Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
1. We propose that the ecological resilience of communities to permanent changes of the environment can be based on how variation in the overall abundance of individuals affects the number of species. Community sensitivity is defined as the ratio between the rate of change in the log expected number of species and the rate of change in the log expected number of individuals in the community. High community sensitivity means that small changes in the total abundance strongly impact the number of species. Community resistance is the proportional reduction in expected number of individuals that the community can sustain before expecting to lose one species. A small value of community resistance means that the community can only endure a small reduction in abundance before it is expected to lose one species. 2. Based on long-term studies of four bird communities in European deciduous forests at different latitudes large differences were found in the resilience to environmental perturbations. Estimating the variance components of the species abundance distribution revealed how different processes contributed to the community sensitivity and resistance. Species heterogeneity in the population dynamics was the largest component, but its proportion varied among communities. Species-specific response to environmental fluctuations was the second major component of the variation in abundance. 3. Estimates of community sensitivity and resistance based on data only from a single year were in general larger than those based on estimates from longer time series. Thus, our approach can provide rapid and conservative assessment of the resilience of communities to environmental changes also including only short-term data. 4. This study shows that a general ecological mechanism, caused by increased strength of density dependence due to reduction in resource availability, can provide an intuitive measure of community resilience to environmental variation. Our analyses also illustrate the importance of including specific assumptions about how different processes affect community dynamics. For example, if stochastic fluctuations in the environment affect all species in a similar way, the sensitivity and resistance of the community to environmental changes will be different from communities in which all species show independent responses.
Forfattere
Atle Wehn HegnesSammendrag
This book analyses the implementation and challenges of using Geographical Indications in Norway. Adapting the modern and global system of Geographical Indications (GIs) to food cultures is a recurring challenge. This text uses Norway as a case study to describe, understand, and explain the socio-cultural adaptation of GIs. The empirical analysis shows that administrators, producers, consultants, and others make a significant effort to adapt the scheme to Norwegian food culture and the food culture to the scheme. Through the development and use of a new conceptual framework, the book continues to show how adaptations occurred and their influence on the development of the Norwegian food culture. The author also reflects upon the status of Norwegian GIs in emerging food cultural contexts related to sustainable and technology change. In summary, this book exhibits the connection between modern global legislative arrangements and traditional local products, providing a springboard for further research on cultural adaptation work of GIs in established and future global food cultures. This book will be of interest to researchers, policymakers, and students in agri-food studies, sociology of food and agriculture, agricultural and rural development, and cultural studies.
2023
Forfattere
Helga Sofie Gisholt JønlandSammendrag
The motivation behind this thesis is to explore the possibility for using multispectral satellite images from Sentinel-2, climatic variables, and laser data to identify oak and grey elder within deciduous tree species and differences between types of spruce. Classification is explored with the machine learning algorithm random forest, and the method is based on the Norwegian forest inventory data. Impact of narrowing down search areas in modelling, equalization of observation count between tree species and variable analysis will be analyzed in this paper. This thesis presents a promising model for classification of different spruce species for a restricted geographical area, and two less precise RF classification models for detection of oak and grey elder among deciduous trees. Climatic variables were important in classification for all models and no NDVI were important in deciduous classification. No models improved significantly after adding laser variables.
Forfattere
Jessica Mputu KadibuSammendrag
This master's thesis has explored effective strategies that can stimulate increased use of biochar within Norwegian agriculture. The primary focus was therefore to evaluate incentives that can contribute to expanding the biochar market as a soil improvement agent in the agricultural sector. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, has demonstrated significant potential to enhance soil health, carbon sequestration, and sustainability in the agricultural sector as a whole. However, the market faces significant obstacles that limit the product's growth in Norway. This study commences with an analysis of the current utilization of biochar in Norwegian agriculture. The identification of driving forces behind biochar development, along with the illumination of barriers in the present situation based on previous studies, is the aim. Based on the results of this study, it becomes evident that incentives play a crucial role in encouraging farmers to adopt biochar. Economic resources in the form of subsidies, grants, sale of CO2 quotas, and tax deductions have proven to be effective mechanisms for reducing the initial investment costs for farmers. Consequently, the implementation of biochar as a sustainable soil enhancement method became more attractive and economically feasible for farmers. This approach facilitates an increase in biochar usage and demonstrates a positive correlation between financial support and the proliferation of biochar use. The significance of knowledge and technical support is also acknowledged as pivotal incentives. By providing seminars, training programs, and further research, farmers can acquire more knowledge about biochar and safer practices. This valuable knowledge will contribute to the establishment of a functional market and a certification process for biochar products, effectively utilizing resources and increasing demand for biochar. The study also explores the possibility of including biochar in carbon trading and carbon offset schemes. By quantifying the carbon sequestration potential of biochar, farmers have the potential to receive carbon credits, generate new revenue streams, and optimize resource utilization. Participatory research and open communication with farmers are key components for the successful implementation of biochar subsidies and the promotion of sustainable practices. Tailoring research and incentives to farmers' needs is essential for advancing the implementation of biochar within Norwegian agriculture.
Forfattere
Richard Helliwell Tommy Ruud Davide Bochicchio Anne Grete Kongsted Matthias Koesling Stig Milan Thamsborg Marina Spinu Marina Stuelj Atle WibeSammendrag
In summary, land, local and national markets are limiting and facilitatory factors of organic pig production. Only in Denmark did there appear to be organic pig farming operating at scale to meet export and national market demands. Whereas Otherwise, production and consumption was much more localized, often involving direct sales networks and contracts with local retailers and restaurants. Here, organic was just one of the key qualities to support sales with the transparency for customers being deemed more important in some instances. The result was diverse business structures with the scale and economic viability of production being limited due to the specifics of the market niche into which the pork was being sold. However, in all cases outdoor pig rearing was a value adding process that created additional important streams of revenue as part of diversified farm enterprises. The value of organic certification was questioned in some instances where the market was hyper localized and the practice of outdoor rearing and the transparency it produced for the consumer were considered to be of greater value. Economic conditions were challenging for all producers and with the exception of Denmark pigs were not the sole source of income. Where sales to retailers and local restaurants were not possible, or had not been established, direct sales networks were the principal source of consumer sales. However, maintaining direct sales networks could be challenging and involved significant work, including logistics. The high level of wellbeing and satisfaction of the farmer was a re-occuring theme which suggests that rearing pigs outdoors has mutual benefits for the farmer, the pigs and potentially the environment.
Sammendrag
Mange som dyrker grønnsaker til direkte salg er interessert i økologiske driftsmetoder. Det er mye organisk materiale tilgjengelig i byer og tettbygde strøk. Matrester og avfall fra hager og parker kan bli til både energi og gjødsel, som kan brukes i dyrking av grønnsaker i bynære strøk. Da får vi korte verdikjeder, men hva med innholdet av tungmetaller? Beregninger viser at grenseverdier i jord vil mettes først for kobber og sink, som også er viktige mikronæringsstoffer. for planter. Jordforbedringsmidler med høyt innhold av organisk materiale, som hage-park kompost og hestegjødsel, inneholder mer tungmetaller per kg tørrstoff enn fjørfegjødsel og utråtnet matavfall.