Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2025
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Tatsiana Espevig Kristine Sundsdal Victoria Stornes Moen Kate Entwistle, The Turf Disease Centre Usoltseva Marina, Botaniska Analysgruppen Sabine Braitmaier, ProSementis GmbH Daniel Hunt, University of Applied Science Osnabrück Carlos Guerrero Monica Skogen Erik LysøeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Johanna Witzell Alberto Vilagrosa Branko Kanjevac Kjersti Holt Hanssen Donato Chiatante Ieva Bebre Palle Madsen Melis Çerçioğlu Luna MorcilloSammendrag
Forests can be established through active methods like planting or direct seeding, or passive approaches that rely on natural regeneration. Each method has its own advantages and challenges, especially in the context of climate change. The choice of forestation methods (afforestation, reforestation, and restoration) must consider environmental factors, including soil conditions and past land use, which significantly influence the likelihood of successful regeneration. Ecological objectives, such as promoting beneficial biodiversity and soil health, are increasingly recognized, as well as more traditional productivity-oriented objectives, in adapting to environmental pressures and altered climate. Increasingly, the aim is to establish mixed-species forests, which are more resilient to climate change, pests, and diseases. This chapter discusses forward-looking practices for climate-responsive site preparation, direct seeding, planting, and natural regeneration. Natural regeneration relies on the natural dispersal of seeds, while artificial methods allow for greater control over outcomes. Seedling characteristics and species traits must be aligned with site conditions to enhance establishment success. Direct seeding is a viable method for large-scale forest regeneration if the necessary conditions are met. Recent technological advancements in seed treatment and mechanical seeding techniques can improve germination rates and seedling survival. The main goal of site preparation is to create optimal conditions for young plants, and innovative approaches for assessing and improving these conditions are introduced, including precision seeding and enhancing beneficial microbiomes at planting sites. The presence or absence of an overstory significantly influences seedling establishment. Overstory cover can either enhance or suppress seedling growth through resource competition and microclimate regulation. Site preparation must balance light and moisture availability and temperature. Innovative strategies for improving forest regeneration have emerged, including the use of introduced species and selected genetic materials better suited to changing climatic conditions. Plant-associated and soil microbes enhance seedling establishment, and beneficial microbiomes that favor seedling growth and health can be introduced in the nursery or on sites to support sustainable forestation. Nurse trees can provide sheltered environments that mitigate abiotic stress on seedlings. Remote sensing and digital technologies are important in precision forestry. Drone-assisted techniques for site inventory and monitoring can potentially improve data collection and monitoring and provide practitioners with timely information for decision-making. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of forward-looking practices that aim to enhance forest resilience and sustainability in the face of climate change.
Forfattere
Pedro Villar-Salvador Enrique Andivia Barbara Mariotti Juan A. Oliet Jaime Puértolas Claudia Cocozza Vladan Ivetić Marianthi Tsakaldimi Antonio Montagnoli Branislav Cvjetković R. Kasten Dumroese Inger Sundheim Fløistad Eduardo Arellano Jovana Devetaković Julio J. Diez Guolei Li Alberto Maltoni Juan F. Ovalle Fabio Salbitano Roberto Tognetti Maurizio Ventura Alberto Vilagrosa Johanna WitzellSammendrag
Seedling functional attributes (i.e., morphological and physiological traits driving water, carbon, and nutrient economy, as well as stress resistance and resilience) influence the early performance of forest plantings. Nursery environment and cultivation practices interact with species ecology to shape these attributes and potential outplanting success. Although extensive literature exists on these topics, studies that have quantitatively synthesized findings to generalize plant quality and nursery cultivation theory are almost nonexistent. This chapter quantitatively reviews the effects of (1) seedling size and shoot-to-root mass ratio (S/R) and (2) several nursery cultivation practices on outplanting survival and growth. Examined practices include stock type (container vs. bareroot (BR)), drought and blackout hardening, container properties in oaks and pines, and growing media alternatives to peat. For this, we developed different databases compiling information at a global scale from scientific and technical literature in different languages. Seedling size significantly enhances outplanting survival when comparing seedlings of the same age, while S/R does not. Stocktype and species-specific leaf area (SLA), a trait related to resource acquisition capacity and stress resistance in plants, modulate the effect of morphology on survival, particularly on arid sites. In dry climates, large seedlings have a survival advantage over small seedlings in low SLA species (i.e., slow growth and high stress resistance plants) cultivated in containers, if water stress is mitigated through intensive soil preparation, and using 1-year-old seedlings. When stock types differ in survival, container plants usually outperform BR stock, especially if soil preparation is performed, and under dry and high weed competition conditions. Drought hardening improves survival, especially in shrubs, but can negatively affect survival in drought-sensitive species on low aridity sites. Blackout reduces field growth, particularly in drought-tolerant species. The effect of container characteristics on survival differs between oaks and pines: for oaks, reducing plant spacing in small to moderate containers (<400 mL) is preferable to maximize survival, while for pines, increasing container depth is more effective. Peat alternatives, including manure, organic waste, and rice hulls, improved survival, whereas sludge performed poorly. Rice was most effective on humid sites, while manure and organic waste showed consistent benefits across climates. Our findings highlight the potential for peat alternatives, with effectiveness depending on local ecological and economic conditions. Based on these results, we provide recommendations to match seedlings’ size and S/R to species' SLA, stocktype, soil preparation intensity, and aridity of the planting site, along with cultivation guidelines for producing such a variety of seedlings.
