Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2025
Sammendrag
Eucheumatoid seaweed farmers face a confluence of challenges emanating from presumed nutrient deficiency due to over-cropping, leading to low yields and frequent ice-ice disease outbreaks. Despite limited data on systemic nutrient limitations, some farmers clandestinely apply commercial inorganic fertilizers to accelerate growth and harvest premature crops after half of the prescribed 45-day cultivation period, sparking controversy. Unlike terrestrial agriculture, the use of inorganic fertilizers in eucheumatoid seaweed farming (ESF) is contentious. This stems from the haphazard use of the term “organic” to classify sea-grown crops without using synthetic fertilizers. However, when anthropogenic inorganic nutrient pollution fertilizes coastal seas, this effectively disqualifies these crops from the “organic” produce classification. This paper critically explores the use of artificial nutrient enrichment in ESF, assessing its impact on the crop's growth, ice-ice disease mitigation, carrageenan quality, and the marine environment. While controlled fundamental studies have shown that nutrient enrichment can significantly increase growth and potentially reduce disease occurrence, its inconsistent positive and negative effects on carrageenan yield and quality require further investigation with emphasis on organismal nutrient physiology and metabolism. Inorganic nutrient enrichment could also potentially alter the microbiome of eucheumatoid seaweeds. Whether inorganic nutrient enrichment in ESF will be sanctioned by the local and global regulators and policy makers, or not, increased knowledge is crucial for establishing basic science in order to rationally discuss challenges contributing to the decreasing production of quality raw, dried, eucheumatoid seaweed biomass for carrageenan processing, without compromising environmental and social responsibilities. Currently, the routine use of inorganic fertilizers in ESF is not authorized and remains a very sensitive issue, especially among marginalized subsistence seaweed farmers. In conclusion, inorganic nutrient enrichment in ESF presents a double-edged sword: whilst it can boost growth and potentially combat disease, its practice raises concerns on carrageenan yield and quality, and environmental pollution, as well as regulatory organic codes, necessitating further research for responsible implementation, when sanctioned. The bottom line is that when prescribed by regulators, the raw dried seaweed (RDS) and the subsequent products (both semi-refined and refined carrageenans) cannot be certified as “organic” when the crop is cultivated using inorganic fertilizers.
Sammendrag
The successful introduction of new cultivars depends on the evaluation of complex parameters essential for the consumers, market, and fruit producers. A new scab-resistant apple cultivar, ‘Wuranda’ (SQ159/Natyra®/Magic Star® × Honeycrisp), recently introduced in Norway and managed under the name Fryd©, is prone to biennial bearing. Therefore, one of the first tasks, investigated in Southwestern Norway by the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO-Ullensvang in 2021–2024, was the establishment of optimal crop load level based on the combination of productivity, fruit quality, and return bloom. The apple cultivar Fryd (‘Wuranda’) was propagated on ‘M.9’ rootstock and planted in 2019. The trial was performed in the same orchard for four consecutive years, starting three years after planting. Crop load level affected average fruit mass but had no impact on cv. Fryd fruit quality parameters at harvest such as blush, ground color, firmness, soluble solid content, or starch degradation. Fruit size variation was diminished by crop load regulation, and most fruits fell into 2–3 grading classes. Crop load, not the yield per tree, was the determining factor for the return bloom. The optimal crop load level depended on the orchard age. To guarantee a regular bearing mode of cv. Fryd planted on M.9 rootstock at a 3.5 × 1 m distance and trained as slender spindle, crop load of 5.5–6 fruits cm−2 TCSA (trunk cross-sectional area) in the 3rd year, 7.5–8 fruits cm−2 TCSA in the 4th year, and 6.5–7 fruits cm−2 TCSA in the 5th year should be maintained.
Sammendrag
Plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) are expected to reduce environmental, health, and animal welfare challenges from the production and consumption of meat. This paper investigates PBMA consumption using three rounds of a survey. PBMA consumption in Norway increased from 2017 to 2019 but stagnated in 2022. Several food choice motives and socioeconomic factors affected consumption consistently across the survey rounds. Emphasizing the environment, animal welfare, and novelty were positively associated with PBMA consumption, while emphasizing familiarity and Norwegian origin were negatively associated. Younger, higher educated, urban, and vegetarian respondents were more likely to consume PBMA. Use of social media had a positive effect on the consumption for the total sample, but it was not stable across the survey rounds. Producers, marketers, and other policy makers could promote the environmental and animal welfare benefits along with the novelty aspects of PBMA. The use of domestic ingredients could also appeal to older and rural individuals who emphasize food familiarity.
