Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2019
Forfattere
Marina GamborgSammendrag
Ved utvidelse av næringslokaler i Espehaugen 60 skal det utarbeides en Matjordplan for 1,2 daa på gnr 107 bnr 133 (del av. Landbruksforvaltning i Bergen kommune skal godkjenne matjordplanen. Jordloven §§ 1 og 9 slår fast at ved omdisponering av god matjord bør jordressursene bevares. Rapporten vurderer jordas egenskaper, hydrologiske forhold, fremmedarter, planteskadegjørere samt andre forhold av betydning for jordflytting, og gir anbefalinger for bruk og håndtering av massene. Det ble foretatt feltarbeid den 15 august. Jordsmonnet er siltig mellomsand av typen Hyperskeletic Leptosol og Hortic Anthrosol. Eiendommen er ikke registrert i floghavreregisteret og er fri for PCN. Ellers ble det funnet parkslirekne som må håndteres under jordflyttingen. Det er vurdert to mulige tilflyttingsarealer for et samlet volum av matjord på ≈ 450 m3. Begge foreslåtte arealer har nedsatt eller ingen produksjon på grunn av skrinn matjord eller/og pågående/planlagte landskapsinngrep. Fordelen med tilflyttingsarealet på Grimseid gård er at det er ferdig planert. Rapporten gir veiledning for å håndtere belyste kritiske faktorer for å oppnå godt resultat. Oppfølging av entreprenører som utfører arbeidet er nødvendig.
Forfattere
Henrik Forsberg MathiesenSammendrag
Rapporten gir en oversikt over hvordan vi kan beregne arealtall og gjøre tilgjengelig kart over jordbruksareal som kan være ute av drift. NIBIO har her brukt registerdata og kart over landets arealressurser til å beregne hvor mye av landets kartlagte jordbruksareal som ikke inngår i søknader om produksjonstilskudd i 2018. Undersøkelsen viste at nærmere 1500 kvadratkilometer, som utgjør 13 prosent av landets jordbruksareal, kan være ute av drift. Det virkelige tallet er nok noe lavere.
Forfattere
Klaus Mittenzwei Torbjørn Haukås Signe Kårstad Øyvind Hoveid Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Ingrid RomsaasSammendrag
To prosjekter angående sammenheng mellom pris, tilskudd og produsert mengde i noen husdyrproduksjoner ligger bak denne rapporten. Arbeidet med prosjektene har gått parallelt, og det har vært et tett samarbeid mellom prosjektmedarbeiderne. En brukergruppe sammensatt av nøkkelpersoner fra næring og offentlig forvaltning har bidratt underveis. Den ene delen er en deskriptiv analyse av utvikling av priser, tilskudd og produksjon i perioden 1998-2018. Den andre delen er empiriske analyser for storfe, fordelt på ammeku og melkeku, samt sau/lam og gris. Rapporten gir en kompakt og samlet oversikt over utviklingen i pris, tilskudd og produsert mengde i norsk husdyrproduksjon de siste 20 årene...
Sammendrag
Rapporten oppsummerer resultatene fra prosjektet «Tiltak mot tett mosedekke i kulturmarkseng – utprøving av metoder som ivaretar det biologiske mangfoldet». Prosjektet er finansiert av Landbruksdirektoratet, og ble gjennomført i Trøndelag og Møre og Romsdal i perioden 2016 – 2019. Utfordringen med tett mosedekke er ingen ny problemstilling, men stadig flere rapporterer nå om at dette har blitt et økende problem i de artsrike slåttemarkene, til tross for at de skjøttes. På sikt kan denne utviklinga få negative konsekvenser for det biologiske mangfoldet, fordi det tette mosedekket fører til mangel på egna frøspiringshabitater for gras og urter. Målsetningen med prosjektet var derfor å teste ut ulike metoder som kan egne seg for å bekjempe det tette mosedekket, og samtidig undersøke hvilke effekter de ulike tiltakene har for artsmangfoldet. Hvilke konsekvenser det tette mosedekket har for frøspiringen ble også undersøkt...….
