Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2017
Forfattere
Aida Droce Jens Laurids Sørensen Teis Esben Sondergaard Janus Jagd Rasmussen Erik Lysøe Henriette GieseSammendrag
Putative proton coupled di-peptide transporters, PTR2s, are found in filamentous fungi in different numbers and their function during fungal development and plant infection is unresolved. In Fusarium graminearum, the cause of head blight in cereals, we identified four putative PTR2 transporters (FgPTR2A-D). The genes did not cluster together in phylogenetic analyses and only FgPTR2A and FgPTR2C were able to complement a PTR2 deficient yeast mutant in uptake of di-peptides. All FgPTR2s are continuously expressed throughout the fungal lifecycle, although at different levels. In silico analyses of existing expression-data show that FgPTR2B is found at higher levels than the others in planta and during sexual development. Deletion mutants of FgPTR2A, FgPTR2C, and FgPTR2D had a higher production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone and lower production of fusarielin H than the wild type. Perithecium development was reduced in these mutants but unaffected by deletion of FgPTR2B. Conidia production was reduced in the FgPTR2B mutant and unaffected by deletion of the other PTR2 transporters. Sexual development and secondary metabolite production are known to be linked at the regulatory level and the results suggest that PTR2s are active in nitrogen turnover and thereby influence signal processes.
Redaktører
Erik FramstadSammendrag
Vernet av skog har økt betydelig i Norge de siste 20 årene, men fremdeles er dagens skogvern bare knapt halvparten av målet om 10% skogvern som Stortinget har vedtatt. I denne rapporten har vi evaluert hvor godt dagens skogvern dekker skogens naturvariasjon, vern av store sam-menhengende skogområder, viktige naturtyper og leveområder for arter. Vi påpeker mangler og gir anbefaling om innretningen på nytt skogvern. Andel vernet skogareal i Norge er i dag 5,0% basert på data fra kartserien N50 og 4,0% basert på Landsskogtakseringens data. Det inngår ca 114 flere verneområder i beregningen basert på N50, og skogarealet er definert litt videre enn i Landsskogtakseringen. Andel vernet skog varierer mellom fylkene, med minst andel (1,4%-2,7%) for fylkene rundt Oslofjorden, Vest-Agder og på Vestlandet, og størst andel (6,3%-8,3%) for fylkene fra Nord-Trøndelag og nordover. Ifølge Landsskogtakseringens data er det mindre andel vernet produktiv skog (2,9%) enn skog generelt og særlig lav andel for skog på høy og svært høy bonitet (0,7%). Det er også lavere andel vernet skog i lavlandet (2,8% under 300 moh) og for «varme» vegetasjonssoner (boreonemoral, sørbo-real) (1,9%). Andel vernet skog er nokså lik for skog med ulike dominerende treslag. Vernet skog inneholder vesentlig større mengder død ved og har høyere andeler med gammel skog enn skog som ikke er vernet. I vernet skog er hele 75% av antall sammenhengende skogområder små og uten kjerneareal, men det er også 140 slike skogområder på mer enn 10 km2, de fleste i fylkene med mest vernet skog. Analyse av 20 viktige skogtyper for naturmangfoldet viser at 32% av arealet av kjente forekomster finnes i verneområder. Det er stor variasjon mellom naturtypene (fra knapt 12% for gammel blandingslauvskog til 53% for kalkbjørkeskog) og mellom fylkene (fra 12% i Hordaland til 49% i Finnmark). Det er imidlertid stor variasjon i hvor systematisk slike naturtyper er kartlagt, både i og utenfor verneområder. Andelen funn av skoglevende arter som er registrert i skog i verneområder, varierer forholdsvis lite mellom artsgruppene insekter, kar-planter, lav og sopp på landsbasis, fra 12% for karplanter til 18% for sopp. Det er imidlertid betydelig forskjell mellom fylkene i andelen av fylkets artsfunn som ligger i verneområder, fra 1,2% i Finnmark til 44% i Troms. Som for naturtyper er det stor variasjon mellom fylkene i kart-legging av ulike arter i og utenfor verneområder. Det er dermed betydelig usikkerhet knyttet til vurderingen av verneområdenes dekning av skogtyper