Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2023
Sammendrag
This study assessed the meteorological and hydrological droughts and their relationship over 30 years from 1985 to 2015 in the largest river basin (Mahaweli River Basin (MRB)) in Sri Lanka. Data from 14 rainfall, 5 temperature, and 5 streamflow stations in and near the MRB were used in the present study. Universal drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used to assess meteorological droughts. The Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) was used in investigating hydrological droughts. Correlations between meteorological and hydrological droughts were obtained, annual variations were observed (in terms of SPI, SPEI, and SSI), and the spatial distributions of selected drought events were analyzed. Our results revealed that the highest correlation was found in long-term dry conditions in the wet zone. In addition, some negative correlations found showed the opposite behavior of correlations. Furthermore, in annual variations of droughts, extreme droughts were recorded in the dry zone as maximum values, while results were more prominent in the wet zone. In addition, the spatial distribution performed using SPI, SPEI, and SSI showed an extremely dry condition in 2004. Our findings are beneficial for policymaking and for the decision-makers in assessing meteorological and hydrological drought risks in the future.
Sammendrag
Sustainable forest management systems require operational measures to preserve the functional design of forest roads. Frequent road data collection and analysis are essential to support target-oriented and efficient maintenance planning and operations. This study demonstrates an automated solution for monitoring forest road surface deterioration using consumer-grade optical sensors. A YOLOv5 model with StrongSORT tracking was adapted and trained to detect and track potholes in the videos captured by vehicle-mounted cameras. For model training, datasets recorded in diverse geographical regions under different weather conditions were used. The model shows a detection and tracking performance of up to a precision and recall level of 0.79 and 0.58, respectively, with 0.70 mean average precision at an intersection over union (IoU) of at least 0.5. We applied the trained model to a forest road in southern Norway, recorded with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)−fitted dashcam. GNSS-delivered geographical coordinates at 10 Hz rate were used to geolocate the detected potholes. The geolocation performance over this exemple road stretch of 1 km exhibited a root mean square deviation of about 9.7 m compared to OpenStreetMap. Finally, an exemple road deterioration map was compiled, which can be used for scheduling road maintenance operations.
Forfattere
Trond MæhlumSammendrag
Renseanlegg behandler sigevannet fra Bølstad avfallsdeponi i en luftet lagune etterfulgt av sedimentering og filtrering før utslipp til Bølstadbekken. Miljøovervåkningsprogrammet er tilpasset gjeldende sigevannsveileder (TA-2077/2005) og Statsforvalterens krav til dokumentasjon og utslippskontroll (2006). Rapporten beskriver analysedata fra utslippskontroll og driftserfaringer fra 2022. Midlere vannføring i 2022 er beregnet til 65 mP 3 P/døgn i gjennomsnitt, totalt 23 626 mP 3 P som er lavere enn normalt på grunn av relativt lite nedbør og høy temperatur i 2022. Sigevannet fra Bølstad har generelt lave konsentrasjoner, typisk for mange norske deponier i etterdriftsfasen. Krav til årlig middel-konsentrasjon (mg/liter) tilfredsstilles for alle parametere. Årlig utslippsmengde (kg/år) for ammonium-N, tot-N, jern, fosfor og KOF tilfredsstilles. Renseeffekt (%) tilfredsstilles med god margin både for jern og ammonium-N. Nivåene for tungmetallkonsentrasjoner ligger lavt og generelt under terskelverdier. Innholdet av undersøkte organiske miljøgifter er lavt, men det er påvist PFAS forbindelser, også etter rensing. Det er ikke påvist giftighet i utslippsvannet. Overvåkningen av overvannet fra miljøstasjonen/ avsluttet deponi, som i dag ledes direkte til Bølstadbekken, er forurenset. Dette kan skyldes avrenning fra arealer med lagring av park/ hageavfall og rankekompostering med jordproduksjon. Miljøstasjonen som har åpne konteinere med sortert avfall kan også bidra med forurenset avrenning. Avbøtende tiltak bør vurderes. Grunnvannet fra en fjellbrønn i utkanten av deponiet, som benyttes på miljøstasjonen til vasking av utstyr, er påvirket av sigevann. NIBIO anbefaler at driftsoppfølging og miljøovervåkingsprogrammet videreføres i 2023.
