Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2023
Forfattere
Iva Franić Eric Allan Simone Prospero Kalev Adamson Fabio Attorre Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg Sylvie Augustin Dimitrios Avtzis Wim Baert Marek Barta Kenneth Bauters Amani Bellahirech Piotr Boroń Helena Bragança Tereza Brestovanská May Bente Brurberg Treena Burgess Daiva Burokienė Michelle Cleary Juan Corley David R. Coyle György Csóka Karel Černý Kateryna Davydenko Maarten de Groot Julio Javier Diez H. Tuğba Doğmuş Lehtijärvi Rein Drenkhan Jacqueline Edwards Mohammed Elsafy Csaba Béla Eötvös Roman Falko Jianting Fan Nina Feddern Ágnes Fürjes-Mikó Martin M. Gossner Bartłomiej Grad Martin Hartmann Ludmila Havrdova Miriam Kádasi Horáková Marketa Hrabětová Mathias Just Justesen Magdalena Kacprzyk Marc Kenis Natalia Kirichenko Marta Kovač Volodymyr Kramarets Nikola Lacković Maria Victoria Lantschner Jelena Lazarević Marianna Leskiv Hongmei Li Corrie Lynne Madsen Chris Malumphy Dinka Matošević Iryna Matsiakh Tom W. May Johan Meffert Duccio Migliorini Christo Nikolov Richard O’Hanlon Funda Oskay Trudy Paap Taras Parpan Barbara Piškur Hans Peter Ravn John Richard Anne Ronse Alain Roques Beat Ruffner Alberto Santini Karolis Sivickis Carolina Soliani Venche Talgø Maria Tomoshevich Anne Uimari Michael Ulyshen Anna Maria Vettraino Caterina Villari Yongjun Wang Johanna Witzell Milica Zlatković René EschenSammendrag
Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.
Sammendrag
Denne rapporten ble skrevet på oppdrag for Klimautvalget 2050. Rapporten er delt i 2 deler, hvor del 1 beskriver potensialet for økt karbonlagring i hav, og hvilke tiltak som kan bidra til å øke karbonopptaket. Del 2 beskriver hvilke interessenter som potensielt vil bli påvirket av tiltak for økt karbonlagring. Tareskoger, tang, ålegrasenger og tidevannseng og -sump er marine økosystemer som lagrer karbon. Det skilles mellom kortidslagret karbon som er karbon lagret i levende biomasse, og langtidslagret karbon som er karbon lagret i sedimenter på havbunnen. Det mangler forskning som estimerer potensialet for karbonlagring i hav, samt hvor mye som lagres per år i de forskjellige økosystemene. På verdensbasis utgjør tang og tare de største marine økosystemene. Karbonlagring i Norge kan potensielt spille en større rolle enn andre steder i verden, da det kalde klimaet bidrar til å senke nedbrytningshastigheten. Det er flere tiltak som kan gjøres for å redusere tap av lagret karbon og øke opptaket av karbon. Blant annet vil restaurering, redusere beitetrykk fra kråkeboller, redusere avrenning fra land, redusere marin utbygging og redusere bunntråling være tiltak som kan være positiv for karbonlagringen i havet. Havnæringen er en viktig del av norsk næringsliv og i mange kystsamfunn utgjør havnæringen en viktig del av arbeidsplassene. Fiskeri og havbruk vil potensielt kunne kombinere taredyrking med akvakultur, samtidig som nyetablerte tareskoger vil kunne gi habitat til en rekke arter som således vil være positivt for fritidsfiske. Utslipp fra akvakultur kan potensielt tilføre mye næringssalter og tiltak om å redusere utslipp av næringssalter vil således ramme havbruksnæringen. Redusert utbygging vil kunne ramme havbruksnæringen. Naturmiljø vil stor sett være positivt påvirket av tiltak som øker karbonlagring og reduserer tap. Skipsfart har stort sett liten interessekonflikt med tiltak. Havvind vil potensielt påvirkes mest i utbyggingsfasen, særlig ved bunnfast havvind nær kysten. Oljenæringen vil kunne påvirke det langtidslagret karbonet på havbunnen, når det bores etter olje. Mineralutvinning og georessurser vil kunne påvirke marine økosystemer om mineralutvinningen skjer nærme kysten. Ved mineralutvinning lengre ut til havs kan langtidslagret karbon påvirkes og tilføres vannmassene. Reise og friluftslivs vil kunne påvirkes positivt ved at naturopplevelser bevares, samtidig som de vil kunne rammes av reguleringer i utslipp og utbygging. Kulturminner og kulturmiljø vil potensielt komme i konflikt med restaureringer av marine økosystemer, men ellers være positivt påvirket av redusert utbygging og redusert bunntråling. Infrastruktur i havet, slik som undersjøiske kabler vil kunne gi en interessekonflikt spesielt under utbyggingt ved at det påvirker marine økosystemer og langtidslagret karbon, men vil være positivt påvirket av redusert bunntråling, da det reduserer faren for at infrastrukturen ødelegges.
Sammendrag
Macroalgae, or seaweeds, have potential for use as feed ingredients and are currently unexploited despite their content of vitamins, minerals, and protein. Brown species can accumulate iodine from seawater and there are strict limits set by the European Food Safety Authority and the FDA regarding iodine content in animal feeds. Iodine can cause health problems for consumers if over or under-consumed and its presence in end food products is strictly regulated. The aim of the present experiment was to gain knowledge on intake, distribution, and excretion of iodine in sheep supplemented with Laminaria hyperborea by-product known to contain iodine. Twelve Norwegian White Sheep male lambs, four months of age, were blocked according to initial live weight (average 37.8 kg) and randomly allocated to two diet groups. Animals were fed gras silage and concentrate, without (CTR) and including the alga by-product at a 6% inclusion rate (HYP). The iodine concentrations were 4.1 and 476 mg/kg dry matter in the CTR and HYP concentrate, respectively. After 26 days of adaptation in a barn, animals were placed in metabolism crates for three consecutive days (Period 1) with collection of rumen fluid (via esophagus), grass silage, feces, urine, and blood for iodine content. After 5 weeks in the barn, animals returned to the metabolism crates for a subsequent three consecutive day sampling and iodine analyzes (Period 2). Data were analyzed via ANOVA using a repeated measure mixed model procedure. Dry matter intake (P = 0.001) and live weight (P = 0.001) increased from Period 1 to Period 2. Lambs fed CTR had higher daily growth rate than those fed HYP (P = 0.001). Iodine intake and excretion in feces and urine increased from Period 1 to Period 2 (P < 0.001, P = 0.010, P = 0.007, respectively). Iodine excreted in feces was 37% and 67% for lambs in fed the CTR and HYP diets, respectively. None of the animals showed signs of iodine poisoning during ten the experiment. We found that most of the iodine excreted from lambs fed the HYP diet was in feces.
Forfattere
Luís F.J. Almeida Ivan F. Souza Luís C.C. Hurtarte Pedro P.C. Teixeira Thiago Inagaki Ivo R. Silva Carsten W. MuellerSammendrag
The molecular diversity of the source substrate has been regarded as a significant controller of the proportion of plant material that is either mineralized or incorporated into soil organic matter (SOM). However, quantitative parameters to express substrate molecular diversity remain elusive. In this research, we fractionated leaves, twigs, bark, and root tissues of 13C-enriched eucalypt seedlings into hot water extractables (HWE), total solvent (acetone) extractables (TSE), a cellulosic fraction (CF), and the acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR). We used 13C NMR spectroscopy to obtain a molecular diversity index (MDI) based on the relative abundance of carbohydrate, protein, lignin, lipid, and carbonyl functional groups within the biochemical fractions. Subsequently, we obtained artificial plant organs containing fixed proportions (25%) of their respective biochemical fractions to be incubated with soil material obtained from a Haplic Ferralsol for 200-days, under controlled temperature (25 ± 1 ◦C) and moisture adjusted to 70–80% of the soil water holding capacity. Our experimental design was a randomized complete block design, arranged according to a factorial scheme including 4 plant organs, 4 biochemical fractions, and 3 blocks as replicates. During the incubation, we assessed the evolution of CO2 from the microcosms after 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 13, 21, 28, 38, 45, 70, 80, 92, 112, 148, 178 and 200 days from the start of the incubation. After the incubation, soil subsamples were submitted to a density fractionation to separate the light fraction of SOM (LFOM) i.e., with density <1.8 g cm 3. The heavy fraction remaining was submitted to wetsieving yielding the sand-sized SOM (SSOM) and the mineral-associated SOM (MAOM), with particle-size greater and smaller than 53 μm, respectively. We found that HWE and AUR exhibited comparatively higher MDIs than the TSE and CF. During the incubation, HWE and CF were the primary sources of 13C-CO2 from all plant organs and after 92 days, the respiration of the TSE of bark and roots increased. Otherwise, the AUR contributed the least for the release of 13C-CO2. There were no significant relationships between the MDI and the amount of 13C transferred into the LFOM or SSOM. Otherwise, the transfer of 13C into the MAOM increased as a linear-quadratic function of MDI, which in turn was negatively correlated with the total 13C-CO2 loss. Overall, the MDI exerted a stronger control on the 13C-labeled MAOM than on 13C-CO2 emissions, highlighting the need to improve our ability to distinguish and quantify direct plant inputs from those of microbial origin entering soil C pools.
Forfattere
Barbara Mariotti Juan A. Oliet Enrique Andivia Marianthi Tsakaldimi Pedro Villar-Salvador Vladan Ivetić Antonio Montagnoli Ivona Kerkez Janković Nebi Bilir Henrik Bohlenius Branislav Cvjetković Kārlis Dūmiņš Juha Heiskanen Georgi Hinkov Inger Sundheim Fløistad Claudia CocozzaSammendrag
Purpose of Review The demand for forest tree seedlings is increasing globally, and Sphagnum peat moss is widely used as a component of growing media for container plant production. However, peat extraction is environmentally unsustainable. The forest nursery sector needs to switch to more sustainable alternatives to peat. This review aims to identify potential substitutes for peat by reviewing the worldwide literature on alternative materials for growing media in forest nurseries. Recent Findings Most studies on alternative growing media focused on single plant species growing under local conditions, thereby limiting generalizations about the effectiveness of alternative materials for plant production. To our knowledge, no systematic reviews of scientific literature on the effectiveness of new, alternative-to-peat materials for enhancing plant growth and the associated growing media characteristics for the forest nursery sector are currently available. Summary Most of the analyzed case studies focused on angiosperms (73.1%), with the majority of studies coming from tropical seasonal forests/savannas (36.5%), followed by woodlands/shrublands (31.6%), and temperate forests (15.0%) biomes. Compost was the most studied material (19.5%), followed by bark, other organic materials, and manure (9.8, 9.7, and 8.0%, respectively). Green and municipal wastes were the principal sources of compost (> 60%), while agriculture and green wastes were the first sources of other materials (> 90%). Tested materials were dependent on the geographic region. Thus, manure was the most tested material in Africa and South America, tree bark in North America, and compost in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Alternative materials effectively provided optimal physicochemical characteristics of growing media and enhanced seedling nursery growth when compared with peat-based growing media in more than 60% of the case studies. This review helps to identify research gaps and, most importantly, provides the basis for the future application of alternative growing media materials in forest nursery management worldwide.
Forfattere
Jyrki Jauhiainen Juha Heikkinen Nicholas Clarke Hongxing He Lise Dalsgaard Kari Minkkinen Paavo Ojanen Lars Vesterdal Jukka Alm Aldis Butlers Ingeborg Callesen Sabine Jordan Annalea Lohila Ülo Mander Hlynur Óskarsson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Gunnhild Søgaard Kaido Soosaar Åsa Kasimir Brynhildur Bjarnadóttir Andis Lazdins Raija LaihoSammendrag
We compiled published peer-reviewed CO2, CH4, and N2O data on managed drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate zones to revisit the current Tier 1 default emission factors (EFs) provided in the IPCC (2014) Wetlands Supplement: to see whether their uncertainty may be reduced; to evaluate possibilities for breaking the broad categories used for the IPCC EFs into more site-type-specific ones; and to inspect the potential relevance of a number of environmental variables for predicting the annual soil greenhouse gas (GHG) balances, on which the EFs are based. Despite a considerable number of publications applicable for compiling EFs being added, only modest changes were found compared to the Tier 1 default EFs. However, the more specific site type categories generated in this study showed narrower confidence intervals compared to the default categories. Overall, the highest CO2 EFs were found for temperate afforested agricultural lands and boreal forestry-drained sites with very low tree stand productivity. The highest CH4 EFs in turn prevailed in boreal nutrient-poor forests with very low tree stand productivity and temperate forests irrespective of nutrient status, while the EFs for afforested sites were low or showed a sink function. The highest N2O EFs were found for afforested agricultural lands and forestry-drained nutrient-rich sites. The occasional wide confidence intervals could be mainly explained by single or a few highly deviating estimates rather than the broadness of the categories applied. Our EFs for the novel categories were further supported by the statistical models connecting the annual soil GHG balances to site-specific soil nutrient status indicators, tree stand characteristics, and temperature-associated weather and climate variables. The results of this synthesis have important implications for EF revisions and national emission reporting, e.g. by the use of different categories for afforested sites and forestry-drained sites, and more specific site productivity categories based on timber production potential.
Sammendrag
Soil management is important for sustainable agriculture, playing a vital role in food production and maintaining ecological functions in the agroecosystem. Effective soil management depends on highly accurate soil property estimation. Machine learning (ML) is an effective tool for data mining, selection of key soil properties, modeling the non-linear relationship between different soil properties. Through coupling with spectral imaging, ML algorithms have been extensively used to estimate physical, chemical, and biological properties quickly and accurately for more effective soil management. Most of the soil properties are estimated by either near infrared (NIR), Vis-NIR, or mid-infrared (MIR) in combination with different ML algorithms. Spectroscopy is widely used in estimation of chemical properties of soil samples. Spectral imaging from both UAV and satellite platforms should be taken to improve the spatial resolution of different soil properties. Spectral image super-resolution should be taken to generate spectral images in high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions; more advanced algorithms, especially deep learning (DL) should be taken for soil properties’ estimation based on the generated ‘super’ images. Using hyperspectral modeling, soil water content, soil organic matter, total N, total K, total P, clay and sand were found to be successfully predicted. Generally, MIR produced better predictions than Vis-NIR, but Vis-NIR outperformed MIR for a number of properties. An advantage of Vis-NIR is instrument portability although a new range of MIR portable devices is becoming available. In-field predictions for water, total organic C, extractable phosphorus, and total N appear similar to laboratory methods, but there are issues regarding, for example, sample heterogeneity, moisture content, and surface roughness. More precise and detailed soil property estimation will facilitate future soil management.
Forfattere
Iris Hordijk Daniel S. Maynard Simon P. Hart Mo Lidong Hans ter Steege Jingjing Liang Sergio de-Miguel Gert-Jan Nabuurs Peter B. Reich Meinrad Abegg C. Yves Adou Yao Giorgio Alberti Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano Braulio V. Alvarado Alvarez-Davila Esteban Patricia Alvarez-Loayza Luciana F. Alves Christian Ammer Clara Antón Fernández Alejandro Araujo-Murakami Luzmila Arroyo Valerio Avitabile Gerardo A. Aymard C Timothy Baker Radomir Bałazy Olaf Banki Jorcely Barroso Meredith L. Bastian Jean-Francois Bastin Luca Birigazzi Philippe Birnbaum Robert Bitariho Pascal Boeckx Frans Bongers Olivier Bouriaud Pedro H. S. Brancalion Susanne Brandl Roel Brienen Eben N. Broadbent Helge Bruelheide Filippo Bussotti Roberto Cazzolla Gatti Ricardo G. César Goran Cesljar Robin Chazdon Han Y. H. Chen Chelsea Chisholm Emil Cienciala Connie J. Clark David B. Clark Gabriel Colletta David Coomes Fernando Cornejo Valverde Jose J. Corral-Rivas Philip Crim Jonathan Cumming Selvadurai Dayanandan André L. de Gasper Mathieu Decuyper Géraldine Derroire Ben DeVries Ilija Djordjevic Amaral Iêda Aurélie Dourdain Engone Obiang Nestor Laurier Brian Enquist Teresa Eyre Adandé Belarmain Fandohan Tom M. Fayle Leandro V. Ferreira Ted R. Feldpausch Leena Finér Markus Fischer Christine Fletcher Lorenzo Frizzera Javier G. P. Gamarra Damiano Gianelle Henry B. Glick David Harris Andrew Hector Andreas Hemp Geerten Hengeveld Bruno Hérault John Herbohn Annika Hillers Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado Cang Hui Hyunkook Cho Thomas Ibanez Il Bin Jung Nobuo Imai Andrzej M. Jagodzinski Bogdan Jaroszewicz Vivian Johanssen Carlos A. Joly Tommaso Jucker Viktor Karminov Kuswata Kartawinata Elizabeth Kearsley David Kenfack Deborah Kennard Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas Gunnar Keppel Mohammed Latif Khan Timothy Killeen Hyun Seok Kim Kanehiro Kitayama Michael Köhl Henn Korjus Florian Kraxner Diana Laarmann Mait Lang Simon Lewis Huicui Lu Natalia Lukina Brian Maitner Yadvinder Malhi Eric Marcon Beatriz Schwantes Marimon Ben Hur Marimon-Junior Andrew Robert Marshall Emanuel Martin Olga Martynenko Jorge A. Meave Omar Melo-Cruz Casimiro Mendoza Cory Merow Stanislaw Miscicki Abel Monteagudo Mendoza Vanessa Moreno Sharif A. Mukul Philip Mundhenk Maria G. Nava-Miranda David Neill Victor Neldner Radovan Nevenic Michael Ngugi Pascal A. Niklaus Jacek Oleksyn Petr Ontikov Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi Yude Pan Alain Paquette Alexander Parada-Gutierrez Elena Parfenova Minjee Park Marc Parren Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy Pablo L. Peri Sebastian Pfautsch Oliver L. Phillips Nicolas Picard Maria Teresa Piedade Daniel Piotto Nigel C. A. Pitman Irina Polo Lourens Poorter Axel Dalberg Poulsen John R. Poulsen Hans Pretzsch Freddy Ramirez Arevalo Zorayda Restrepo-Correa Mirco Rodeghiero Samir Rolim Anand Roopsind Francesco Rovero Ervan Rutishauser Purabi Saikia Christian Salas-Eljatib Peter Schall Dmitry Schepaschenko Michael Scherer-Lorenzen Bernhard Schmid Jochen Schöngart Eric B. Searle Vladimír Šebeň Josep M. Serra-Diaz Douglas Sheil Anatoly Shvidenko Javier Silva-Espejo Marcos Silveira James Singh Plinio Sist Ferry Slik Bonaventure Sonké Alexandre F. Souza Krzysztof Stereńczak Jens-Christian Svenning Miroslav Svoboda Ben Swanepoel Natalia Targhetta Nadja Tchebakova Raquel Thomas Elena Tikhonova Peter Umunay Vladimir Usoltsev Renato Valencia Fernando Valladares Fons van der Plas Do Van Tran Michael E. Van Nuland Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez Hans Verbeeck Helder Viana Alexander C. Vibrans Simone Vieira Klaus von Gadow Hua-Feng Wang James Watson Gijsbert D. A. Werner Susan K. Wiser Florian Wittmann Verginia Wortel Roderick Zagt Tomasz Zawila-Niedzwiecki Chunyu Zhang Xiuhai Zhao Mo Zhou Zhi-Xin Zhu Irie Casimir Zo-Bi Thomas W. CrowtherSammendrag
1. Biodiversity is an important component of natural ecosystems, with higher species richness often correlating with an increase in ecosystem productivity. Yet, this relationship varies substantially across environments, typically becoming less pronounced at high levels of species richness. However, species richness alone cannot reflect all important properties of a community, including community evenness, which may mediate the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. If the evenness of a community correlates negatively with richness across forests globally, then a greater number of species may not always increase overall diversity and productivity of the system. Theoretical work and local empirical studies have shown that the effect of evenness on ecosystem functioning may be especially strong at high richness levels, yet the consistency of this remains untested at a global scale. 2. Here, we used a dataset of forests from across the globe, which includes composition, biomass accumulation and net primary productivity, to explore whether productivity correlates with community evenness and richness in a way that evenness appears to buffer the effect of richness. Specifically, we evaluated whether low levels of evenness in speciose communities correlate with the attenuation of the richness–productivity relationship. 3. We found that tree species richness and evenness are negatively correlated across forests globally, with highly speciose forests typically comprising a few dominant and many rare species. Furthermore, we found that the correlation between diversity and productivity changes with evenness: at low richness, uneven communities are more productive, while at high richness, even communities are more productive. 4. Synthesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that evenness is an integral component of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, and that the attenuating effect of richness on forest productivity might be partly explained by low evenness in speciose communities. Productivity generally increases with species richness, until reduced evenness limits the overall increases in community diversity. Our research suggests that evenness is a fundamental component of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships, and is of critical importance for guiding conservation and sustainable ecosystem management decisions.
Forfattere
Camille S. Delavaux Thomas W. Crowther Constantin M. Zohner Niamh M. Robmann Thomas Lauber Johan van den Hoogen Sara Kuebbing Jingjing Liang Sergio de-Miguel Gert-Jan Nabuurs Peter B. Reich Meinrad Abegg Yves C. Adou Yao Giorgio Alberti Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano Braulio Vilchez Alvarado Esteban Alvarez-Dávila Patricia Alvarez-Loayza Luciana F. Alves Christian Ammer Clara Antón Fernández Alejandro Araujo-Murakami Luzmila Arroyo Valerio Avitabile Gerardo A. Aymard Timothy R. Baker Radomir Bałazy Olaf Banki Jorcely G. Barroso Meredith L. Bastian Jean-Francois Bastin Luca Birigazzi Philippe Birnbaum Robert Bitariho Pascal Boeckx Frans Bongers Olivier Bouriaud Pedro H. S. Brancalion Susanne Brandl Roel Brienen Eben N. Broadbent Helge Bruelheide Filippo Bussotti Roberto Cazzolla Gatti Ricardo G. César Goran Cesljar Robin Chazdon Han Y. H. Chen Chelsea Chisholm Hyunkook Cho Emil Cienciala Connie Clark David Clark Gabriel D. Colletta David A. Coomes Fernando Cornejo Valverde José J. Corral-Rivas Philip M. Crim Jonathan R. Cumming Selvadurai Dayanandan André L. de Gasper Mathieu Decuyper Géraldine Derroire Ben DeVries Ilija Djordjevic Jiri Dolezal Aurélie Dourdain Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang Brian J. Enquist Teresa J. Eyre Adandé Belarmain Fandohan Tom M. Fayle Ted R. Feldpausch Leandro V. Ferreira Markus Fischer Christine Fletcher Lorenzo Frizzera Javier G. P. Gamarra Damiano Gianelle Henry B. Glick David J. Harris Andrew Hector Andreas Hemp Geerten Hengeveld Bruno Hérault John L. Herbohn Martin Herold Annika Hillers Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado Cang Hui Thomas T. Ibanez Iêda Amaral Nobuo Imai Andrzej M. Jagodziński Bogdan Jaroszewicz Vivian Kvist Johannsen Carlos A. Joly Tommaso Jucker Ilbin Jung Viktor Karminov Kuswata Kartawinata Elizabeth Kearsley David Kenfack Deborah K. Kennard Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas Gunnar Keppel Mohammed Latif Khan Timothy J. Killeen Hyun Seok Kim Kanehiro Kitayama Michael Köhl Henn Korjus Florian Kraxner Diana Laarmann Mait Lang Simon L. Lewis Huicui Lu Natalia V. Lukina Brian S. Maitner Yadvinder Malhi Eric Marcon Beatriz Schwantes Marimon Ben Hur Marimon-Junior Andrew R. Marshall Emanuel H. Martin Olga Martynenko Jorge A. Meave Omar Melo-Cruz Casimiro Mendoza Cory Merow Abel Monteagudo Mendoza Vanessa S. Moreno Sharif A. Mukul Philip Mundhenk María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda David Neill Victor J. Neldner Radovan V. Nevenic Michael R. Ngugi Pascal A. Niklaus Jacek Oleksyn Petr Ontikov Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi Yude Pan Alain Paquette Alexander Parada-Gutierrez Elena I. Parfenova Minjee Park Marc Parren Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy Pablo L. Peri Sebastian Pfautsch Oliver L. Phillips Nicolas Picard Maria Teresa T. F. Piedade Daniel Piotto Nigel C. A. Pitman Irina Polo Lourens Poorter Axel Dalberg Poulsen Hans Pretzsch Freddy Ramirez Arevalo Zorayda Restrepo-Correa Mirco Rodeghiero Samir G. Rolim Anand Roopsind Francesco Rovero Ervan Rutishauser Purabi Saikia Christian Salas-Eljatib Philippe Saner Peter Schall Dmitry Schepaschenko Michael Scherer-Lorenzen Bernhard Schmid Jochen Schöngart Eric B. Searle Vladimír Seben Josep M. Serra-Diaz Douglas Sheil Anatoly Z. Shvidenko Javier E. Silva-Espejo Marcos Silveira James Singh Plinio Sist Ferry Slik Bonaventure Sonké Alexandre F. Souza Miscicki Stanislaw Stanislaw Miscicki Jens-Christian Svenning Miroslav Svoboda Ben Swanepoel Natalia Targhetta Nadja Tchebakova Hans ter Steege Raquel Thomas Elena Tikhonova Peter M. Umunay Vladimir A. Usoltsev Renato Valencia Fernando Valladares Fons van der Plas Tran Van Do Michael E. van Nuland Rodolfo M. Vasquez Hans Verbeeck Helder Viana Alexander C. Vibrans Simone Vieira Klaus von Gadow Hua-Feng Wang James V. Watson Gijsbert D. A. Werner Susan K. Wiser Florian Wittmann Hannsjoerg Woell Verginia Wortel Roderik Zagt Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki Chunyu Zhang Xiuhai Zhao Mo Zhou Zhi-Xin Zhu Irie C. Zo-Bi Daniel S. MaynardSammendrag
Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species1,2. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies3,4. Here, leveraging global tree databases5,6,7, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.
