Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Sammendrag
This paper presents some features of apple production in Norway, the northernmost apple-growing country in the world. Acceptable growing conditions prevail along the fjords in western Norway and around the lakes in eastern Norway at 60° north. These specific mesic climate conditions are associated with very long summer days (18 h daylight mid-summer) and short winter days (6 h daylight), with frost rarely occurring in the spring along the fjord areas. The present apple-growing technique in Norway is similar to that of other developed apple-growing countries, taking into account that all local growing phases involve a considerable delay in progress (1.5–2 months). Therefore, high-density planting systems based on the use of dwarf rootstocks (mainly M.9) with imported early maturing international apple cultivars are used in most orchards. The most common soil type has high organic matter content (2–18%), which persists due to the cool climate and low mineralization, and a clay content of <15%, which results from the formation of the soil from bedrock. The increase in average temperatures caused by current climatic changes leads to a complex combination of different physiological effects on apples, which can have positive or negative effects on the phenology of the trees. The main advantage of Norwegian apple production is that the quality and aroma of the fruit meet the current demands of the local market.
Forfattere
Mekjell MelandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Apples are a healthy and environmentally friendly snack, but the consumption of apples in many countries, including Norway, has decreased in the last fifteen years. This trend has a potential negative impact on public health and the environment. In this paper, we use a consumer survey and a random effect ordered logistic regression model to find out what is most important for people when they buy apples. Ten different values are considered and ranked according to individual’s importance. We find that taste and safety are the most important values for the average individual’s choice of apples, while the appearance and type of apple rank third. The least important values are wrapping size and regional origin. Everyday apple eaters are more concerned about pesticide use and less concerned about price than the average consumers. Furthermore, compared to the average consumer, those with low levels of trust in apple producers and authorities care more about pesticides and environmentally friendly production methods, while consumers with a high level of trust care less about these aspects. Our results indicate that to increase the consumption of Norwegian apples, it is important to maintain or improve their reputation as being tasty and safe to eat.
Sammendrag
The study investigated the feasibility for partial phosphate binder replacement with lignin in phosphate bonded paper sludge composites. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimise the board manufacturing process, wherein the effect of process temperature, as well as lignin content were investigated with respect to board properties based on the ASTM D1037 standard. Moduli of rupture and elasticity of up to 7.2 MPa and 2.8 GPa respectively in the boards with lignin content of 36–43 wt% and formulation temperatures of 118–133 °C were observed. The phosphate binder input, which bears a huge cost in the process was reduced by up to 49% with lignin incorporation. The effect of pine veneer lamination on the strength properties of the composite boards was investigated. Pine veneer lamination improved mechanical properties, with the moduli of rupture and elasticity increasing from 7.2 to 22.1 MPa (67% increase) and 2.8 to 3.6 GPa (22% increase) respectively. The economic viability of the boards produced was also assessed and the results showed that the required selling price for the composite boards is competitive in the local market for inexpensive construction materials, sold at wholesale prices for between R 158/m2 and R 295/m2, depending on product finishing.
Forfattere
Zoe Angele Adele Cordhomme Nils Maximilian Dittrich Kristina Bringedal Gedde Romain Guillaume Billy Daniel Beat MuellerSammendrag
Despite their relevance in building stock modeling, building lifetimes are poorly understood and tend to form the weakest link in forecasting energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, waste generation, and resource use. Here, we develop a methodology to trace building lifetimes for cohorts in two central areas built up after fires in the 1840s. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) data of the current building stock and archival material, we determined yearly hazard rates for buildings within the cohort 1841–1845 in the historical center of Trondheim, Norway. We find that hazard rates are very sensitive to events ranging from global to hyperlocal scales and that demolition rates have slowed down significantly since the 1980s when municipal preservation policies came into effect. In contrast, age-based lifetime approaches fail to capture the effects of such events as they only account for the delay between construction and demolition. We discuss the use and limitations of hazard rates to better reflect changes in demolition that are not correlated with building age. Our study underscores that building lifetimes are a property of a wider system rather than an attribute of individual structures. In that sense, hazard rates are a more suitable approach to capture spatiotemporal changes of building stocks and could be further used in scenarios in dynamic models.
Forfattere
Nicolai MunsterhjelmSammendrag
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Forfattere
Inger HansenSammendrag
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Sammendrag
In agricultural production, it is crucial to increase the availability of phosphorus (P) in cultivated soil to solve the P limitation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proven to promote crop nutrient absorption effectively, while biochar can lead to improvements in soil properties. However, the possible synergistic effect of AMF and biochar on P uptake by crops as well as its underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we conducted a pot experiment to explore the effects of biochar and AMF (Glomus etunicatum) on the community of rhizospheric phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) of maize (Zea mays L. Xianyu-335) using metagenomic methods. The experiment used 0 mg P2O5 g·kg−1 soil (P0) and 30 mg P2O5 g·kg−1 soil (P30) application rates. Each P application rate included 0 (NC), 20 g·kg−1 biochar (BC) addition, inoculation AMF, and without AMF treatments (NM) for a total of eight treatments. During the experiment, both the P uptake and the biomass of maize were measured. The study found that the combination of AMF and biochar significantly increased the mycorrhizal colonization rate of maize roots, regardless of P application level. It was observed that the P uptake by maize was significantly increased when exposed to a combination of AMF and biochar. The increase in P uptake in P0 treatments was 67% higher than the sum of the effects of biochar and AMF inoculation alone. The increase was only 35% higher in P30 treatments, demonstrating a substantially higher interactive effect under P0 than under P30 conditions. The AM-BC treatments significantly increased the abundance of Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, genera that are known to contain PSMs. In addition, the abundance of genes related to P-cycling (gcd, phoD, and ugpQ) in PSMs increased significantly by 1.5–1.8 times in AM-BC treatments compared with NM-BC and AM-NC treatments under P0 conditions. This increase was significantly and positively correlated with the P uptake. Overall, the results suggest that biochar can help AMF colonize the roots, increasing the functional roles of PSMs in the rhizosphere, which in turn promotes P uptake and biomass in maize. This study provides a new way to improve P-use efficiency and reduce the need for P-fertilizer application in agricultural production.
Forfattere
Bastien Parisy Niels M. Schmidt Alyssa R. Cirtwill Edith Villa-Galaviz Mikko Tiusanen Cornelya Klutsch Paul Eric Aspholm Katrine Raundrup Eero J. Vesterinen Helena Wirta Tomas RoslinSammendrag
Global environmental change may lead to changes in community structure and in species interactions, ultimately changing ecosystem functioning. Focusing on spatial variation in fungus–plant interactions across the rapidly changing Arctic, we quantified variation in the identity of interaction partners. We then related interaction turnover to variation in the bioclimatic environment by combining network analyses with general dissimilarity modelling. Overall, we found species associations to be highly plastic, with major rewiring among interaction partners across variable environmental conditions. Of this turnover, a major part was attributed to specific environmental properties which are likely to change with progressing climate change. Our findings suggest that the current structure of plant-root associated interactions may be severely altered by rapidly advancing global warming. Nonetheless, flexibility in partner choice may contribute to the resilience of the system.
Forfattere
Geir-Harald StrandSammendrag
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