og arter. Basert på målene for skogvernet, analysen av manglene ved dagens skogvern og fylkenes po-tensial for å dekke disse manglene, anbefaler vi følgende prioritering av nytt skogvern i årene framover: 1. Prioritering av kjente forekomster av viktige skogtyper med høy naturverdi og med lav dekning i dagens skogvern, spesielt i fylker med generelt lav dekning av skogvern og høyt press på skogarealene, samt arealer i lavlandet, i boreonemoral eller sørboreal sone. 2. Kjente verdifulle forekomster av andre viktige skogtyper, særlig arealer i lavlandet, i boreone-moral eller sørboreal sone. 3. Øvrig skog på produktiv mark uten stor påvirkning av intensivt skogbruk eller inngrep, særlig arealer i lavlandet, i boreonemoral eller sørboreal sone, eller andre områder med stor verdi for naturmangfoldet. 4. Store sammenhengende skogområder eller arealer som kan bidra til å skape større grad av økologisk sammenheng mellom eksisterende områder med vernet skog. Norge, verneområder, skog, naturvariasjon, naturtyper, arter, store områder, økologisk nettverk, mangelanalyse, prioritering av nytt vern KEY WORDS Norway, protected areas, forest, natural variation, nature types, species, large contiguous areas, ecological network, gap analysis, priorities for new conservation
Sammendrag
Klimagassutslipp knyttet til torvuttak er en del av Norges klimagassregnskap under FNs klimakonvensjon (UNFCCC), og rapporteres i sektoren arealbruk, arealbruksendringer og skogbruk (LULUCF-sektoren). Norge har valgt å bruke 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (IPCC 2014) for beregning av klimagassutslipp fra drenert torvjord («on-site emissions»). For torvuttak rapporteres i tillegg til utslipp fra de drenerte arealene, utslipp fra det volumet torv som høstes årlig («off-site emissions». Det kom ikke nye retningslinjer for dette i 2013 Wetlands Supplement, så for å beregne utslipp fra dette volumet brukes metodikk beskrevet i 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2006). I denne rapporten beskrives det datagrunnlaget og den metoden som er brukt for å beregne klimagassutslipp fra torvproduksjon i Norges klimagassregnskap under FNs klimakonvensjon (UNFCCC) i National Inventory Report 2017..........
Forfattere
Holger LangeSammendrag
Long time series of environmental variables are reflecting the dynamics of ecosystems. Data on climate, water, carbon, nutrients and other observables provide the key to understand terrestrial systems and to detect trends, systemic changes and responses, e.g. to changing climate, disturbances, or management. We present a number of diagnostic measures, based on symbolic dynamics or order statistics, which quantify the information content and the complexity of environmental time series. Three examples for the application of complexity measures in environmental sciences will be provided: Earth System Models and their ability to reproduce observations of Gross Primary Productivity, the dynamics of river runoff, and long-term behavior of ion concentrations in stream water from a monitoring site in Germany. Diagnostic measures of this kind provide data-analytical tools that distinguish different types of natural processes based solely on their dynamics, and are thus highly suitable for environmental science applications such as model structural diagnostics.
Forfattere
Eirik Leikanger Roger Roseth Øistein Johansen Thor Endre Nytrø Kamilla Skaalsveen Rikard Pedersen Tora Hveem KjølsethSammendrag
På oppdrag fra BaneNOR har NIBIO overvåket vannkvalitet i resipienter som kan motta avrenning fra anleggsarbeider i forbindelse med Follobanen. NIBIO har driftet opp til 8 automatiske målestasjoner utstyrt med multiparametersensorer for overvåking av vannkvalitet. I tillegg har det blitt tatt ut vannprøver ved 8 stasjoner og utført biologiske undersøkelser ved 2 stasjoner. Overvåkingen har pågått i bekker nedstrøms riggområdet på Åsland, i bekker sør for stasjonsområdet på Ski og langs anleggsområdet mellom Ski og Langhus. Årsrapporten omfatter alle resultater samlet inn på disse stasjonene i 2016.
