Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Kari SkjånesSammendrag
Green microalgae can be used for a number of commercial applications, including health food for human consumption, aquaculture and animal feed, coloring agents, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Several products from green algae that are in use today, consist of metabolites which can be extracted from the algal biomass. The most well known examples are the carotenoids astaxanthin and Β-carotene, which are used as coloring agents and for health promoting purposes. Many species of green algae are able to produce valuable components for different uses, examples are antioxidants, several different carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, anticancer and antiviral drugs. In many cases these components are secondary metabolites which are produced when the algae are exposed for stress conditions like for example nutrient deprivation, light intensity, temperature, salinity, pH and other. In other cases the components have been detected in algae grown under optimal conditions, and little is known about how an optimal production of each product could be induced and how their production would react to stress conditions. Some green algae have shown the ability to produce significant amounts of hydrogen gas during sulfur deprivation, a process which is currently extensively studied. At the moment, the majority of research in this field has focused on the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but other species of green algae have also showed this ability. Currently there is scarce information available regarding the possibility for producing hydrogen and other valuable components in the same process. This study explores stress conditions which are known to induce production of the different valuable products in comparison with stress reactions leading to hydrogen production. Wild type species of green microalgae with ability to produce hydrogen during anaerobic conditions, and during sulfur deprivation are compared to species with known ability to produce high amounts of certain valuable metabolites. . This information is explored in order to form a basis for selection of wild type species for a future multidiciplinary process, where hydrogen production from solar energy is combined with production of valuable metabolites and other commercial uses of the algal biomass.
Sammendrag
The leaf blotch complex is one of the most important yield limiting disease on wheat in Norway. It is caused by three pathogens, Septoria tritici ( Mycosphaerella graminicola), Stagonospora nodorum ( Phaeosphaeria nodorum), and Drechslera tritici-repentis (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis). The symptoms of each of the pathogens are similar and easily confused with leaf senescence, making it difficult to assess the true disease severity and thus hampering breeding for leaf blotch resistance. To reduce unnecessary pesticide use and the risk of pesticide resistance developing in the fungal populations, timing of disease control measures are based on forecasting models. The degree of a leaf blotch epidemic is determined by initial inoculums, precipitation, temperature, time, availability of susceptible hosts and the degree of susceptibility. During the last 20 years, the start of the growing season as marked by a soil temperature of 5C, has advanced by 1-1.5 days per year (Rafoss, 2009), indicating an increase in the length of growing seasons. The trend for warmer and wetter growing seasons is predicted to continue in the future. It is of high relevance to the wheat industry to understand the impact of these changes on leaf blotch diseases in the field to optimize disease forecasting and management. We have collected data on leaf blotch severity in the field and weather conditions at different wheat growing areas in Norway over the last 10 years. Based on this data, we do not see a general increase in disease severity over the last decade. However, the data shows that there are local shifts in maximum disease severity; areas that support high disease severity and areas that support very little. Given the amount of initial inoculum and availability of susceptible hosts are comparable between the different wheat growing areas, the local climate per site becomes the determining factor for the epidemic. We studied the effect of relatively small, local differences in precipitation, temperature, and start of growing season on leaf blotch development in the field. The analysis of local shifts in climatic conditions and their relation to disease development allows us to estimate the effect of the changing climate on leaf blotch disease in the future.
