Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2022
Sammendrag
NIBIO har i denne rapporten utredet bestemte virkemidler som skal bidra til å sikre hensiktsmessige generasjonsoverganger i reindriften. Rapporten tar for seg rekrutteringssituasjonen i reindriften og tiltak over reindriftsavtalen: tidligpensjonsordningen, etableringstilskudd, særskilt driftstilskudd for ungdom og fagbrevordningen i reindriften. Vi har gjennomført intervjuer med et utvalg av personer som har vært mottakere av de ulike tilskuddene. Vi finner at formålet med de ulike ordningene for en stor del oppfylles og at de som har benyttet seg av tilskuddene i hovedsak er fornøyde. Intervjuene med siidaandelsledere som er i aldersgruppen 57-67 år hvor de har mulighet for å søke tidligpensjon, men har valgt å ikke gjøre det viser imidlertid en bekymring for en forverret økonomisk situasjon dersom de skulle gå over på tidligpensjon. Det er økonomisk krevende å klare seg på tilskuddet til tidligpensjon og det dyretall tidligpensjonisten har anledning til å ha i bevoktning dersom en ikke har muligheter for å skaffe seg annet inntektsgivende arbeid oppfattes som for lavt. Vi foreslår derfor at den som overtar driften til en som tar tidligpensjon gis rett til å søke et rentefritt lån for å kjøpe ut livdyrene til tidligpensjonisten basert på en avtale mellom partene. Vi har også vist til mulige finansieringsordninger for reindrifta i likhet med det øvrig landbruksnæring har gjennom Landkreditt. Disse mulighetene bør etter vår mening være med i en utredning om økonomiske forhold ved generasjonsoverganger i reindriften. ČOAHKKÁIGEASSU: NIBIO lea dán raporttas čielggadan dihtolágan doaibmabijuid mat galget leat veahkkin sihkkarastime ulbmillaš buolvasirdima boazodoalus. Raporttas boahtá ovdán boazodoalu rekrutterendilálašvuohta ja doaibmabijut boazodoallošiehtadusa bokte: árrapenšuvdnaortnet, earenoamáš doaibmadoarjja nuoraide ja boazodoalu fágareiveortnet. Mii leat čađahan jearahallamiid singuin geat leat ožžon dakkár iešguđetlágan doarjagiid. Mii leat gávnnahan ahte daid iešguđetlágan ortnegiid ulbmilat eanas muddui devdojuvvojit, ja sii geat leat ávkkástallan doarjagiiguin leat duhtavaččat. Go leat jearahallan 57–67 jahkásaččaid ahkejoavkku siidaoasejođiheddjiid, geain lea vejolaš ohcat árrapenšuvnna, muhto leat válljen ahte eai daga dan, de čájehuvvo ahte sii leat balus jus ekonomalaš dilli vearáska jus váldet vuostá árrapenšuvdnaortnega. Ipmirduvvo ahte lea ekonomalaččat gáibideaddji birget dušše árrapenšuvnna doarjagiin ja dainna boazologuin maid árrapensionisttas lea vejolaš atnit geahččoboazun, jus ii leat vejolašvuohta háhkat eará dienasbarggu. Dan dihte mii árvalit ahte son gii váldá badjelasas siidaoasi sus gii vuostáiváldá árrapenšuvnna, ahte sutnje addo vejolašvuohta ohcat reantokeahtes loana mainna oastá árrapensionista ealihanbohccuid, mii lea vuođđuduvvon bealálaččaid šiehtadussii. Mii leat maid ovdanbuktán vejolaš ruhtadanortnegiid boazodollui, nugo muđui lea eanandoalus Landkreditt bokte. Mii oaivvildit ahte dat vejolašvuođat berrejit leat mielde go čielggadit ekonomalaš dilálašvuođaid boazodoalu buolvasirdima.
Sammendrag
Legumes are important in sustainable agriculture and particularly so when they are intercropped with other species. In breeding programs, little attention is paid to their agronomic performance in species mixtures. In red clover, improved persistence is an important breeding goal. We identified traits associated with survival of red clover cultivated in pure stands (PS 3) or in mixtures with grasses (MS 3) and managed under a 3-cut system (two locations), as well as in pure stands in a 5-cut system (PS 5, one location). Survivors from replicate plots were collected and a new generation made from each plot. The new generations were characterized in a growth experiment with light or simulated shade, and in a freezing experiment. We show that the traits related to red clover persistence depend on both plant community composition and cutting frequency. MS 3 had more leaves with larger leaf blades and longer petioles during the vegetative stage, followed by earlier stem elongation, higher number of elongating stems, higher biomass (also when accounting for earlier stem elongation) and more leaves in the regrowth after cutting than PS 3. MS 3 also had better freezing tolerance. PS 5 was similar to MS 3 and different from PS 3 in the number of leaves, leaf blade size, petiole length and number of elongating stems. These results show that breeding and cultivar evaluation, which is currently almost exclusively considering performance in pure stands, may miss some variation which provides persistence of red clover in mixtures with grasses.