Forfattere
Mekjell Meland Mirjam Vujadinović Mandić Ana Vuković Vimić Milica Fotirić AkšićSammendrag
The commercial apple production in Norway is limited to the small regions along the fjord areas in the southwest part of the country and around lakes or near the sea in the southeast part with favorable climate. Due to the rapid rate of climate change over the recent decades, it is expected that suitable heat conditions for apple growing will expand to the areas that previously were too cold. This study analyses the heat suitability of past, present and future climate for six commercial apple varieties in Norway (Discovery, Gravenstein, Summerred, Aroma, Rubinstep, and Elstar). The methodology for identifying favorable heat conditions is developed using meteorological and phenological observations from the Ullensvang orchards and applied on a high-resolution gridded datasets of temperature observations and climate projections. The assessment indicates that with increasing temperatures, heat conditions suitable for cultivation all six apple varieties are expanding. The surfaces with favorable heat conditions for less heat-demanding varieties increased threefold over the last 60 years. In the period 2011-2020, heat suitable climate for cultivating at least one of the considered apple varieties is found at 15% of the analyzed territory, while 2.5% was suitable for growing all six varieties. In the future, the favorable areas will advance from south and southeast northwards and inland in the eastern region, along the west and northwestern coastline towards higher latitudes, and along continental parts of fjords. The fastest expansion of heat suitable conditions is expected for less heat-demanding varieties. The findings of this study show an increasing potential for apple production in Norway that are relevant for strategical planning of climate change adaptation measures within the sector. Weather related risks, such as the risk from damaging low temperatures, drought and extreme precipitation were not considered.
Forfattere
Laura Elina Jaakola Amos Samkumar Rajan Premkumar Katja Hannele Karppinen Inger MartinussenSammendrag
Vaccinium berries include several economically important cultivated and wild species such as blueberries, cranberries, bilberries and lingonberries. These species are recognized for the various health beneficial properties, which are generally linked to the high yields and the complex profile of flavonoids in the berries, including anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol classes of flavonoids. Anthocyanins are one of the main pigments in plants contributing to the characteristic reddish to bluish colours in flowers and fruits. Most important anthocyanins are glucosides of six common aglycons: cyanidins, delphinidins, pelargonidins, petunidins, peonidins and malvidins. Of these, delphinidin branch anthocyanins, namely delphinidins, petunidins, and malvidins are responsible of bluish colours in blue Vaccinium berries. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins has been intensively studied, and the structural enzyme genes responsible of the specific steps of the pathway have been characterised also in diverse Vaccinium species. For the delphinidin branch, flavanone 3’5’ hydroxylase (F3’5’H) is the key enzyme for the branching point towards bluish anthocyanins. Our recent results both from controlled and field experiments have revealed new information on the key regulators controlling the different branches of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in blue-coloured berries. Transcriptome analyses combined with metabolite results have identified signaling routes leading to increase in delphinidin branch anthocyanins. Our results show that the anthocyanin composition in blue Vaccinium berries could be modified by specific environmental factors.
Forfattere
Marleen Pallandt Bernhard Ahrens Marion Schrumpf Holger Lange Sönke Zaehle Markus ReichsteinSammendrag
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, but it is still uncertain how it will respond to climate change. Especially the fate of SOC due to concurrent changes in soil temperature and moisture is uncertain. It is generally accepted that microbially driven SOC decomposition will increase with warming, provided that sufficient soil moisture, and hence enough C substrate, is available for microbial decomposition. We use a mechanistic, microbially explicit SOC decomposition model, the Jena Soil Model (JSM), and focus on the depolymerization of litter and microbial residues by microbes. These model processes are sensitive to temperature and soil moisture content and follow reverse Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Microbial decomposition rate V of the substrate [S] is limited by the microbial biomass [B]: V = Vmax * [S] * [B]/(kMB + [B]). The maximum reaction velocity, Vmax, is temperature sensitive and follows an Arrhenius function. Also, a positive correlation between temperature and kMB-values of different enzymes has been empirically shown, with Q10 values ranging from 0.71-2.80 (Allison et al., 2018). Q10 kMB-values for microbial depolymerization of microbial residues would be low compared to those of a (lignified) litter pool. An increase in kMB leads to a lower reaction velocity (V) and V becomes less temperature sensitive at low substrate concentrations. In this work we focus on the following questions: “how do temperature and soil moisture changes affect modelled heterotrophic respiration through the Michaelis-Menten term? Is there a temperature compensation effect on modelled decomposition rate because of the counteracting temperature sensitivities of Vmax and kMB?” We model these interactions under a mean warming experiment (+3.5 °K) as well as three soil moisture experiments: constant soil moisture, a drought, and a wetting scenario.
