Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Forfattere
Jerry Cross Catherine Baroffio Alberto Grassi David Hall Barbara Labanowska Slobodan Milenkovic Thilda Nilsson Margarita Shternshis Christer Torneus Nina Trandem Gabor VetekSammendrag
The sex pheromone of the raspberry cane midge has been identified and synthesised by East Malling Research and Natural Resourced Institute and has proved to be highly attractive and useful for pest monitoring. EMR coordinated a collaborative ring test of standard raspberry cane midge sex pheromone traps in 2006. The aims were to investigate the seasonal temporal pattern of the midge flight in different raspberry production regions of Europe and the relationship between the magnitude of catches and the numbers of eggs and larvae which developed subsequently in artificial splits in the primocane of untreated raspberry plantations. The standard raspberry cane midge sex pheromone trap used for the ring test consisted of a white delta trap containing a 20 x 20 cm sticky base and a rubber septum lure impregnated with 10 μg of the raspberry cane midge sex pheromone racemate. Pairs of traps, separated by >20 m, were deployed in the centre of raspberry plantations at a height of 0.5 m in Italy, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The traps proved effective and easy to use for monitoring the flight of adult male raspberry cane midge. There were very large variations (> 30 fold) between plantations in total numbers of midges caught over the season, indicating plantations which are at comparatively low and high risk from the pest. Three generations of adult flight were apparent in Norway, Russia and Sweden and four generations in the central European countries with possibly 5 generations in Italy, though later generations were often difficult to distinguish. In the northern countries, the 1st generation first and peak flight occurred on Julian days 150 and 165, respectively, whereas in Italy the 1st generation first and peak flight occurred approximately on Julian days 110 and 130 respectively. The 1st generation flights occurred much earlier in polytunnel protected crops than in open field crops. Data obtained on the occurrence of larvae were variable in quality but a linear relationship between the peak numbers of males captured in the pheromone traps per week for a given generation (M) and the peak numbers of eggs and larvae per cm in splits in the primocanes for that generation subsequently (L) was apparent (L = 0.025 M; R2=0.61). A nominal threshold of 30 midges per trap per week had been proposed but the linear relationship derived indicates that this threshold, which would result in ~ 0.75 eggs + larvae/cm, is too high. In reality, the degree of larval infestation that occurs and the resultant severity of crop damage will depend on the numbers of natural splits in the crop. The ring test is being continued in several countries in 2007.
Forfattere
Agnar Hegrenes Gudbrand Lien Ole Jakob Bergfjord Ola Flaten Ragnar Tveterås Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
Denne rapporten er et sammendrag av resultater fra det strategiske forskningsprogrammet «Risikoeksponering og risikohandtering i matproduksjon – sammenligning av havbruk og jordbruk». Hovedmålene for programmet var å: 1 skaffe økt kunnskap om risiko og om strategier og verktøyer for å møte risiko 2 undersøke om havbruks- og jordbruksbedrifter kan ha gjensidig nytte av å sammenligne risikoeksponering og risikohandtering i de to næringene 3 utvikle teorier og metoder som kan brukes til å handtere risiko i matproduksjon. Målene er søkt nådd ved mange delstudier. Resultatene fra disse delstudiene er publisert og formidlet i artikler og foredrag. I denne rapporten oppsummeres resultatene. Gjennom denne rapporten ønsker vi å gi en forenklet framstilling og oversikt over bidrag fra programmet. Vi har valgt å ikke presentere de individuelle arbeider/artikler hver for seg, men belyse temaer som har vært tatt opp i programmet. Rapporten kan også være en veileder for de som ønsker å se nærmere på enkeltbidrag fra programmet. Kapittel 24 dekker hovedmål 1. Kapittel 5 dekker hovedmål 2, mens kapittel 6 dekker hovedmål 3.