Forfattere
Espen Rimstad Dean Basic Åsa Maria Olofsdotter Espmark Thomas Fraser Snorre Gulla Johan Johansen Tor Atle Mo Ingrid Olesen Rolf-Erik Olsen Erik Georg Bø-Granquist Sokratis Ptochos Amin Sayyari Bjørnar YtrehusSammendrag
Background and terms of reference Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that escape into the wild could interbreed with native fish, posing a potential risk to the genetic diversity of wild Atlantic salmon populations. The Atlantic salmon in aquaculture are diploid, meaning the fish has two sets of chromosomes. To mitigate the genetic impact on wild populations, the concept of producing sterile triploid farmed Atlantic salmon has been suggested as a solution. However, it is important to ensure that the utilization of triploids in commercial farming aligns with the regulations set forth in the Norwegian Animal Welfare Act. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) to do an assessment about health- and welfare consequences in triploid Atlantic salmon under commercial farming conditions, as compared to diploid counterparts. VKM was also requested to describe the underlying physiological mechanisms concerning consequences of triploidy as well as address potential measures to reduce the negative impacts on the health and welfare of the fish. Methods A working group consisting of members with expertise in salmonid biology, aquaculture systems, veterinary medicine, fish health and welfare, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, breeding and genetics has drafted this opinion. To answer the Terms of Reference as mandated by the NFSA, the authors addressed fish health and welfare as a unified concept in this report. Two external experts have reviewed and provided their opinion before it was assessed and approved by the VKM’s Panel on Animal Health and welfare. The literature used in this work was peer-reviewed studies retrieved from a search in four databases as well as non peer-reviewed reports. Selection of studies was conducted independently by two members in the working group and based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusions Under commercial farming conditions, triploid Atlantic salmon are often found to have lower standards of health and welfare compared to diploids. For example, field and experimental studies have found triploids to be more prone to skeletal and heart deformities, and cataracts, while field studies suggest that under commercial farming conditions they cope less well with handling and are more susceptible to skin ulcers. However, research has indicated that some of the effects of triploidy can be mitigated through specialized diets or environmental adjustments. There is a noticeable tendency across farm studies and experimental trials for triploid salmon to be equal or larger in size at the end of freshwater phase, but equal or smaller in size at the end of the seawater phase. Most publications conclude that within what is considered the optimal temperature range of diploids, oxygen consumption rate, oxygen binding capacity, and aerobic swimming capacity do not significantly differ between triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon. However, findings from experimental trials suggest a lower optimal temperature range for triploids, and data consistent across studies indicate that triploids possess lower tolerance to hypoxia at elevated temperatures. Triploid Atlantic salmon are less robust to higher water temperatures than diploid, and have other nutritional needs than diploids, especially regarding phosphorus, and histidine. There are few studies on the susceptibility of triploid salmon to infectious agents and diseases. Field observations indicate that triploid fish are more susceptible to primary infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) outbreaks than diploids under commercial farming conditions at the level of the farm, and at cage level within farms that experience an ISA outbreak. A higher susceptibility to the ISA virus would potentially affect not only the health and welfare of the triploid fish at the farm with an outbreak but may potentially spread to other farms. .............