Forfattere
Iris Hordijk Lourens Poorter Jingjing Liang Peter B. Reich Sergio de-Miguel Gert-Jan Nabuurs Javier G. P. Gamarra Han Y. H. Chen Mo Zhou Susan K. Wiser Hans Pretzsch Alain Paquette Nicolas Picard Bruno Hérault Jean-Francois Bastin Giorgio Alberti Meinrad Abegg Yves C. Adou Yao Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano Braulio V. Alvarado Esteban Alvarez-Davila Patricia Alvarez-Loayza Luciana F. Alves Iêda Amaral Christian Ammer Clara Antón Fernandéz Alejandro Araujo-Murakami Luzmila Arroyo Valerio Avitabile Gerardo A. Aymard C Timothy Baker Olaf Banki Jorcely Barroso Meredith L. Bastian Luca Birigazzi Philippe Birnbaum Robert Bitariho Pascal Boeckx Frans Bongers Olivier Bouriaud Pedro H. S. Brancalion Susanne Brandl Francis Q. Brearley Roel Brienen Eben N. Broadbent Helge Bruelheide Roberto Cazzolla Gatti Ricardo G. Cesar Goran Cesljar Robin L. Chazdon Chelsea Chisholm Emil Cienciala Connie J. Clark David B. Clark Gabriel Colletta David Coomes Fernando Cornejo Valverde Jose J. Corral-Rivas Philip Crim Jonathan Cumming Selvadurai Dayanandan André L. de Gasper Mathieu Decuyper Géraldine Derroire Ben DeVries Ilija Djordjevic Aurélie Dourdain Jiri Dolezal Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang Brian Enquist Teresa Eyre Adandé Belarmain Fandohan Tom M. Fayle Leandro V. Ferreira Ted R. Feldpausch Leena Finér Markus Fischer Christine Fletcher Lorenzo Frizzera Damiano Gianelle Henry B. Glick David Harris Andrew Hector Andreas Hemp John Herbohn Annika Hillers Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado Cang Hui Hyunkook Cho Thomas Ibanez Ilbin Jung Nobuo Imai Andrzej M. Jagodzinski Bogdan Jaroszewicz Vivian Johannsen Carlos A. Joly Tommaso Jucker Viktor Karminov Kuswata Kartawinata Elizabeth Kearsley David Kenfack Deborah Kennard Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas Gunnar Keppel Mohammed Latif Khan Timothy Killeen Hyun Seok Kim Kanehiro Kitayama Michael Köhl Henn Korjus Florian Kraxner Diana Laarmann Mait Lang Simon Lewis Huicui Lu Natalia Lukina Brian Maitner Yadvinder Malhi Eric Marcon Beatriz Schwantes Marimon Ben Hur Marimon-Junior Andrew Robert Marshall Emanuel Martin Olga Martynenko Jorge A. Meave Omar Melo-Cruz Casimiro Mendoza Cory Merow Stanislaw Miscicki Abel Monteagudo Mendoza Vanessa Moreno Sharif A. Mukul Philip Mundhenk Maria G. Nava-Miranda David Neill Victor Neldner Radovan Nevenic Michael Ngugi Pascal A. Niklaus Jacek Oleksyn Petr Ontikov Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi Yude Pan Alexander Parada-Gutierrez Elena Parfenova Minjee Park Marc Parren Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy Pablo L. Peri Sebastian Pfautsch Oliver L. Phillips Maria Teresa Piedade Daniel Piotto Nigel C. A. Pitman Martina Pollastrini Irina Polo Axel Dalberg Poulsen John R. Poulsen Freddy Ramirez Arevalo Zorayda Restrepo-Correa Mirco Rodeghiero Samir Rolim Anand Roopsind Francesco Rovero Ervan Rutishauser Purabi Saikia Christian Salas-Eljatib Peter Schall Dmitry Schepaschenko Michael Scherer-Lorenzen Bernhard Schmid Jochen Schöngart Eric B. Searle Vladimír Seben Federico Selvi Josep M. Serra-Diaz Douglas Sheil Anatoly Shvidenko Javier Silva-Espejo Marcos Silveira James Singh Plinio Sist Ferry Slik Bonaventure Sonké Alexandre F. Souza Hans ter Steege Krzysztof Stereńczak Jens-Christian Svenning Miroslav Svoboda Ben Swanepoel Natalia Targhetta Nadja Tchebakova Raquel Thomas Elena Tikhonova Peter Umunay Vladimir Usoltsev Renato Valencia Fernando Valladares Fons van der Plas Tran Van Do Michael E. Van Nuland Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez Hans Verbeeck Helder Viana Alexander C. Vibrans Simone Vieira Klaus von Gadow Hua-Feng Wang James Watson Gijsbert D. A. Werner Florian Wittmann Verginia Wortel Roderick Zagt Tomasz Zawila-Niedzwiecki Chunyu Zhang Xiuhai Zhao Zhi-Xin Zhu Irie Casimir Zo-Bi Daniel S. Maynard Thomas W. CrowtherSammendrag
