; median: 1469 ng/g). Identification of the faecal samples belonging to individual animals was conducted using DNA analysis across time. This study reports a successful validation of a non-invasive technique for measuring stress in reindeer, which can be applied in future studies in the fields of biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare.
Abstract
Kalvedødelighet rundt fødsel, kalvingsvansker og samla kjøttproduksjon hos kyr med enkling og tvillingfødsler ble undersøkt i en ammekubesetning i perioden 2005-2019. Dyra var Hereford og Limousin og krysninger mellom disse. Det var i alt 782 enklingfødsler og 40 tvillingfødsler, og tvillingfrekvensen var i middel 4,9 % for hele perioden. Det var ikke signifikant forskjell i kalvedødelighet ved enkling- og tvillingfødsler hos kviger (7,8 % og 21,4 %), men signifikant forskjell hos kyr (1,1 % og 13,6 %.). Det var ingen signifikant forskjell mellom enkling og tvilling hos kukalver, men signifikant forskjell hos oksekalver. Det var stor og signifikant forskjell i forekomsten av kalvingsvansker hos kyr og kviger (7,9 % og 35,0 %) og signifikant forskjell mellom enkling- og tvillingfødsler (12,5 % og 25,0 %). Hos kyr ble det funnet signifikant større andel tomme kyr etter tvillingfødsler enn enklingfødsler (26,9 % og 11,3 %) Studien av slaktevekter og slakteopplysninger er basert på info fra 362 enkelfødte kalver og 39 tvillingkalver. Det var ingen signifikant forskjell i middel slaktevekt for kviger og okser mellom enkeltfødte og tvillingfødte dyr. Tvillingokser var 14,2 kg tyngre enn enkeltfødte okser, mens tvillingkviger var 11,7 kg lettere enn enkeltfødte kviger, og det var signifikant samspill i slaktevekt mellom kjønn og enkling/tvilling. Det var ingen signifikante forskjeller mellom enklinger og tvillinger i slakteklasse eller fettklasse. Den relativt lange tida fra avvenning til slakting synes å gi tvillingkalver mulighet til å kompensere for lavere fødselsvekt og lavere forventa vekt ved avvenning. Tvillingmødre avvente 73,5 % flere kalver enn kyr med enklinger (1,70 mot 0,98 kalver), og dette resulterte i 74,7 % større samla slaktevekt og 75,7 % større slakteverdi hos disse kyrne. Muligheter for å øke tvillingfrekvensen hos kyr og noen dyreetiske, ressursmessige og miljømessige forhold omkring tvillingfødsler er diskutert.
Authors
Junbin ZhaoAbstract
As the main drivers of climate change, greenhouse gas (e.g., CO2 and CH4) emissions have been monitored intensively across the globe. The static chamber is one of the most commonly used approaches for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from ecosystems (e.g., stem/soil respiration, CH4 emission, etc.) because of its easy implementation, high accuracy and low cost (Pumpanen et al., 2004). To perform the measurements, a gas analyzer is usually used to measure the changes of greenhouse gas concentrations within a closed chamber that covers an area of interest (e.g., soil surface) over a certain period of time (usually several minutes). The flux rates (F) are then calculated from the recorded gas concentrations assuming that the changing rate is linear: F = vol/(R · T a · area) · dG/dt where vol is the volume of the chamber (l), R is the universal gas constant (l atm K-1 mol-1), Ta is the ambient temperature (K), area is the area of the chamber base (m2 ), and dG/dt is the rate of the measured gas concentration change over time t (ppm s-1) (i.e., the slope of the linear regression).
Authors
Mette Thomsen Eldrid Lein Molteberg Anne-Berit Wold Belachew Asalf Tadesse Pia Heltoft Thomsen Arne HermansenAbstract
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag