Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2019
Sammendrag
RAPPORTEN ER UNDER REVIDERING: ERSTATTES DELVIS AV NIBIO RAPPORT 8(127)2022. Denne rapporten er basert på eksisterende data og informasjon om seks innsjøer og seks delnedbør-felt i Vannområde Glomma Sør. Det er utført trendanalyser av vannkvalitet, og samlet inn informa-sjon om gjennomførte tiltak, samt vurdert videre tiltaksgjennomføring. Det er produsert et faktaark for hver lokalitet, og disse tjener som et utvidet sammendrag av arbeidet. This report is based on existing data and information from 6 lakes and 6 sub-catchments in the River Basin Sub-region of “Southern parts of Glomma”. Trend analyses of water quality have been per-formed, and data on environmental measures have been collected and assessed.
Sammendrag
Skjøtselsplanen for Værøy er utført på oppdrag av Fylkesmannen i Nordland. Skjøtselsplanen gir faglig funderte anbefalinger for restaurering og skjøtsel av den trua naturtypen slåttemark. Den baserer seg på feltbefaring og intervju med brukeren. I tillegg omfatter planen arealer som kan brukes i en framtidig satsing på beite. Rapporten er delt inn i to hoveddeler. Første del gir en kort beskrivelse av naturtypen. Andre del er rettet mot den som skal utføre skjøtsel og forvaltningen, og omhandler naturgrunnlaget og dagens drift i området, samt beskrivelsen av konkrete restaurerings- og skjøtselstiltak innenfor lokalitetene.
Forfattere
David S. Bullock Klaus Mittenzwei Timothy E. JoslingSammendrag
We present a game-theoretical model arguing that greater public transparency does not necessarily lead to higher social welfare. Political agents can benefit from providing citizens with misleading information aimed at aligning citizens’ choices with the political agents’ preferences. Citizens can lose from being fooled by political agents, though they can mitigate their losses by conducting costly inspections to detect false information. Producing and detecting false information is costly and can reduce social welfare.
Sammendrag
[Forord] Gjennom det nasjonale programmet for systematisk overvåking av jordbrukets kulturlandskap, 3Q, dokumenterer NIBIO hvordan jordbrukslandskapet endres. Et av målene med å overvåke tilstand og endringer i jordbrukslandskapet er å fange opp endringstrender på et så tidlig tidspunkt at disse fortsatt kan påvirkes. Derfor er det også viktig å formidle overvåkingsresultatene og fortelle hvilke endringer som skjer. Dette gjøres gjennom kart og statistikk, presentasjoner og publikasjoner i ulike media og gjennom rapporter. Formidlingen vil imidlertid fremstå noe ulikt i form i de ulike kanalene...
Sammendrag
We distinguish five Xanthomendoza species in Norway, viz., X. borealis, X. fallax, X. fulva, X. oregana, and X. ulophyllodes, based on morphology and molecular evidence. This paper gives an updated taxonomy of the Norwegian species of Xanthomendoza, and addresses previous misconceptions. Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes is reported as occurring in Norway. The species was previously misunderstood in Norway and removed from the Nordic checklist. We show that the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) is a useful barcode marker for the treated species. We provide a key and short descriptions of the species, with notes on specific issues, ecology, geographic distribution, illustrations, maps, and a DNA reference library (DNA barcoding).
Sammendrag
Etter oppdrag fra Bane NOR har NIBIO utført forundersøkelse av fiskebestander i bekker som kan påvirkes av anleggsaktivitet under bygging av ny jernbane på strekningen Nykirke – Barkåker. Feltundersøkelser med overfiske i tre omganger ble gjennomført 11. og 29. september 2018 ved fem stasjoner; Sverstadbekken 1 og 2, Undrumsdalsbekken, Bondalsbekken og Hellandselva. I Føskebekken ble det kun utført enkelt overfiske. Det ble påvist ørret i alle undersøkte bekker, men den tørre sommeren har redusert tettheten sammenlignet med 2017. I Undrumsdalsbekken og Sverstadbekken oppstrøms har årsyngelen fra 2018 sannsynligvis ikke overlevd sommeren, som følge av dårlige forhold og høy predasjon.
