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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2008

Sammendrag

Dagens varsling av tørråteangrep i potet er basert på kunnskap om sammenhengen mellom angrep av tørråte og værforhold " formulert inn i matematiske modeller. Ny meteorologisk metodikk og ny biologisk innsikt lover godt for en bedre takling av tørråtesoppen fremover " men kvitt den blir vi nok aldri.

Sammendrag

Med et offentlig mål om at 15 % av matproduksjonen og -forbruket skal være økologisk i 2015, må norsk økologisk landbruk vokse raskt og mye. Da er det problematisk at mange økobønder slutter. Fra 2004 til 2007 meldte 646 bønder seg ut av Debios kontrollordning for økologisk produksjon. Nettotilveksten i samme periode var bare 177 bruk, slik at det i 2007 var 2611 økogårder i Norge. Andel økologisk jordbruksareal økte fra 3,4 til 3,9 %, noe som er for sakte i forhold til målsetningen.

Sammendrag

Sykdommen klumprot ble beskrevet som et problem allerede på 1200-tallet i Europa, og den er fortsatt et stort problem ved dyrking av korsblomstra vekster over hele verden. Årsak til sykdommen er parasitten Plasmodiophora brassicae som tidligere ble regnet som en sopp, men som etter nyere analysemetoder er definert til rike Protozoa. Parasitten angriper røttene på de fleste arter i korsblomstfamilien, både grønnsaker, prydplanter og viltvoksende planter inkludert en del ugras. Angrepet kan i enkelte tilfeller føre til tap av hele avlinger, og parasitten er meget vanskelig å bli kvitt hvis man først har fått den inn i hagen.

Sammendrag

Kålbladskimmel har de siste årene ført til problemer for dyrkere av korsblomstra grønnsaker, spesielt ruccola og brokkoli. I 2007 har det vært gjennomført et forprosjekt hvor en blant annet har kartlagt sjukdommen i sesongen, sett på effekten av ulike fungicider og gjennomført et litteraturstudium.

Sammendrag

Sorghum anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum is one of the most destructive diseases of sorghum around the world. Owing to the production of sorghum in a wide range of agro-ecological zones with different farming systems since earlier times, diverse sorghum land races exist in Ethiopia that may be creating favorable conditions for the presence of diverse pathogen races. It is for the time being not possible to exploit the variations in the landraces to develop sustainable and affordable disease management strategies because information on the genetic diversity of both the plant and the pathogen are little or lacking in Ethiopian condition. Therefore the current project was developed with the objectives of studying the reaction of Ethiopian adapted sorghum germplasm to anthracnose infection and investigating the morphological and genetic variations among isolates of C. sublineolum from Ethiopia. Two separate experiments are being conducted to achieve these objectives. The first experiment deals with field screening of sorghum germplasm for resistance to anthracnose. More than 100 sorghum lines were screened in 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons at Alaba and Wolayta, Southern Ethiopia. Anthracnose severity at 140 days post planting, measured as the proportion of leaves covered by the disease, ranged from 11% to more than 50% over the 2 years. Results of this experiment revealed the existence of variations in the reaction of the tested lines to natural infection by anthracnose. Some of the lines appeared to possess a good level of stable resistance while others show differential reactions across experimental locations and years. This suggests not only the potential of Ethiopian adapted sorghum germplasm in serving as sources of resistance to anthracnose but also the impact environmental conditions may have on the genotype response to the disease. Furthermore this may suggest the presence of different pathogen pathotypes in the two experimental sites. The second experiment is aimed at investigating the morphological, pathogenic and genetic variations among C. sublineolum isolates from Ethiopia. To achieve this objective more than 90 leaf samples were collected from different parts of Ethiopia and brought to Norway for laboratory analysis. Single spore isolates are being grown on culture media and the genetic variations among the isolates will be analyzed using AFLP. Besides, the isolates will be characterized morphologically. In addition, selected isolates representing different genetic and morphological groups will be inoculated to sets of differential cultivars obtained from Texas, USA in a green house. The experiment will be arranged in CRD (completely randomized design) with 3 replications, and data will be recorded on the presence or absence of anthracnose and severity of the disease will be measured at a week interval to determine the pathogenecity and aggressiveness of the isolates.

