Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Mineable rock phosphate is a limited resource. Replacing mineral phosphorus (P) fertiliser with P-rich secondary resources is one way to manage P more efficiently. The Norwegian potential to replace mineral P fertiliser with total P in secondary resources was analysed here using substance flow analysis. The results obtained were integrated with data on P plant-availability in secondary resources and showed that, theoretically, plant-available P in manure alone could fulfil the Norwegian demand for P fertiliser. However, P in manure is inefficiently utilised due to the geographical segregation of animal husbandry and arable farming, which contributes to considerable P over-application to agricultural soil. In Norway, agriculture and aquaculture drive P consumption and losses at similar levels, and the amount of P in fish excrement and feed losses from off-shore aquaculture pens (fish sludge) is of the same order of magnitude as P in manure. Fish sludge is currently not collected or utilised, but lost to coastal marine waters. All other secondary resources represent relatively small amounts of P, but may still be important regionally. Political incentives are thus needed in current regulations to efficiently close P cycles. To achieve P recycling in practice, it is essential to know the relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) of secondary P products compared with mineral fertiliser. Nine secondary P products were analysed here: Two biomass ashes, meat bone meal, fish sludge, catering waste, two food waste-based digestate products, dairy manure and chicken manure. The RAE of these secondary products studied in a bioassay with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) varied widely, partly depending on soil pH. Fertilisation effects were mainly attributable to the solubility of the inorganic P species contained in the secondary products. Combining sequential chemical fractionation and non-destructive speciation methods revealed that P was mainly present as calcium phosphates of differing solubility. Further analysis showed that microbial and physicochemical soil processes induced by the secondary P products studied were of little overall importance for total P uptake in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Based on the results obtained, two chemical extraction methods for predicting the RAE of secondary products with unknown fertilisation effects are suggested: At soil pH <6.5, RAE should be predicted by the fraction of inorganic P in the secondary product (% of total P) that is extractable in H2O. At soil pH >6.5, RAE should be predicted by the fraction of inorganic P (% of total P) that is extractable in 0.5 M NaHCO3 (Olsen P).
Forfattere
Henning Horn Lars Tellnes Eva Brod Nicholas Clarke Janka Dibdiakova Kjersti Holt Hanssen Trond Haraldsen Trond Karlsen Kai TovenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
John Christian Gaby Jeremy Frank Espen Govasmark Live Heldal Hagen Lisa Paruch Linn Solli Phillip Pope Svein Jarle HornSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
John Christian Gaby Jeremy Frank Espen Govasmark Live Heldal Hagen Lisa Paruch Linn Solli Phillip Pope Svein Jarle HornSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Rapporten presenterer resultater av en feltundersøkelse der hensikten har vært å kvantifisere romlig og temporær variasjon i utvalgte jordegenskaper og egenskaper knyttet til overflatetilstand og vegetasjonsdekke. Feltundersøkelsen ble gjennomført i det lille nedbørfeltet Gryteland i Ski kommune. Mettet vannledningsevne, målt i laboratoriet på uforstyrrede jordsylindre, var i størrelsesorden 10-80 cm/t på åpen åker, mens det i skogen var ca. 10 ganger høyere. Det var ingen tydelige forskjeller i Ksat mellom jordtyper eller over tid. Kohesjonen på åpen åker var i størrelsesorden ca. 30-60 kPa. Aggregatstabilitet på lettleire og mellomleire ble målt ved ett tidspunkt med tre ulike metoder, og var i størrelsesorden 40-50 % for regnsimulator, nesten 100 % ved våtsikting, og 30-160 dråper ved WDImetoden. Overflateruhet viste lite forskjell mellom arealbruk (åpen åker, grasdekt kantsone, skog) i vekstsesongen (RR ca. 0,6) men høyere verdier på åpen åker rett etter jordarbeiding enn gjennom vekstsesongen (RR over 1). Mannings`n var omtrent dobbelt så høy i den grasdekte kantsonen som i åpen åker. Bestandshøyden i korn var på over 50 cm allerede midt i juni, og økte til omtrent en meters høyde mot slutten av vekstsesongen. Bladarealindeksen LAI var i størrelsesorden 2-4 i løpet av den aktuelle vekstsesongen.
Sammendrag
Særheim lysimeteranlegg ble etablert i 1991/92 og det ble gjennomført målinger frem til og med 1997. I 2013 ble forsøket gjenopprettet og med uttak av jordprøver. Rutene ble gjødslet (mineral- og husdyrgjødsel) og det ble tatt ut vannprøver fra juli til november. Resultater fra jordprøvene viste at jordens fosfortall har gått ned på rutene med de høyest fosfortall (fra P-AL 27 til 20) etter 22 år uten gjødsling. Vannprøvene viste meget lave konsentrasjoner av partikler og fosfor sammenlignet med andre målinger i området. Prøvetakingsmetoden kan ha betydning for de lave partikkelkonsentrasjonene. Meget lave P-AL-tall på morenejorden og mulig fosforbinding i undergrunnsjorden kan være årsak til de lave fosforkonsentrasjonene.
Forfattere
Sarah Calvache Gil Tatsiana Espevig Erik J. Joner T.E. Andersen Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Sarah Calvache Gil Tatsiana Espevig Tina E. Andersen Erik J. Joner Agnar Kvalbein Trond Olav Pettersen Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Red fescue (RF, Festuca rubra L.) is used on golf putting greens in the Nordic region due to its high disease resistance and low requirements for nitrogen (N) and water, but low density and growth rate makes RF susceptible to annual bluegrass (AB, Poa annua L.) invasion. Putting greens seeded with RF + bentgrass (Agrostis sp.) may be more competitive with AB but also have different playing characteristics. Our objective was to compare RF, RF + colonial bentgrass (CB, Agrostis capillaris L.), and RF + velvet bentgrass (VB, Agrostis canina L.) putting greens at two mowing heights (4.0 or 5.5 mm), three N rates (5, 10, or 15 g N m−2 yr−1), and three phosphorus (P)–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi treatments (0 and 1.8 g P m−2yr−1 without inoculation and 0 g P m−2yr−1 with inoculation). The four-factorial experiment was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at Landvik, Norway. Red fescue provided lower visual quality and density and less competition against AB than RF + bentgrass combinations. Increasing the N rate from 5 to 15 g N m−2yr−1 increased the proportion of bentgrass tillers from 53 to 64% in RF + CB and from 86 to 92% in RF + VB. Surface hardness increased in the order RF + VB < RF + CB < RF turfs. Ballroll distance decreased with increasing N rate and was longer with RF and RF + VB than with RF + CB. The main effects of N and mowing height on AB invasion were not significant, but lower mowing increased AB competition in RF. Mycorrhiza colonization of roots was not significantly affected by any practice, and neither P nor arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influenced the competition against AB.
2015
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Remediation of soil and groundwater has been attempted using various iron based nanoparticles during more than a decade, but the technology has not been adopted as widely as expected. This is partly due to ongoing work on optimization of the nanoparticles used, as well as their coatings, injection parameters and correct choice of particles according to the pollutants to be treated. Another aspect that has hampered large scale adoption or even testing is the lack of knowledge on possible negative effects of what is perceived a large scale spreading of reactive nanoparticles into the environment. This may potentially cause harm to humans and the environment, including organisms living in soil and neighboring streams, rivers and lakes. Two years ago, the EU project NanoRem (Taking Nanotechnological Remediation Processes from Lab Scale to End User Applications for the Restoration of a Clean Environment) started a considerable effort in valorizing nanoremediation, and as part of this testing the potential toxicity of particles used and developed during the project. After two years, seven different types of nanoparticles have been tested with a range of standardized and non-standardized tests adapted to nanotoxicological assessments, and results show that most particles are non-toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations (<100 mg/kg or mg/L). In some cases, however, iron nanoparticles have shown toxicity at far lower concentrations, and these effects have not been caused by competition for electron acceptors, as often observed when highly reductive chemicals are tested for biological effects. An overview of the tests used and results obtained will be presented. Also, our strategy for field testing and early results from polluted fields injected with different nanoparticles will be discussed to make some preliminary conclusions on the overall benefit of this technology in terms of environmental protection and risks.