Forfattere
John Connolly Maria-Teresa Sebastià Laura Kirwan John Anthony Finn Rosa Llurba Matthias Suter Rosemary P. Collins Claudio Porqueddu Áslaug Helgadóttir Ole Hans Baadshaug Gilles Bélanger Alistair Black Caroline Brophy Jure Čop Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Delgado Ignacio Anjo Elgersma Michael Fothergill Bodil E. Frankow-Lindberg Ghesquiere An Piotr Golinski Philippe Grieu Gustavsson Anne-Maj Mats Höglind Olivier Huguenin-Elie Marit Jørgensen Zydre Kadziuliene Tor Lunnan Paivi Nykanen-Kurki Angela Ribas Friedhelm Taube Ulrich Thumm Alex De Vliegher Andreas LüscherSammendrag
1. Grassland diversity can support sustainable intensification of grassland production through increased yields, reduced inputs and limited weed invasion. We report the effects of diversity on weed suppression from 3 years of a 31-site continental-scale field experiment. 2. At each site, 15 grassland communities comprising four monocultures and 11 four-species mixtures based on a wide range of species' proportions were sown at two densities and managed by cutting. Forage species were selected according to two crossed functional traits, “method of nitrogen acquisition” and “pattern of temporal development”. 3. Across sites, years and sown densities, annual weed biomass in mixtures and monocultures was 0.5 and 2.0 t DM ha−1 (7% and 33% of total biomass respectively). Over 95% of mixtures had weed biomass lower than the average of monocultures, and in two-thirds of cases, lower than in the most suppressive monoculture (transgressive suppression). Suppression was significantly transgressive for 58% of site-years. Transgressive suppression by mixtures was maintained across years, independent of site productivity. 4. Based on models, average weed biomass in mixture over the whole experiment was 52% less (95% confidence interval: 30%–75%) than in the most suppressive monoculture. Transgressive suppression of weed biomass was significant at each year across all mixtures and for each mixture. 5. Weed biomass was consistently low across all mixtures and years and was in some cases significantly but not largely different from that in the equiproportional mixture. The average variability (standard deviation) of annual weed biomass within a site was much lower for mixtures (0.42) than for monocultures (1.77). 6. Synthesis and applications. Weed invasion can be diminished through a combination of forage species selected for complementarity and persistence traits in systems designed to reduce reliance on fertiliser nitrogen. In this study, effects of diversity on weed suppression were consistently strong across mixtures varying widely in species' proportions and over time. The level of weed biomass did not vary greatly across mixtures varying widely in proportions of sown species. These diversity benefits in intensively managed grasslands are relevant for the sustainable intensification of agriculture and, importantly, are achievable through practical farm-scale actions.
Sammendrag
To predict how the function of urban vegetation and the provision of ecosystem services respond to combinations of natural and anthropogenic drivers, a better understanding of multiple stress interactions is required. This study tested combined effects of moderate levels of drought, soil salinity and exposure to diesel exhaust on parameters of physiology, metabolism, morphology and growth of Pinus sylvestris L. saplings. We found that plant responses were primarily dominated by single stressors and a few two-way interactions. Stressor combinations did not have considerable additional negative effects on plant performance compared to single stressors. Hence, synergistic and antagonistic interactions were rare and additive effects frequent. Drought cycles caused most negative effects, from chlorophyll a fluorescence and epicuticular wax content to growth responses, while soil salinity caused fewer negative effects but contributed to reduction in fine root growth and fluorescence parameters at low air contamination. Interestingly, the air contamination alone had only marginal effects on plant morphology and growth, but contributed an antagonistic effect, dampening the negative effect of drought and salinity on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and fine root biomass. Although, these effects were moderate, it appears that exhaust exposure had a cross-acclimation effect on plant responses to drought and salinity. We also found that salinity had a negative effect on the accumulation of particulate matter on shoots, illustrating that the plant stress situation can affect the provisioning of certain ecosystem services like pollution attenuation. These findings have implications for the understanding of the complex natural and anthropogenic stress situation of urban, and how to maintain the ecological functions and delivery of ecosystem services.