Sammendrag
Trær og busker langs vannkanten i jordbruksvassdrag kan ha både fordeler og ulemper. Den naturlige vegetasjonen kan bidra til et høyt biomangfold både på land og i elva, men kan også tiltrekke seg skadedyr og -insekter som kan redusere matproduksjonen. Trerøtter kan armere elvekantene og beskytte mot graving, erosjon og ras, men røttene kan også tette til og ødelegge dreneringsrør og grøfter. Naturlig kantvegetasjon kan fungere som et rensefilter på næringsstoffer og plantevernmidler som renner av fra jordbruksareal, men kan også bidra til å spre ugras inn på åkeren. I dette Faktaarket oppsummerer vi erfaringer fra norske og internasjonale undersøkelser om temaet.
Forfattere
Gillian Butler Sokratis Stergiadis Eleni Chatzidimitriou Enrica Franceschin Hannah R. Davis Carlo Leifert Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
Dairy products are often considered challenging for health due to their saturated fatty acid content, yet they also provide beneficial nutrients, some unique to ruminants. The degree of fat saturation is influenced by cows’ diets; grazing pasture enhances unsaturated fatty acids in milk compared with conserved forages. These benefits can be partially mimicked by feeding oilseeds and here we consider the impact on milk composition in a 2 × 2 trial, feeding rapeseed to both conventional and organic cows, finding very differing lipid metabolism in the 4 experimental groups. For milk fat, benefits of organic rather than conventional management (+39% PUFA, +24% long chain omega-3 and +12% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)) appear complementary to those from feeding rape (+43% MUFA, +10% PUFA, +40% CLA), combining to produce milk 16% lower SFA and higher in MUFA (43%), PUFA (55%) and CLA (59%). Organic and rape feeding provide less omega-3 PUFA than the conventional and control diets, yet contrary to expectations, together they almost doubled (+94%) the omega-3 concentration in milk, implying a 3.8 fold increase in net transfer from diet into milk. Organic and rape feeding also gave lower trace-elements and antioxidants in milk. Greater understanding of these phenomena might enhance the sustainability of dairying.
Forfattere
Cornelya Klutsch Simo Maduna Natalia Polikarpova Kristin Forfang Paul Eric Aspholm Tommi Nyman Hans Geir Eiken Per-Arne Amundsen Snorre HagenSammendrag
Habitat discontinuity, anthropogenic disturbance, and overharvesting have led to population fragmentation and decline worldwide. Preservation of remaining natural genetic diversity is crucial to avoid continued genetic erosion. Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is an ideal model species for studying anthropogenic influences on genetic integrity, as it has experienced significant genetic alterations throughout its natural distribution range due to habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, translocations, and stocking. The Pasvik River is a subarctic riverine system shared between Norway, Russia, and Finland, subdivided by seven hydroelectric power dams that destroyed about 70% of natural spawning and nursing areas. Stocking is applied in certain river parts to support the natural brown trout population. Adjacent river segments with different management strategies (stocked vs. not stocked) facilitated the simultaneous assessment of genetic impacts of dams and stocking based on analyses of 16 short tandem repeat loci. Dams were expected to increase genetic differentiation between and reduce genetic diversity within river sections. Contrastingly, stocking was predicted to promote genetic homogenization and diversity, but also potentially lead to loss of private alleles and to genetic erosion. Our results showed comparatively low heterozygosity and clear genetic differentiation between adjacent sections in nonstocked river parts, indicating that dams prevent migration and contribute to genetic isolation and loss of genetic diversity. Furthermore, genetic differentiation was low and heterozygosity relatively high across stocked sections. However, in stocked river sections, we found signatures of recent bottlenecks and reductions in private alleles, indicating that only a subset of individuals contributes to reproduction, potentially leading to divergence away from the natural genetic state. Taken together, these results indicate that stocking counteracts the negative fragmentation effects of dams, but also that stocking practices should be planned carefully in order to ensure long‐term preservation of natural genetic diversity and integrity in brown trout and other species in regulated river systems.