Sammendrag
Organic fields are often assumed to have fewer pests and more beneficials than conventionally managed fields. We monitored 12 Norwegian strawberry fields, 6 organic and 6 conventional fields, by sampling leaves twice a year in 2002 and 2003. Young folded leaflets were visually inspected for eggs and adult females of strawberry mite (Phytonemus pallidus fragariae), and mature leaves were used for extraction of mobile stages of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). The spider mites were examined for infection of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana. Predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) were recorded on both leaf types, and the females mounted and identified. We also sampled leaves from selected plants in the boundary vegetation of most fields to look for sources of T. urticae, phytoseiids and N. floridana. Soil was sampled from each field, to study the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes. All samples were taken 0-13 metres from the border vegetation. Both pest mites tended to be more abundant in conventional than in organic fields, while the number of phytoseiid mites was very low in both growing systems. Nevertheless, three phytoseiid species were recorded for the first time in Norway: Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse, Neoseiulus kodryensis (Kolodochka) and Neoseiulus reductus (Wainstein). N. floridana infection found in T. urticae females varied from 0-19%, and was higher in 2002 than in 2003. The fungus was recorded at least once in all 12 fields, and there was no consistent difference between the two growing systems. In 2002 there was a significant negative correlation between % T. urticae with N. floridana hyphal bodies found in the first sampling and the number of T. urticae present in the second sampling about 4 weeks later. Beneficial nematodes (mostly Steinernema) tended to occur in more of the organic than of the conventional soil samples. To sum up, both pests (T. urticae and P. pallidus) and one of the beneficial groups (entomopathogenic nematodes) seemed to conform to the expected difference between organic and conventional fields. There are many possible mechanisms related to the differences in pesticide and fertilization regimes that could lead to such a pattern. For the two remaining beneficials (N. floridana and Phytoseiidae) we could not find a consistent correlation between abundance and growing system.
Sammendrag
The water quality in the western part of Lake Vansjø in south eastern Norway is classified as very poor due to excessive growth of blue green algae. It has been shown that phosphorus (P) losses are high from a subcatchment where potatoes and vegetables are grown on 25 % of the agricultural area. The water quality of the lake is of great concern because it is the drinking water reservoir of 60.000 inhabitants and an important recreation area for people living in the area. An integrated project funded by the government was started in 2008 in order to improve the water quality of the lake. Within this project, the public agricultural management, agricultural advisors, farmers and the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) collaborate to attain the target of improved water quality. The farmers are encouraged to sign a contract where they will receive a financial support for covering extra costs for committing to a set of restrictions and mitigation options aiming at reduced P losses. Vegetable- and potato fields give large challenges when aiming at reduced P losses. A large part of the research activity is therefore related to possible mitigation options on these fields, e.g. effect of reduced P fertilization on yields and quality of bulb onion (Allium cepa), carrots (Daucus carota) and white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata alba), and evaluation of catch crops as a mitigation option for reduced soil erosion from these fields. Development of constructed wetlands to include filters that adsorb P and measurement of P losses through tile drains are also included in the project.
Forfattere
Roberto Spigarolo Valerio Sarti Giulio GiorgiSammendrag
This report describes the political organisation and policies about public organic procurement in Italy, especially within school catering, and how organic products are utilized in this sector. The report is produced within the project “innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth”, iPOPY, and is a revised version of a preliminary report published in the same report series in 2008. Organic and otherwise typical and certified food is supported by several Italian regions by regulations and guidelines demanding that municipalities must prioritize such food in their calls for tenders. This has contributed to make Italy a leading public consumer of organic food, serving about 1 million dishes of school food per day with at least some organic ingredients. In total, about 40% of the food consumed in Italian schools is organic, and 36% from otherwise certified agriculture (local speciality, integrated or fair trade). On full length school days, all pupils are served a warm meal with two dishes, commonly also a desert. The average payment is 3.86 Euro. Future challenges for the Italian school meals with their high share of organic food are to reduce the high amounts of food waste, partly incurred by the current system of food serving where all pupils get equal portions, served at a table. Further, non-food costs are a challenge, as they constitute 70 % of the total food costs. Means to ensure that municipalities and caterers follow the regional guidelines are also required, as well as support for the municipalities to design efficient calls for tenders. The communication about organic food in schools, e.g. as a part of the education, should be strengthened to increase the pupil’s understanding of the benefits of this farming practice for the environment.