Sammendrag
Weed-free zone underneath apple trees is important to maximize vegetative growth, fruit yield- and quality. Glyphosate applied twice is the usual strategy in apple orchards in Norway. Due to uncertain future of glyphosate there is a need for alternative strategies. A field trial was conducted during 2021 in an orchard (three-year-old trees). Five alternative strategies were tested: 1) Hot water at 3 L m-2 x 3 (spring, early summer, summer), 2) Hot water at 6 L m-2 x 3 (times as previous), 3) Pelargonic acid at full dose (10.9 kg a.s. ha-1) x 1 (early summer), 4) Pelargonic acid at half dose (5.44 kg a.s. ha-1) x 2 (spring, early summer), and 5) Rotary hoe x 3 (early spring, early summer, summer). Glyphosate at 1.08 kg a.s. ha-1 x 2 (early summer, summer) was included as reference strategy. Hot water (about 80 C, 0.1 bar) was applied with a commercial machine (Heatweed Technologies, Norway). Visual assessments of percentage of ground covered by living vegetation were used to estimate weed control efficacy. Dominating species were Taraxacum officinale, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, Galium aparine, Viola arvensis and Senecio vulgaris. Assessed mid-summer (June 24), hot water applied twice (both 3 L m-2 and 6 L m-2) showed very high efficacies, both about 90%. Pelargonic acid showed rather low efficacies, about 15% (10.9 kg a.s. ha-1 x 1) and 45% (5.44 kg a.s. ha-1 x 2). Rotary hoe twice had almost 60%. Efficacy of glyphosate once was 75%. The last assessment was conducted in mid-July, i.e. about 1-2 weeks after the last application of hot water, rotary hoe and glyphosate. The two hot water strategies resulted in very good weed control, i.e.
Sammendrag
Soil organic carbon (SOC) was studied at 0–45 cm depth after 28 years of cropping with arable and mixed dairy rotations on a soil with an initial SOC level of 2.6% at 0–30 cm. Measurements included both carbon concentration (SOC%) and soil bulk density (BD). Gross C input was calculated from yields. Averaged over all systems, topsoil SOC% declined significantly (−0.20% at 0–15 cm, p = 0.04, −0.39% at 15–30 cm, p = 0.05), but changed little at 30–45 cm (+0.11%, p = 0.15). Declines in topsoil SOC% tended to be greater in arable systems than in mixed dairy systems. Changes in BD were negatively related to those in SOC%, emphasizing the need to measure both when assessing SOC stocks. The overall SOC mass at 0–45 cm declined significantly from 98 to 89 Mg ha−1, representing a loss of 0.3% yr−1 of the initial SOC. Variability within systems was high, but arable cropping showed tendencies of high SOC losses, whilst SOC stocks appeared to be little changed in conventional mixed dairy with 50% ley and organic mixed dairy with 75% ley. The changes were related to the level of C input. Mean C input was 22% higher in mixed dairy than in arable systems.
Forfattere
Jayanga T. Samarasinghe Vindhya Basnayaka Miyuru Gunathilake Hazi M. Azamathulla Upaka RathnayakeSammendrag
The application of numerical models to understand the behavioural pattern of a flood is widely found in the literature. However, the selection of an appropriate hydraulic model is highly essential to conduct reliable predictions. Predicting flood discharges and inundation extents are the two most important outcomes of flood simulations to stakeholders. Precise topographical data and channel geometries along a suitable hydraulic model are required to accurately predict floods. One-dimensional (1D) hydraulic models are now replaced by two-dimensional (2D) or combined 1D/2D models for higher performances. The Hydraulic Engineering Centre’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) has been widely used in all three forms for predicting flood characteristics. However, comparison studies among the 1D, 2D to 1D/2D models are limited in the literature to identify the better/best approach. Therefore, this research was carried out to identify the better approach using an example case study of the Kelani River basin in Sri Lanka. Two flood events (in 2016 and 2018) were separately simulated and tested for their accuracy using observed inundations and satellite-based inundations. It was found that the combined 1D/2D HEC-RAS hydraulic model outperforms other models for the prediction of flows and inundation for both flood events. Therefore, the combined model can be concluded as the better hydraulic model to predict flood characteristics of the Kelani River basin in Sri Lanka. With more flood studies, the conclusions can be more generalized.