Forfattere
Magni Olsen Kyrkjeeide Marianne Evju Kristin Magnussen Øyvind Nystad Handberg Vegar Bakkestuen Tor Erik Brandrud Harald Bratli Børre Kind Dervo Nina Elisabeth Eide Anders Endrestøl Marie-Pierre Gosselin Oddvar Hanssen Rannveig Margrete Jacobsen Stein Ivar Johnsen Bjørn Mejdell Larsen Anders Lyngstad Marit Mjelde Bård Gunnar Stokke Ellen Johanne Svalheim Liv Guri Velle Dag-Inge Øien Aljoscha Schöpfer Lars Martin HauglandSammendrag
Norge, arter, prioriterte arter, utvalgte naturtyper, Rød til grønn-metoden, Rødlista, tiltak, kostnadsberegning
Forfattere
Line Johansen Elena Albertsen Annette Bär Hans Martin Hanslin Ivar Herfindal Bert van der Veen Marie Vestergaard Henriksen Heidi Vinge Sølvi Wehn Erik SolbuSammendrag
Det er en global nedgang av ville pollinatorer, og hovedårsaken til dette er at leveområdene deres er under press og går tapt på grunn av urbanisering og andre arealendringer. I BE(E) DIVERSE prosjektet har vi derfor studert hvordan artsmangfoldet og samspillet mellom planter og ville pollinatorer påvirkes av urbanisering og hvordan dette ivaretas i beslutningsprosesser på lokalt nivå og gjennom konkrete forvaltningstiltak. Vi har hatt ett spesielt fokus på artsrike semi-naturlige enger og veikanter. Oppsummert så viser resultatene fra BE(E) DIVERSE at det viktigste tiltak for å ivareta pollinatorer og deres blomsterressurser er å sikre gjenværende leveområder med høy kvalitet, som semi-naturlige enger, i både urbane og rurale områder. Både semi-naturlig eng og alternative leveområder som veikanter, må skjøttes riktig og inngå i en helhetlig landsapsforvaltning i kommunens arealplanlegging.
Forfattere
Hadush Tsehaye Beyene Leif Sundheim Arne Tronsmo May Bente Brurberg Dereje Assefa Anne Marte TronsmoSammendrag
Fusarium verticillioides is the most common fungal pathogen of maize in Ethiopia. Many strains of this pathogen produce fumonisin myotoxins that are harmful to human and animal health. This study was conducted to determine the fumonisin-producing ability of isolates of F. verticillioides isolated from maize kernels collected from different maize- growing areas of the country. Eighty F. verticillioides isolates were grown on autoclaved maize cultures for one month, and the fumonisin content was quantified using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All the 80 isolates evaluated were able to produce detectable levels of total fumonisins in the maize culture with values ranging from 0.25 to 38.01 mg of the toxin per kg of culture material (fungal biomass and maize kernels). The mean levels of total fumonisins produced by the F. verticillioides isolates were not significantly (p>0.05) different among maize growing areas, however, the total fumonisins levels produced by isolates obtained from the same area as well as agroecological zones were wide-ranging. The results indicate that the majority (57.5%) of the F. verticillioides isolates associated with maize grains in Ethiopia produced total fumonisins >4 mg/kg, while 35% of the isolates produced total fumonisins <2 mg/kg. The widespread occurrence of higher fumonisin-producing strains across all maize-growing areas in Ethiopia indicates a possible food safety risk. Thus, efforts should be made to prevent the spread of this fungus with good agronomic practices and to implore all possible ways to avoid maize contamination with fumonisin both in the field and in storage.
Forfattere
Adam Eindride Naas Rune Halvorsen Peter Horvath Anders Kvalvåg Wollan Harald Bratli Katrine Marie Brynildsrud Eirik Aasmo Finne Lasse Torben Keetz Eva Lieungh Christine Olson Trond Simensen Olav Skarpaas Hilde Tandstad Michal Torma Espen Sommer Værland Anders BrynSammendrag
Questions Field-based ecosystem mapping is prone to observer bias, typically resulting in a mismatch between maps made by different mappers, that is, inconsistency. Experimental studies testing the influence of site, mapping scale, and differences in experience level on inconsistency in field-based ecosystem mapping are lacking. Here, we study how inconsistencies in field-based ecosystem maps depend on these factors. Location Iškoras and Guollemuorsuolu, northeastern Norway, and Landsvik and Lygra, western Norway. Methods In a balanced experiment, four sites were field-mapped wall-to-wall to scales 1:5000 and 1:20,000 by 12 mappers, representing three experience levels. Thematic inconsistency was calculated by overlay analysis of map pairs from the same site, mapped to the same scale. We tested for significant differences between sites, scales, and experience-level groups. Principal components analysis was used in an analysis of additional map inconsistencies and their relationships with site, scale and differences in experience level and time consumption were analysed with redundancy analysis. Results On average, thematic inconsistency was 51%. The most important predictor for thematic inconsistency, and for all map inconsistencies, was site. Scale and its interaction with site predicted map inconsistencies, but only the latter were important for thematic inconsistency. The only experience-level group that differed significantly from the mean thematic inconsistency was that of the most experienced mappers, with nine percentage points. Experience had no significant effect on map inconsistency as a whole. Conclusion Thematic inconsistency was high for all but the dominant thematic units, with potentially adverse consequences for mapping ecosystems that are fragmented or have low coverage. Interactions between site and mapping system properties are considered the main reasons why no relationships between scale and thematic inconsistency were observed. More controlled experiments are needed to quantify the effect of other factors on inconsistency in field-based mapping.