Forfattere
Espen Govasmark Jessica Stäb Børge Holen Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen Douve HoornstraSammendrag
The European Union Council directive 1999/31/EC states that no waste should be deposited on landfills without being treated in some way. Source separating of organic wastes at the household is one way of treating the waste to reduce the amount of waste entering the landfill. Anaerobic digestion on biogas plants (BGP) is a management strategy of organic wastes which combines recycling of plant nutrients in organic waste with production of renewable energy (Hartmann & Ahring 2006). The anaerobic digested residue (ADR) can be used as fertilizer, thereby recycling nutrients back to agriculture and horticulture. However, the ADR is not a harmless product since it may contain pollutants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants and pesticide but also pathogenic bacteria which are introduced to the soil ecosystem by its application (Kupper at al. 2008; Brändli et al 2007; Brändli et al., 2005; Sahlström 2003). Therefore, it is important to assess the safety of using digestate as fertilizer with respect to the chemical and bacteriological content. Anaerobically digested organic waste was analysed for the content of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the bacteria E.coli and B.cereus each month in a year. The digestate was separated into a fiber and liquid fraction by centrifugation at the BGP. Heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg DM) in the fiber was (min-max); Zn (162-364), Cu (34-69), Cd (0.2-0.4), Ni (6-19), Cr (15-33), Pb (6-13) and Hg (0.03-0.17), and in the liquid; Zn (132-422), Cu (23-57), Cd (0.2-0.6), Ni (3-11), Pb (4-6) and Hg (0.05-0.15). Organic pollutant and pesticide concentrations (µg/kg DM) in the fiber was: ∑PAH 16 (585-1544), ∑PBDE (2.4-9.5), DEHP (13440-64874), Imazalil (380-4190) and Tiabendazol (140-670) and in the liquid: ∑PAH 16 (n.d-65), ∑PBDE (n.d-0.2), DEHP (233-2113), Imazalil (370-5770) and Tiabendazol (n.d-730). The digestate did not contain viable E.coli but contained 0.5 to 10 × 106 viable B.cereus per ml of which 1 % were heat stable spores. Culturable presumptive B.cereus was isolated in 9 out of 10 samples. The concentration of heavy metals was within class I according to the Norwegian standard. Only DEHP were found in concentrations higher than the threshold values for composts in Austria and Denmark, but lower than for sewage sludge used as fertilizer in EU. The concentration of Imazalil and Thiabendazol was higher than expected, but not threshold are available. Analysis of DNA showed that the digestate contained B. cereus and a portion of the B. cereus genomes possessed the cesB gene. Approximately 1 % of the heat stable spores represented B. cereus. The content of viable B. cereus in the digestate was acceptable for foods. The authors therefor conclude that the digestate is safe to use as fertilizers in agriculture with respect to heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the bacteria E.coli and B.cereus. REFERENCES Brändli, R.C., Bucheli, T.D., Kupper, T., Mayer, J., Stadelmann, F.X. & Tarradellas, J. 2007. Fate of PCBs, PAHs and their sorce characteristics ratios during composting and digestion of source-separated organic waste in full-scale plants. Environmental Pollution 148, pp. 520-528. Brändli, R.C., Bucheli, T.D., Kupper, T., Furrer, R., Stadelmann, F.X., & Tarradellas, J. 2005. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Source-Separated Compost and Its Feedstock Materials - a Review of Field Studies. Journal of Environmental. Quality 34(3), pp. 735-760. EC. 1999. Council directive of 1999/31/EC on 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Official Journal of the European Communities, European commission, Brussels, Belgium, L182, pp 1-19. Hartmann, H. & Ahring B.K. 2006. Strategies for the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste; an overview. Water Science. Technology 53 (8), pp. 7-22. Kupper, T., Bucheli, T.D., Brändli, R.C., Ortelli, D. & Edder,P. 2008. Dissipation of pesticides during composting and anaerobic digestion of source-separated organic waste at full-scale plants. Bioresource Technology 99, pp. 7988-7994. Sahlström, L. 2003. A review of survival of pathogenic bacteria in organic waste used in biogas plants. Bioresource Technology 87, pp. 161-166.