Sammendrag
Vegetasjonskartet gir et bilde av den mosaikken av vegetasjonstyper som det naturlige plantedekket består av. En vegetasjonstype er en karakteristisk samling plantearter som går igjen på lokaliteter med like vokseforhold. En oversikt over utbredelsen av vegetasjonstyper gir oss informasjon om variasjonen i økologiske forhold (klima, næring, og vann i jorda, snødekke og kulturpåvirkning) i et område. I tillegg kan hver vegetasjonstype tillegges egenskaper med hensyn til ulik ressursutnytting og arealbruk (beite, artsmangfold m.m.). Norsk institutt for Skog og landskap har kartlagt to områder i Tranøy kommune i Troms, Stonglandet (37 km²) og et område i austre del, nevnt som Skatvikfjellet – Sollia (69 km²). Målsettinga med dette oppdraget var å utføre ei vurdering av beiteressurser for sau og storfé i begge områda, og ei vurdering av vinterbeite for rein på Stonglandet. Kartlegginga er gjort etter Skog og landskap sin instruks for kartlegging i målestokk 1: 20 000 – 50 000. Det er framstilt vegetasjonskart og avleda temakart for sauebeite og storfébeite. For Stonglandet er det i tillegg framstilt kart med temaet vinterbeite for rein. Kartleggingsområdet har et fjord-/kystklima med kjølige, nedbørrike somre og relativt milde, snørike vintre. Berggrunnen i de kartlagte områda viser store variasjoner. Næringsfattige grunnfjellbergarter dekker hele Stonglandet og en mindre del av Skarvikfjellet – Sollia lengst vest. Aust for Skatvika og Tennevatnet består berggrunnen av næringsrike, omdanna sedimentbergarter. […]
Forfattere
Sissel Hansen Marina A. Bleken Bishal SitaulaSammendrag
The effects of fertilization and tractor traffic on N2O emission and CH4 uptake in an agricultural soil were studied in a long-term field trial with different fertilization and soil compaction. The soil was a well-drained sandy loam and the crop rotation was rich in leys and legumes adapted to organic farming practise. The fertilization treatments reported here are: Conventional fertilization practise; compound fertilizer with NH4NO3 (NPK), cattle slurry high, cattle slurry level adjusted to organic fertilization practise (CSO), and an unfertilized treatment. The soil was experimentally compacted by two passes with a tractor, wheel by wheel, shortly before fertilization. Gas fluxes at the soil surface were measured by the soil cover method. Conventional fertilization practise (NPK) resulted in 2.1 to 3.4 times higher N2O emissions than with CSO in uncompacted and compacted soil, respectively, in year 7, and 1.0 and 3.0 times higher in year 9. The accumulated CH4 uptake was reduced by 52 % by soil compaction, 50 % on average by fertilization, and 78 % by soil compaction and fertilization combined. Fertilization with NH4NO3 or cattle slurry had similar effects.
Forfattere
Anne-Cathrine Scheen Charlotte Lindqvist Carl Gunnar Fossdal Victor A. AlbertSammendrag
The five mint genera Brazoria, Macbridea, Physostegia, Synandra and Warnockia (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) are all North American endemics. Together with the monotypic European genus Melittis and the Asian genus Chelonopsis, these taxa have been classified as subtribe Melittidinae. Previous morphological studies have failed to uncover synapomorphic characters for this group.We sequenced the plastid trnL-trnF region and trnS-trnG spacer and the nuclear ribosomal 5S non-transcribed spacer (5S-NTS) to assess phylogenetic relationships within Melittidinae. Standard parsimony and direct optimization (POY) analyses show Melittis, the type genus of the subtribe, as sister to Stachys. Thus, the monophyly of subtribe Melittidinae is not supported either by molecular or morphological data...
Forfattere
Johanne E. Schjøth Anne-Marte Tronsmo Leif SundheimSammendrag
Visual assessment of maize ears and Fusarium spp. isolation from kernels were compared to determine resistance in 20 Zambian maize hybrids. The mean percentage Fusarium spp. isolations in non-inoculated field experiments varied between years (12-62%). Symptomless infection by Fusarium spp. had domination over symptomatic. More than 95% of the Fusarium species isolated were F. vertcillioides. A disease severity index and the percentage of visibly diseased, discoloured and damaged kernels did not differentiate hybrids with respect to Fusarium spp. ear rot under natural conditions. Artificial inoculation provided a good estimate of Fusarium spp. resistance based on visual symptoms in a year of moderate disease pressure, but not in a year of high disease pressure. The percentage Fusarium spp. isolations showed significant differences between hybrids after inoculation, and it was significantly negatively correlated with the number of days from planting to midsilk. Parental line L5522 contributed to hybrid resistance to Fusarium. The hybrids MM 701-1 and MM 752 were the most resistant among the 20 hybrids.
Sammendrag
The treatability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood is ranked in the European standard EN 350-2 as class 1 (easy to treat), although huge differences in sapwood penetration exist. To obtain full sapwood penetration, process parameters have to be adjusted to the material most difficult to treat. It is therefore of importance to understand the factors that are responsible for penetration differences. Scots pine sapwood was investigated for anatomical differences influencing the ratio of filling (RoF) when treated with the wood modifying agent furfuryl alcohol. The database for the study was samples from two test series including Scots pine from Norway and Denmark. Within these experimental series each sample can be reassigned to its original position in the stem. The RoF for each sample was evaluated, and the variation in treatability within trees, between trees and between different stands was studied...