Species’ traits and environmental conditions determine the abundance of tree species across the globe. The extent to which traits of dominant and rare tree species differ remains untested across a broad environmental range, limiting our understanding of how species traits and the environment shape forest functional composition. We use a global dataset of tree composition of >22,000 forest plots and 11 traits of 1663 tree species to ask how locally dominant and rare species differ in their trait values, and how these differences are driven by climatic gradients in temperature and water availability in forest biomes across the globe. We find three consistent trait differences between locally dominant and rare species across all biomes; dominant species are taller, have softer wood and higher loading on the multivariate stem strategy axis (related to narrow tracheids and thick bark). The difference between traits of dominant and rare species is more strongly driven by temperature compared to water availability, as temperature might affect a larger number of traits. Therefore, climate change driven global temperature rise may have a strong effect on trait differences between dominant and rare tree species and may lead to changes in species abundances and therefore strong community reassembly.
Forfattere
Pia Heltoft ThomsenSammendrag
Lagring av løk deles inn i ulike lagringsfaser; tørking, nedkjøling og selve lagringsperioden med stabil temperatur på 0 °C. Ved langtidslagring er stabil temperatur viktig for å hindre vekttap, høy respirasjon, råte og groing. Tørkefasen er viktig del av lagringen og danner grunnlaget for god lagringskvalitet i løken. Lagringstekniske forhold og varighet av tørkefasen kan påvirke utviklingen av bakterieråte og gråskimmel på lager. Det anbefales temperaturer mellom 20 og 30 °C unde r tørking, med høyest temperatur i økologiske løk for å stoppe utvikling av gråskimmel. Med færre tilgjengelige plantevernmidler og tendenser til mer ustabilt klima om høsten kan lagerråter bli en større utfordring i årene som kommer. Ut fra egne forsøk presenteres det her anbefalinger i forhold til tørketemperaturer og relativ luftfuktighet for løk.
Sammendrag
Soil bulk density (BD) is a macroscopic indicator frequently used to infer the soils’ pore system, a fundamental attribute of terrestrial environments that significantly affects processes such as infiltration, water retention and plant root development. Additionally, BD is essential for assessing the storage of various materials in soils and sediments, including carbon and nutrients. High bulk density, often a consequence of soil compaction, represents a form of soil degradation that diminishes the soil’s functional capacity. Therefore, effective management of soil BD is crucial for improving agricultural yields, safeguarding ecosystem services, preventing degradation, and preserving the overall integrity of the Earth’s system. This review synthesizes recent research on the packing behavior of granular materials to clarify the emergent property of soil BD. The findings yield an empirical model that links packing fraction to the shape and size ratio of particles. The results demonstrate that the model accurately captures the frequently observed exponential decrease in soil BD with increasing soil organic matter (SOM) content. While it is widely recognized that particle density influences BD, the analysis indicates that grain shape exerts a considerable effect, followed by the particle size ratio in granular media. The insights from this study aim to transform the perception of BD from a static notion to one that acknowledges how changes in the morphology of soil constituents, driven by factors such as root growth and decomposition, can result in variations in BD. As a result, BD may become increasingly sensitive to feedback from climate and land use changes as the geometry of SOM evolves.