Forfattere
Karen Refsgaard Marianne Bechmann Anne-Grete Buseth Blankenberg Svein Skøien Asbjørn VeidalSammendrag
NILF og Bioforsk har gjennomført en undersøkelse for å få en bedre beregning av kostnadseffektiviteten ved gjennomføring av tiltak i landbruket. Undersøkelsen gjelder for korndyrking i Akershus og Østold. Det ble valgt ut 4 av vanndirektivets vannområder for nærmere dybdeinterjuer med bøndene: Leira, Bunnefjorden med Årungen og Gjersjøvassdraget, Morsa og Haldensvassdraget Som tiltak er det spesielt sett på ulike former for redusert jordarbeiding, samt vårkorn i stedet for høstkorn. Kostnadene for bonden er beregnet i form av endret dekningsbidrag sammenliknet fra høstkorn med høstpløying. Det ble brukt en kombinasjon av spørreundersøkelse, dybdeintervjuer og innhenting av tall fra Norsk landbruksrådgiving for å komme fram til kostnadstallene og kalkylene. Fosfortapene er beregnet av Bioforsk. Til grunn for beregningene ligger mange erosjons- og avrenningsforsøk. Effekten av ulik jordarbeiding er beregnet relativt i forhold til vårkorndyrking med høstpløying og harving om våren. Kostnadseffektivitet blir da endret kostnad for bonden (kroner) dividert med redusert tap av fosfor (kg/daa) Av dette følger at tiltak som betyr lite økonomisk for bonden og som samtidig har god effekt på fosfortap, vil være kostnadseffektive. Høstpløyd høstkorn gir generelt bedre dekningsbidrag enn vårkorn, men fosfortapene kan være mye større i løpet av høsten og vinteren. Dekningsbidraget etter at kostnader til maskiner og arbeid er fratrukket, er ca kr 430 per dekar i gjennomsnitt for de 4 områdene. For vårkorn med høst- og vårharving er det ca kr 240. Arealtilskudd og RMP er ikke med i kalkylene. For vårkorn er det mulig å få tilskudd til de arealer som ikke pløyes om høsten, og dette vil selvsagt gi en bedre kalkyle for denne drifta. Reduksjonen i fosfortap ved å gå over fra høsthvete med pløying til vårkorn med harving er beregnet til ca ½ kg per dekar i erosjonsklasse 4, men bare ca 20 gram i erosjonsklasse 1. Effekten av redusert jordarbeiding er altså helt avhengig av erosjonsrisikoen på arealet: Undersøkelsen viser først og fremst at det viktigste er å ha en målrettet innsats for å oppnå de mest kostnadseffektive tiltakene. Å sette inn tiltak i de høyeste erosjonsklasser er mye rimeligere enn i de lavere erosjonsklasser: Endret jordarbeiding fra høstpløying til vårpløying koster i størrelsesorden 300-500 kr/kg P i erosjonsklasse 3 og 50-300 kr/kg P i klasse 4, 500-12 000 kr/kg P i erosjonsklasse 1 og 2. En ser også eksempler på at enkelte tiltak kan være lønnsomme for bøndene uavhengig av effekten på fosfortap. I noen tilfeller er det faktisk mer økonomisk å endre driften fra høstpløyd høsthvete til andre jordarbeidingsmetoder. En viktig årsak er at det er forholdsvis store kostnadene til pløying. Fra tidligere publiserte dekningsbidragskalkyler for korndyrking på Østlandet er det kjent at det er stor variasjon fra gård til gård. Resultatet varierer med naturgitte forhold, avlingsnivå, ulikheter i variable kostnader med mer. Det vil dermed også være slik at kostnadseffektivitet for tiltak mot fosfortap vil variere. Undersøkelsen viser også dette. Den viser også forskjeller mellom vannområdene som dels skyldes naturgitte forhold, men trolig også litt ulik erfaring og tradisjon blant bøndene. Resultatene fra undersøkelsen bekrefter forhold som for så vidt allerede er godt kjent og som det er tatt hensyn til i rådgivingen og tilskuddsforvaltningen: Rådgiving på den enkelte gård er nødvendig både på grunn av naturgitte og av foretaksøkonomiske grunner Det er riktig å målrette tilskuddsordningene i regionalt miljøprogram for å kompensere bøndene for miljøtiltak på de mest erosjonsutsatte delene av gården. Undersøkelsen kan bidra til en enda bedre målretting.