Sammendrag
The frequency with which ewe lambs lay on wooden surfaces at two levels, called ``double bunks,"" was documented by video recording at 6, 11 and 18 months of age: the number in each of 4 pens (n = 4) lying either on double bunks (DBs) or on the expanded metal floor (EMF) was recorded. At 6 months, lambs were sheared half way through the research period and DBs of two different heights (50/60 cm) and depths (60/75 cm) were tested. At other ages the lambs were sheared before testing and all DBs were the 60 cm 60 cm design. Fully fleeced lambs aged 6 months preferred to lie on EMF rather than DB (P < 0.001). After shearing, the use of EMF for resting declined (P < 0.05) and no significant preference between EMF and DB was found. The lambs tended to lie less when newly sheared (P = 0.06). At 11 months, sheared lambs used DB just as much as EMF, whereas 18 month old sheared ewe lambs tended to choose DB to lie on (P = 0.09). At 6 months, there was a tendency for more lambs to rest at ground level in the DB when headroom was higher at 60 cm (P = 0.1). No other preferences between DB designs were found. The results are discussed according to the regulations for organic sheep farming in Norway. The lambs showed little preference for resting on a DB compared to EMF, so there is insufficient evidence to recommend a two-level, wooden lying area for sheep.
Forfattere
Aslaug Helgadottir Petter Marum Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Kristin Daugstad Thordis Anna Kristjansdottir Tor LunnanSammendrag
Background and aims: White clover (Trifolium repens) is an important component of sustainable livestock systems around the world. Its exploitation for agriculture in the northern, marginal areas, is, however, currently limited by the lack of cultivars that combine persistence and high production potential. The aims are to investigate whether it is feasible to create breeding material of white clover for these areas by combining winter hardiness of northerly populations with good yielding ability of more southerly cultivars. Methods: A total of 166 crosses of 14 different parental combinations between winter-hardy, low-yielding populations of northern origin and high-yielding commercial cultivars of more southerly origin were tested under field conditions in Iceland and Norway and the parental combinations were compared in Norway. Spaced plants were transplanted into a smooth meadow grass (Poa pratensis) sward. Dry matter yield was estimated for 2 years after planting in Norway and morphological characters associated with yielding capacity were measured at both sites. Key results: The results showed that southerly cultivars had larger leaves and higher yielding potential than northern types but suffered more winter damage. Significant variation was found between full-sib families within the different parental combinations for all morphological characteristics measured in all three trials. However, it was difficult to detect any consistens morphological patterns between progeny groups across trial sites. No significant correlations were found between leaflet area and survival. Conclusions: The present study has confirmed that it should be possible to simultaneously select for good winter survival and larger leaves and, hence, higher yielding ability under marginal conditions.
Forfattere
Bjørn Molteberg Trygve S. Aamlid Frank Enger Anne A. Steensohn Åge SusortSammendrag
From 2003 to 2006, three varieties of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina), thirteen varieties of creeping bentgrass, nine varieties of colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris), four varieties of slender creeping red fescue Festuca rubra var. trichophylla): thirteen varieties of chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata), and one variety of annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans) were evaluated for establishment rate, overall turf quality (visual merit), tiller density, color, leaf fineness, per cent living plant cover, winter injury, disease resistance, spring green-up, daily height growth, and thatch accumulation in trials on USGA-spec. putting greens at the Bioforsk research stations Landvik (58°N, 12 m a.s.l.) and Apelsvoll (61°N, 250 m a.s.l.) in south-east Norway. These experimental sites are considered representative for the southern/coastal and the northern/ continental zone of Scandinavia, respectively. The trials were mowed three times per week to 3 mm for bentgrass species and annual bluegrass and to 4-5-5.0 mm for red fescues; fertilized with easily soluble, small-grain mineral fertilizer every second week, and otherwise managed as putting greens with respect to irrigation, vertical mowing, aeration and topdressing. The greens were not open to regular play, but articifial wear was imposed by rolling friction-drums with golf-spikes over the trials three timers per week. On average for varieties within each species, velvet bentgrass had the highest visual merit scores at both experimental sites. Velvet bentgrass had higher density and finer leaves than any other species in the study. Along with colonial bentgrass, it also had better winter survival than creeping bentgrass, red fescue and annual bluegrass. The main disadvantage of velvet bentgrass is its rapid formation of thatch; this problem must be resolved before a general recommendation for use of velvet bentgrass on Scandinavian putting greens can be given. Next to velvet bentgrass, colonial bentgrass and creeping bentgrass were ranked as the most suitable species for golf courses in the northern/continental and southern/coastal zone, respectively. Red fescues should be preferred on golf courses not using fungicides and with limited maintenance budgets. While annual bluegrass `True Putt" cannot be recommended for putting greens in any part of Scandinavia, the ranking of varieties within each species depended, for the most part, on climatic zone. Based on overall performance in this project, a list of recommended varieties are presented for the Scandinavian putting greens.