Forfattere
Asmita Murumkar Mahesh Tapas Jay Martin Margaret Kalcic Vinayak Shedekar Dustin Goering Andrea Thorstensen Chelsie Boles Todd Redder Remegio ConfesorSammendrag
In 2016, the United States and Canada agreed to reduce phosphorus inputs to Lake Erie by 40 % to reduce the severity of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). These blooms have become more severe, with record events occurring in 2011 and 2015, and have compromised public safety, leading to do-not-drink advisories and negatively impacting the economy of the Western Lake Erie basin. To determine the potential benefits of avoiding nutrient application during high rainfall events compared to dry periods, we analyzed scenarios using three Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological models developed for the Maumee River Watershed. These SWAT models were developed by three different institutes and calibrated for flow and nutrient loadings at the watershed outlet. The scenarios varied the timing of nutrient (fertilizer as well as manure) applications at the hydrological response unit (HRU; smallest unit of a model) level based on the risk of rainfall events and included a (1) worst-condition scenario, in which nutrients were applied just before rain events having a high-risk of runoff and a (2) best-condition scenario, in which nutrients were applied during periods carrying a low-risk of runoff. The results demonstrate that applying nutrients during low-risk rainfall events reduced nitrate runoff by 10.9 %, total phosphorus by 1.2 %, and dissolved reactive phosphorus by 3.8 % during the spring season compared to high-risk rainfall events. While, the nitrate, total phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus reductions were 6 % 0.7 % and 2.6 %, respectively on the annual scale. Additionally, nutrient application during high-risk rainfall events led to a reduction in crop yields, with soybean yields decreasing by 4.4 %, corn and rye by 3 %, and winter wheat by up to 5.5 %. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing nutrient application timing to minimize nutrient runoff and enhance crop productivity, contributing to improved water quality in the Great Lakes region.
Forfattere
Frank Thomas Ndjomatchoua Richard Olaf James Hamilton Stutt Ritter Atoundem Guimapi Luca Rossini Christopher A. GilliganSammendrag
Empirical field data and simulation models are often used separately to monitor and analyse the dynamics of insect pest populations over time. Greater insight may be achieved when field data are used directly to parametrize population dynamic models. In this paper, we use a differential evolution algorithm to integrate mechanistic physiological-based population models and monitoring data to estimate the population density and the physiological age of the first cohort at the start of the field monitoring. We introduce an ad hoc temperature-driven life-cycle model of Bemisia tabaci in conjunction with field monitoring data. The likely date of local whitefly invasion is estimated, with a subsequent improvement of the model’s predictive accuracy. The method allows computation of the likely date of the first field incursion by the pest and demonstrates that the initial physiological age somewhat neglected in prior studies can improve the accuracy of model simulations. Given the increasing availability of monitoring data and models describing terrestrial arthropods, the integration of monitoring data and simulation models to improve model prediction and pioneer invasion date estimate will lead to better decision-making in pest management.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Upgrading biogas to biomethane could contribute to sustainable energy production, yet H2S may reduce the process efficiency and gas quality. This work examined the impact of H2S on biomethanation in batch assays and in continuous trickle bed reactor (TBR). The batch assay (not biofilm based) was conducted to quickly determine the threshold H2S concentration and to evaluate the inoculum's response to repeated H2S exposure. In contrast, the TBR experiment aimed to explore the role of biofilm-based biomethanation in mitigating H2S inhibition. Batch assays revealed significant inhibition, especially at higher H2S concentrations (3 %) and thermophilic temperatures (51 °C). In the batch assay, presence of H2S resulted in up to 30 % reduction in CH4 yield, decreasing from 229 to 160 NmL/Lreactor. Additionally, the CH4 content declined by 12 %, from 49 to 43 %. In contrast, TBRs showed resilience where TBRs fed with H2S-rich biogas produced effluent gas with 83.5 % CH4, similar to control (81.0 %). 16S rRNA analysis highlighted shifts toward sulphate reducing and sulphur oxidizing bacteria under H2S exposure, while acetogenic and syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria increased in the control. This suggests potential competition for available substrates when subjected to H2S. These findings highlight that H2S significantly inhibits non-biofilm-based biomethanation, as seen in batch assays, although moderate acclimation was observed. However, biofilm-based process, e.g TBRs, effectively mitigate H2S toxicity, ensuring efficient biogas upgrading to biomethane.