Sammendrag
The efficiency of different organic waste material as NPK fertilizer and risk for leaching losses related to shower precipitation in the first part of the growing season was testet in a pot experiment on a sandy soil in green house. Six organic fertilizers were evaluated: liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) of source separated household waste, nitrified liquid anaerobic digestate (NLAD) of same origin as LAD, meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolysed salmon protein (HSP), reactor composted catering waste (CW) and cattle manure (CM). Unfertilized control, calcium nitrate (CN) and compound fertilizer, Fullgjødsel® 21-4-10 were used as reference fertilizers. Two levels of N-fertilization were applied: 80 kg N ha-1 and 160 kg N ha-1. The amount of fertilizer applied was based on content of mineral N for LAD, NLAD, CN and Fullgjødsel, while Kjeldahl-N content was used for dosage of MBM, HSP, CW and CM. At Zadoks 14 the pots were given a surplus of 28 mm water, as a simulated shower precipitation, and leached water was collected and analyzed for content of N and P. LAD and Fullgjødsel® gave equal yield of barley and uptake of N, P, and K in barley grain, when equal amounts of mineral nitrogen were applied. NLAD gave significantly lower barley yield than the original LAD due to leaching of nitrate-N after simulated surplus of 28 mm precipitation at Zadoks 14. CW also gave yield of barley grain similar to Fullgjødsel®, but significantly less yield of straw. The nutrient content in the different organic fertilizers caused different yield limiting effects. MBM showed K deficiency and had equally small K uptake as CN. Cattle manure had only a small portion of mineral N, and low uptake of N. NLAD had low uptake of P compared to LAD, which also was related to smaller amount of P applied in NLAD. The was significant increased leaching of nitrate N from the treatments receiving 160 kg N ha-1 of CN and NLAD compared to all the other organic fertilizers. It was found significant increased leaching of NH4-N at LAD with 160 kg N ha-1 compared to the other treatments, but the amount of leached NH4-N was very small compared to the nitrate-N leaching for the CN and NLAD treatments. Although the LAD treatment received less P than the CM treatment, the highest P-leaching was found for the LAD treatment. A relatively high proportion of the leached P was PO4-P for the LAD treatment receiving 160 kg N ha-1. CM and CW also had significantly higher P leaching than the other organic fertilizers at 160 kg N ha-1, while most of the treatments had very small P losses and not significantly higher than the unfertilized control. This study showed that liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) was equally good as NPK fertilizer to barley when equal amounts of mineral N were applied. Liquid anaerobic digestate made of source separated household waste can be recommended as fertilizer to cereals. Nitrification of the ammonium N in the digestate caused significantly increased nitrate leaching, and can not be recommended. The composted catering (CW) and hydrolysed salmon protein (HSP) also showed good fertilizer effect, but these fertilizers had not optimal NPK composition and had lower K content than the crop demand. In these materials are used as fertilizers additional K should be applied in order to obtain normal yields.
Forfattere
Carola Strassner Anne-Kristin Løes Benjamin Nölting Niels Heine KristensenSammendrag
This report contains presentations from the four explorative work packages in iPOPY. The iPOPY project –innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth – is one of eight transnational research programs initiated by the 11 European countries participating in the CORE Organic I funding body network. iPOPY aims at increasing the consumption of organic food among young people, especially in school meal settings but also elsewhere, e.g. at music festivals. We work towards this goal by studying how organic food as well as the organic concept in general has been introduced in public food serving settings in various countries, and what may be the most promising approaches. Italy, Finland, Denmark, Norway and Germany are the countries being studied. The iPOPY work packages explore policy issues, supply chain organization and the impact of certification, the users’ perceptions and participation in the food system, and the health impacts of organic food implementation. By June 2010, iPOPY will be completed. Hence, this report is linked to the last iPOPY seminar arranged during the BioFach Trade Fair in Nuremberg, Germany. We arranged similar seminars also in 2008 and 2009. These seminars presented the situation with respect to organic school meals in many different European countries (2008) and in more detail in iPOPY countries as well as some relevant cases (2009). Proceedingsare available from the 2009 seminar (Nölting et al 2009), and all presentations from the 2008 seminar arefound on the iPOPY website, www.ipopy.coreportal.org. In the seminar in 2010, we will draw a link from iPOPY results to the municipality of Nuremberg, which has ambitious aims as to becoming an Organic Model City (BioModellstadt). This includes far reaching goals for the share of organic and regional food served in public schools and kindergartens. Further, the project results will be linked to the general situation for school meals in Europe. For this presentation, no written paper is available, but we will present the slides on the website. From the project we present preliminary recommendations and conclusions from the four explorative work packages. Our final recommendations will focus on school meal systems. In short; these systems are complex constellations composed of heterogeneous elements and are very specific, context and path-dependent. Any intervention has to take into consideration several perspectives which can be divided roughly into a supply side and a demand side, both including political, economical, environmental, social, cultural, and health aspects. Organic food is an important option to make school meal systems more sustainable. In school meal settings, organic food can be linked up with several aspects such as health, environment and fairness. Hence, we suggest to link organic school meals systematically with the broader goal of sustainable nutrition for youth. Furthermore, we suggest embedding organic food in a whole school approach which strives for coherence of the school"s policies and practices. This should include all stakeholders of the food chain – organic producers, caterers, school administration, teachers and pupils in a participatory and action-oriented approach. The (revised) curriculum for food education, the pupils" concept of health, the health and food policy of the school, and the physical and social environment of the school arefurther important factors in a whole school approach.