Sammendrag
Shallow (<1 m deep) snowpacks on agricultural areas are an important hydrological component in many countries, which determines how much meltwater is potentially available for overland flow, causing soil erosion and flooding at the end of winter. Therefore, it is important to understand the development of shallow snowpacks in a spatially distributed manner. This study combined field observations with spatially distributed snow modelling using the UEBGrid model, for three consecutive winters (2013–2015) in southern Norway. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the spatially distributed snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements over time with the simulated SWE. UEBGrid replicated SWE development at catchment scale with satisfactory accuracy for the three winters. The different calibration approaches which were necessary for winters 2013 and 2015 showed the delicacy of modelling the change in shallow snowpacks. Especially the refreezing of meltwater and prohibited runoff and infiltration of meltwater by frozen soils and ice layers can make simulations of shallow snowpacks challenging.
Sammendrag
Net blotch, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres, is one of the major diseases in barley in Norway causing quantitative and qualitative yield losses. Resistance in Norwegian cultivars and germplasm is generally insufficient and resistance sources have not been extensively explored yet. In this study, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to net blotch in Nordic germplasm. We evaluated a collection of 209 mostly Nordic spring barley lines for reactions to net form net blotch (NFNB; Pyrenophora teres f. teres) in inoculations with three single conidia isolates at the seedling stage and in inoculated field trials at the adult stage in 4 years. Using 5669 SNP markers genotyped with the Illumina iSelect 9k Barley SNP Chip and a mixed linear model accounting for population structure and kinship, we found a total of 35 significant marker-trait associations for net blotch resistance, corresponding to 13 QTL, on all chromosomes. Out of these QTL, seven conferred resistance only in adult plants and four were only detectable in seedlings. Two QTL on chromosomes 3H and 6H were significant during both seedling inoculations and adult stage field trials. These are promising candidates for breeding programs using marker-assisted selection strategies. The results elucidate the genetic background of NFNB resistance in Nordic germplasm and suggest that NB resistance is conferred by a number of genes each with small-to-moderate effects, making it necessary to pyramid these genes to achieve sufficient levels of resistance.
Forfattere
Nesrin Colak Anja K. Primetta Kaisu R. Riihinen Laura Jaakola Jiři Grúz Miroslav Strnad Hülya Torun Faik Ahmet AyazSammendrag
Bilberries and their products are popular worldwide and represent a very interesting source of dietary antioxidants. Berries of eight different-colored and non-pigmented bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) samples from Finland were evaluated in terms of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds (range, 220.06 – 3715.21 mg/100 g dw) and total monomeric anthocyanin (range, 206.18 – 867.52 mg/100 g dw) contents. Delphinidin (range, 5915.93–18108.39 μg /g dw) was the major anthocyanin moiety, while sinapic acid was the major phenolic acid in the free form (range, 0.01 – 6.06 μg /g dw), and p-coumaric acid in the ester (range, 26.39 – 110.78 μg /g dw), glycoside (range, 15.83 – 57.73 μg /g dw) and ester-bound (range, 2.32 – 14.20 μg /g dw) forms. The white colored berry samples did not contain any anthocyanins, but the colored berries did contain them. Antioxidant capacity was much higher in colored (pink to blue/black) berry samples than in the white sample, and it was more related to the total phenolic concentration rather than to the anthocyanin concentration. This is the first time that these different-colored berry phenotypes of bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) have been analyzed within the same study.