Forfattere
Olav Aaseth Hegnar Barry Goodell Claus Felby Lars Johansson Nicolé Labbe Keonhee Kim Vincent Eijsink Gry Alfredsen Aniko VarnaiSammendrag
The recalcitrance bottleneck of lignocellulosic materials presents a major challenge for biorefineries, including second-generation biofuel production. Because of their abundance in the northern hemisphere, softwoods, such as Norway spruce, are of major interest as a potential feedstock for biorefineries. In nature, softwoods are primarily degraded by basidiomycetous fungi causing brown rot. These fungi employ a non-enzymatic oxidative system to depolymerize wood cell wall components prior to depolymerization by a limited set of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Here, it is shown that Norway spruce pretreated with two species of brown-rot fungi yielded more than 250% increase in glucose release when treated with a commercial enzyme cocktail and that there is a good correlation between mass loss and the degree of digestibility. A series of experiments was performed aimed at mimicking the brown-rot pretreatment, using a modified version of the Fenton reaction. A small increase in digestibility after pretreatment was shown where the aim was to generate reactive oxygen species within the wood cell wall matrix. Further experiments were performed to assess the possibility of performing pretreatment and saccharification in a single system, and the results indicated the need for a complete separation of oxidative pretreatment and saccharification. A more severe pretreatment was also completed, which interestingly did not yield a more digestible material. It was concluded that a biomimicking approach to pretreatment of softwoods using brown-rot fungal mechanisms is possible, but that there are additional factors of the system that need to be known and optimized before serious advances can be made to compete with already existing pretreatment methods.
Sammendrag
Pastures are botanically diverse and difficult to characterize. Digital modeling of pasture biomass and quality by non-destructive methods can provide highly valuable support for decision-making. This study aimed to evaluate aerial and on-ground methods to characterize grass ley fields, estimating plant height, biomass and volume, using digital grass models. Two fields were sampled, one timothy-dominant and the other ryegrass-dominant. Both sensing systems allowed estimation of biomass, volume and plant height, which were compared with ground truth, also taking into consideration basic economical aspects. To obtain ground-truth data for validation, 10 plots of 1 m2 were manually and destructively sampled on each field. The studied systems differed in data resolution, thus in estimation capability. There was a reasonably good agreement between the UAV-based, the RGB-D-based estimates and the manual height measurements on both fields. RGB-D-based estimation correlated well with ground truth of plant height (R 2 > 0.80) for both fields, and with dry biomass (R 2 = 0.88), only for the timothy field. RGB-D-based estimation of plant volume for ryegrass showed a high agreement (R 2 = 0.87). The UAV-based system showed a weaker estimation capability for plant height and dry biomass (R 2 < 0.6). UAV-systems are more affordable, easier to operate and can cover a larger surface. On-ground techniques with RGB-D cameras can produce highly detailed models, but with more variable results than UAV-based models. On-ground RGB-D data can be effectively analysed with open source software, which is a cost reduction advantage, compared with aerial image analysis. Since the resolution for agricultural operations does not need fine identification the end-details of the grass plants, the use of aerial platforms could result a better option in grasslands.
Forfattere
Roman Gebauer Daniel Volařík Josef Urban Isabella Børja Nina Elisabeth Nagy Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Paal KrokeneSammendrag
Several studies have looked at how individual environmental factors influence needle morphology in conifer trees, but interacting effects between drought and canopy position have received little attention. In this study, we characterized morphological responses to experimentally induced drought stress in sun exposed and shaded current-year Norway spruce needles. In the drought plot trees were suffering mild drought stress, with an average soil water potential at 50 cm depth of -0.4 MPa. In general, morphological needle traits had greater values in sun needles in the upper canopy than in shaded needles in the lower canopy. Needle morphology 15 months after the onset of drought was determined by canopy position, as only sun needle morphology was affected by drought. Thus, canopy position was a stronger morphogenic factor determining needle structure than was water availability. The largest influence of mild drought was observed for needle length, projected needle area and total needle area, which all were reduced by ~27% relative to control trees. Needle thickness and needle width showed contrasting sensitivity to drought, as drought only affected needle thickness (10% reduction). Needle dry mass, leaf mass per area and needle density were not affected 15 months after the onset of mild drought. Our results highlight the importance of considering canopy position as well as water availability when comparing needle structure or function between conifer species. More knowledge about how different canopy parts of Norway spruce adapt to drought is important to understand forest productivity under changing environmental conditions.
Forfattere
Jie Zhang Shaoqiang Ni Wenjun Wu Xiao Huang Hongqiang Jiang Qingquan Li Jinnan Wang Guofeng Wu Conrad Zorn Chaoqing YuSammendrag
China is continually seeking to improve river water quality. Implemented in 1996, the total pollutant load control system (TPLCS) is a regulatory strategy to reduce total pollutant loads, under which a Pollutant Discharge Permit (PDP) program tracks and regulates nutrient inputs from point source polluters. While this has been promising, the input-response relationship between discharge permits and water quality targets is largely unclear – especially in China's large and complex river basins. In response, this study involved a quantitative analysis method to combine the water quality targets of the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) with allocated PDPs in the Nenjiang River Basin, China. We demonstrated our approach by applying the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to the Nenjiang River Basin for hydrological and water quality simulation. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was used as the primary water quality indicator. Modelling indicated that only one control section in the wider river basin did not achieve the water quality target, suggesting that the TPLCS is largely effective. The framework should be applied in other basins to study the effectiveness of PDP policies, advise further updates to the TPLCS, and ultimately aim to achieve freshwater quality targets nationally.