Sammendrag

The oomycetes form a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms comprising several notorious pathogens of plants, insects, crustaceans, fish, vertebrates, and various microbes. Several pathogenic oomycetes are responsible for massive destruction and huge losses in agriculture, aquaculture and natural environments. Oomycetes belong to the stramenopiles, a major line of eukaryotes, and are most closely related to algae and unicellular diatoms. They display hyphal growth and spore types that are morphologically and physiologically similar to fungi. However, their parasitic lifestyles have independent evolutionary origins. The plant pathogenic species, in particular the genus Phytophthora, have been studied most extensively and will be focused on in the lecture. The majority of the approximately 80 Phytophthora species that have been described are distinguished by their complex life histories, with both asexual and sexual phases and a number of associated reproductive structures. Plant pathogens secrete an array of effector molecules that facilitate infection of their hosts. Some effectors, called avirulence (Avr) proteins, display specific gene-for-gene interactions with host resistance proteins. Recent characterization of four oomycete Avr genes revealed that they encode proteins with a common modular structure, including N-terminal conserved RXLR-dEER motifs required for targeting these effectors into host cells. The presence of such a conserved "tag" has provided a tool for discovering the otherwise structurally diverse Avr genes present in five recently sequenced genomes of oomycetes. Bioinformatic analysis has identified about four hundred potential genes encoding secreted RXLR-dEER class proteins in each of the genomes of P. infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum. The genome sequences have also revealed many other protein families possibly associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins and proteinase inhibitors. The next challenge is to understand how these proteins together with the RXLR-dEER effectors function to establish infection of their host plants.

Sammendrag

The effects of fertilization and tractor traffic on N2O emission and CH4 uptake in an agricultural soil were studied in a long-term field trial with different fertilization and soil compaction. The soil was a well-drained sandy loam and the crop rotation was rich in leys and legumes adapted to organic farming practise. The fertilization treatments reported here are: Conventional fertilization practise; compound fertilizer with NH4NO3 (NPK), cattle slurry high, cattle slurry level adjusted to organic fertilization practise (CSO), and an unfertilized treatment. The soil was experimentally compacted by two passes with a tractor, wheel by wheel, shortly before fertilization. Gas fluxes at the soil surface were measured by the soil cover method. Conventional fertilization practise (NPK) resulted in 2.1 to 3.4 times higher N2O emissions than with CSO in uncompacted and compacted soil, respectively, in year 7, and 1.0 and 3.0 times higher in year 9. The accumulated CH4 uptake was reduced by 52 % by soil compaction, 50 % on average by fertilization, and 78 % by soil compaction and fertilization combined. Fertilization with NH4NO3 or cattle slurry had similar effects.

Sammendrag

Handlingsplanen som er utarbeidet av Mattilsynet, Bioforsk, Hageselskapet og Norsk gatnerforbund på oppdrag fra Landbruks- og matdepartementet, ble presentert.

Sammendrag

Rapporten presenterer resultatene av overvåkingen av pesticider i perioden 1995-2006. Resultatene er presentert for ett pesticid om gangen og oppsummerer funn av pesticider i bekker, elver, grunnvann, grøftevann, episodestudier, nedbør og sediment. Resultatene er presentert i tabeller og med en kort tekst som oppsummerer de viktigste resultatene og midlenes egenskaper.

Sammendrag

Rapporten presenterer resultatene av overvåkingen av pesticider i 2006 og oppsummerer funn av pesticider i bekker, elver i perioden 1995-2006. Det er undersøkt resipienter i ulike deler av landet. Miljøeffektene av funnene i overflatevann er vurdert. Omfanget av bruken av pesticider i en del felt er registrert og bruk i nedbørfeltet og funn i bekkene er sett i sammenheng. For den enkelte resipient er tilstanden med hensyn på påvisning av pesticider presentert. Det er gjort analyser av utvikling i bruk og funn av enkeltstoff som har fått endringer i sin godkjenning, samt av utvikling av pesticidfunn i bekker og elver.