Forfattere
Anja Karine Ruud Jon Arne Dieseth Andrea Ficke Eiko Furuki Huyen T. T. Phan Richard P. Oliver Kar-Chun Tan Morten LillemoSammendrag
Parastagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of Septoria nodorum leaf blotch (SNB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It is the most important leaf blotch pathogen in Norwegian spring wheat. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SNB susceptibility have been identified. Some of these QTL are the result of underlying gene-for-gene interactions involving necrotrophic effectors (NEs) and corresponding sensitivity (Snn) genes. A collection of diverse spring wheat lines was evaluated for SNB resistance and susceptibility over seven growing seasons in the field. In addition, wheat seedlings were inoculated and infiltrated with culture filtrates (CFs) from four single spore isolates and infiltrated with semipurified NEs (SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3) under greenhouse conditions. In adult plants, the most stable SNB resistance QTL were located on chromosomes 2B, 2D, 4A, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The QTL on chromosome 2D was effective most years in the field. At the seedling stage, the most significant QTL after inoculation were located on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 3A, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The QTL on chromosomes 3A and 6B were significant both after inoculation and CF infiltration, indicating the presence of novel NE–Snn interactions. The QTL on chromosomes 4B and 7A were significant in both seedlings and adult plants. Correlations between SnToxA sensitivity and disease severity in the field were significant. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide association mapping study (GWAS) to investigate SNB resistance at the adult plant stage under field conditions.
Sammendrag
In organic plant production, nitrogen (N) availability is often a growth-limiting factor. Under such conditions, off-farm waste-derived nutrient resources may be an alternative to meet the N demand. In this study, we described a production method for a shrimp shell (SS) pellet Product and evaluated the N fertiliser effect and N recovery efficiency (NRE) in a controlled climate pot experiment with potatoes. The experiment was set up with low, medium and high N levels of SS pellets in comparison with a standard mineral fertiliser (MF) at 9°C, 15°C and 21°C. In a separate study, we examined the loss of N as N2O from SS pellets in comparison with SS powder in a 100 days incubation experiment. The results documented the possibility to formulate a fertiliser pellet product from SS, and that SS pellets were an effective N fertiliser in potato at all Growth temperatures. Nevertheless, a slightly slower development and lower tuber yields than for MF indicated a delayed N-availability from SS pellet fertiliser. NRE after use of MF was around 90%, and about 70% for the different levels of SS pellets. The incubation experiment showed a higher rate of available N for SS powder than for pellets (67% and 39%, respectively) after 100 days of incubation at constant humidity and temperature. This difference was attributed to a lower degree of dissolved materials and a higher rate of denitrification and N2O emissions for pellets than for powder, probably caused by differences in physical properties, occurrence of anoxic hotspots and higher microbial activity around and inside the SS pellets.
Sammendrag
Legume-based cropping system and Brachiaria forage system could play a significant role in enhancing food and nutrition security and sustainable intensifications of African agriculture. To reveal this potential, a comprehensive review of literatures and assessment was performed using key indicators in relation to food and nutrition quality, agro-ecological services and socioeconomic benefits. The key indicators for legumes intercropping systems include: Grain yield, soil organic matter, food availability, nutritive values of legumes, maize and millets- based foods, proportion of income from crop sale and percentage of farmers aware and/or adopting intercropping. In the case of Brachiaria system, the forage biomass, milk yield, availability of milk, milk nutrition contents, income from Brachiaria grass and milk sale and people practising the Brachiaria technology were considered key indicators. Both systems showed positive impacts and contribute to a range of the United Nation’s sustainable development goals including 1, 2, 3, 12, 13 and 15 and other associated targets. Integrating legume-based cropping systems and Brachiaria forage system will enhance contributions of smallholder farmers to food and nutrition security. The necessary changes needed in technology, institutions and policies to upscale legume-based cropping systems and Brachiaria forage system were suggested. These changes include improved varieties, quality seeds, improved cultivation practices, market provision, effective extension and advisory services and support to the seed productions and distribution systems, among others. Yet, to fully tap the potentials of legume-based and Brachiaria forage systems sustainably and raise the profile of these climate smart systems, context specific research measures are necessary.