Forfattere
Espen Govasmark Anicke Brandt-Kjelsen Brit SalbuSammendrag
The diet is the major source of Se to man and intake of this essential element depends on the Se concentration in food and the amount of food consumed. Since the levels of Se in agricultural products in Northern Europe are generally low, Se deficiency to man and animal is a significant problem in many countries. Agronomic Se-fortification of plant products is one strategy to increase the human Se intake. Estimation of diets for Se adequacy requires information not only on the total Se, but also on Se-species, accessibility, bioavailability of Se-species in food. Therefore, the present work focuses on the distribution and speciation of Se in Se enriched wheat grains and its accessibility estimated from extraction with human gastro intestinal juices (HGIJ) and Se bioavailability to chicken determined as the bioconcentration factor (BCF); breast muscle/feed intake Se concentration. In the present work, wheat grains were Se-selenate enriched by soil or foliar fertilisation in a greenhouse experiment at seeding or tillering with or without a spilt nitrogen fertilisation strategy to investigate (1) if the Se-species distribution in grains were affected. Then, field grown Se-enriched wheat grains were used (2) to estimate the total and Se-species distribution in the flour and bran and its accessibility, as chicken feed (3) to estimate the Se BCF and as ingredience in bread (4) to investigate Se-transformation and estimate the Se-accessibility from wheat flour to bakery product. Se-speciation was performed using an anion exchange-HPLC-ICP/MS system with 25-250 mM NH4Ac, pH 5.1 gradient elution. The Se fertilisation with selenate at tillering is more efficient than at seedling and additional N-fertilisation at tillering increases the Se-uptake and re-translocation from leaf to grains. Selenomethionine (SeMet) was the dominant Se-species in the grains, but an unidentified Se-species (Se-cysteine?) is to be investigated. Selenate fertilization closest to grain filing period had a higher proportion of selenate and a lower ratio between SeMet and the unidentified Se species, than Se fertilization at seeding. N fertilisation did not affect the Se-species distribution. The Se concentration in field grown wheat grains was 1.2 mg Se kg-1, while the concentrations in flour and bran were 1.1 and 1.6 mg Se kg-1, respectively. The main Se-species in the bran and flour was SeMet. The flour and bran HGIJ extraction showed that Se in the flour was more accessible than in the bran, but since the bran has a higher Se concentration, the amount of Se accessible was about the same for flour and bran. The BCF in chicken breast muscle increased from 0.6 to 1.9 by changing from selenite to Se-enriched whole wheat as dietary Se source, thus Se-enriched wheat was more efficient in increasing the chicken meat Se concentration. The bread making procedure did not influence the Se-species distribution when compared to unprocessed flour. The Se-accessibility was higher in the bread kernel compared to the crust, most probably due to high temperature during roasting. High content of bran in the bread decreased the Se-accessibility Thus, agronomic Se-fortification of Se to wheat is a good strategy to increase the human dietary intake and potentially also the human population Se status.