Forfattere
P.W. Barnes T.M. Robson P.J. Neale C.E. Williamson R.G. Zepp S. Madronich S.R. Wilson A.L. Andrady A.M. Heikkilä G.H. Bernhard A.F. Bais R.E. Neale J.F. Bornman M.A.K. Jansen A.R. Klekociuk J. Martinez-Abaigar S.A. Robinson Q.-W. Wang A.T. Banaszak D.-P. Häder S. Hylander K.C. Rose S.-Å. Wängberg Bente Føreid W.-C. Hou R. Ossola N.D. Paul J.E. Ukpebor M. P. S. Andersen J. Longstreth T. Schikowski K.R. Solomon B. Sulzberger L.S. Bruckman K.K. Pandey C.C. White L. Zhu M. Zhu P.J. Aucamp J.B. Liley R.L. McKenzie M. Berwick S.N. Byrne L.M. Hollestein R.M. Lucas C.M. Olsen L.E. Rhodes S. Yazar A.R. YoungSammendrag
The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on the environment and human health that arise from changes in the stratospheric ozone layer and concomitant variations in ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The current update is based on scientific advances that have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem and Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects stratospheric ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, and how stratospheric ozone depletion affects climate change. The resulting interlinking effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change are assessed in terms of air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, human health, and natural and synthetic materials. We further highlight potential impacts on the biosphere from extreme climate events that are occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence of climate change. These and other interactive effects are examined with respect to the benefits that the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are providing to life on Earth by controlling the production of various substances that contribute to both stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.
Sammendrag
Tilstanden hoderisting hos hest (Equine headshaking syndrome) har vært kjent lenge, men har uklar etiologi. Vi rekrutterte eiere av hester med hoderisting til å delta i en internettbasert undersøkelse, der informasjon om hoderisting og en lenke til selve spørreskjemaet ble spredt i relevante blader og nettsider. De 333 svarene gir informasjon om hesten, dens oppstalling og bruk, og om hvordan hoderistingen arter seg. Eierne ble spurt om sine formeninger om årsaker, om de hadde gjort tiltak, og i så fall effekt av disse. Materialet omfatter hester av ulike raser og brukstyper, omtrent like mange hopper og vallaker, og nesten 80 % var eldre enn fem år. Mer enn én av tre hester ble holdt i enkeltvis både inne og ute. Vel halvparten oppga at hoderistingen forekommer minst én gang daglig, og 61,4 % sa at det skjer under bruk av hesten. Mer enn hver femte (20,7 %) hest hadde hoderisting grad 3 eller høyere, som innebærer at bruken av hesten er ubehagelig og at den er vanskelig å kontrollere. Rundt 30 % oppga hoderisting av alvorlighetsgrad 0, som betyr at hoderistingen ikke oppstår under bruk og heller ikke påvirker ride- og kjørbarhet. Flertallet av eierne var usikre på årsaker og utløsende faktorer, mens andre mente at insekter, værforhold, hodelag, frustrasjon og utålmodighet kunne utløse hoderisting. Mange hadde forsøkt ulike tiltak og behandlinger, med varierende effekt. Denne studien understøtter at hoderisting trolig er et felles symptom for flere underliggende årsaker. Siden smerte kan være involvert, bør tilstanden tas alvorlig av hensyn til dyrevelferden.
Sammendrag
Proper treatment of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste is challenge as it is not easily degraded and incineration can lead to environmental issue as it will produce toxic chemicals. In this study, a hydrothermal carbonization approach was applied to treat PVC waste. The influence of exogenous additives on dechlorination efficiency of PVC were evaluated. The results showed that, with exogenous additive, substitution, elimination, dehydration and aromatization reaction were enhanced during hydrothermal carbonization. The maximum dechlorination efficiency of 97.50% was achieved with the mass ratio of 1.4% between rice straw and PVC resin at hydrothermal carbonization temperature 240℃ for 120min. The calorific value of hydrothermal charcoal was relatively higher (39.57MJ/kg ± 0.40MJ/kg), indicating a good combustion process. This study presented a novel and sustainable approach, which could convert PVC-waste as a form of solid fuel.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The demand for meat products is rising globally. A potential substitute for meat is synthetic meat, meat produce d in the laboratory. Synthetic meat is not in the market yet due to high production costs and regulatory issues, but it will probably be available during the next decade. If cheap and popular it may crowd out the demand and production of farmed meat and herby affect farmers income. In this study we have used data from a choice experiment in Norway to construct price and income elasticities for synthetic meat with three different assumptions. The data shows that half of the population does not accept synthetic meat. They will not buy it whatever the price. The own-price elasticities were estimated to be in the interval [-0.47,-0.08] and the cross-price elasticities were in the interval [0.09,0.40]. The income elasticities were all close to 0. If these elasticities were valid in a situation in which synthetic meat is available on the market, we could infer that the market for synthetic meat is limited.