Forfattere
Karin Juul Hesselsøe Anne Friederike Borchert Trygve S. Aamlid Tatsiana Espevig Michelle DaCosta Eric Watkins Andrew Hollman Pia Heltoft ThomsenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Martin Volk Natasha Amorsi Sabina Bokal Natalja Cerkasova Rozalia Cvejic Csilla Farkas Benoît Fribourg-Blanc Petr Fucik Matjaz Glavan Luka Honzak Dominika Krzeminska Tatenda Lemann Federica Monaco Attila Nemes Ingrid Nesheim Mikolaj Piniewski Christoph Schürz Michael Strauch Brigitta Szabo Felix Witing Cordula WittekindSammendrag
The increasing frequency of droughts and heavy rainfall is intensifying conflicts between agricultural water use and other human and environmental demands. Natural/Small Water Retention Measures (NSWRMs) can help mitigate these conflicts by enhancing water quality, improving agricultural resilience, and contributing to sustainable development goals. However, there are knowledge gaps about the effectiveness of these measures across different regions, scales, and climate conditions. The EU Horizon 2020 project OPTAIN aims to address these challenges in 14 European case studies. The project involves local stakeholders through Multi-Actor Reference Groups, which have identified and documented 235 potential NSWRMs, of which 66 from 29 categories have been selected for further evaluation. These measures are catalogued in collaboration with the WOCAT and NWRM.eu databases. To assess the impact of these NSWRMs at field and catchment scale, OPTAIN applies the SWAT+ model with a fully distributed routing scheme, accompanied by further field-scale simulations using SWAP in areas of high data availability. The project developed protocols and R scripts to standardize data preparation, model calibration, and evaluation across case studies, ensuring consistent analysis. Initial simulations in the German case study demonstrate positive effects of NSWRMs, such as low tillage and grassed waterways, in reducing peak water flows, increasing low flows, and enhancing nutrient and sediment retention. Furthermore, the project linked SWAT+ with an economic model using the CoMOLA platform to optimize NSWRM allocations based on environmental and economic criteria. Policy analysis is another important component of OPTAIN, with local and regional policies being reviewed to identify gaps and opportunities for harmonizing water and agricultural policies across Europe. Interim findings, shared through policy briefs, emphasize the need for better integration of agro-environmental policies, increased intersectoral collaboration, and awareness-raising among stakeholders. OPTAIN's overarching goal is to improve the acceptance and implementation of NSWRMs by harmonizing data, methods, and policies across the 14 case studies. While there are significant differences between countries, which pose challenges for comparative studies, the project is working to address these through data standardization and model improvements. The R scripts developed by the project will assist future SWAT+ users worldwide in setting up and calibrating models to evaluate the effectiveness of NSWRMs in water and nutrient retention. Ultimately, OPTAIN aims to optimize the spatial allocation and combination of NSWRMs, ensuring they are both environmentally and economically sustainable, while also promoting policy alignment at local, national, and EU levels.
Forfattere
Csilla Farkas Moritz Shore Christoph Schürz Agota Horel Gökhan Cücelöglu Dorota Mirosław-Świątek Maria Eliza Turek Annelie Holzkaemper Joana Eichenberger Piroska Kassai Brigitta Szabo Tibor Zsigmond Natalja Cerkasova Peter Fucik Antonin Zajicek Stepan Marval Mojtaba ShafieiSammendrag
Within the EU Horizon project OPTAIN (OPtimal strategies to reTAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe, optain.eu) project, the effects of Natural/Small Water Retention Measures (NSWRMs) on water regime, soil erosion, and nutrient transport are evaluated at both catchment- and field scales for present and future climate conditions. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of selected management-based NSWRMs on soil water retention using the field-scale SWAP soil hydrological model and to compare the results with those simulated by the catchment-scale SWAT+ model. Improved water retention and reduced surface and subsurface runoff are indicators of reduced nutrient and soil particle losses towards the surface and subsurface water bodies. The field-scale assessment was based on the adaptation of the two models to seven pilot sites across three European biogeographical regions and on combined NSWRM – projected climate scenario analyses. The SWAP model was calibrated for all the pilot fields with good or satisfactory results. The impact of four infield NSWRMs - reduced tillage, shifting to grassland, afforestation and drought tolerant crops - on the water balance elements was evaluated. The scenario results indicate that the effects of measures on soil water retention and other water balance elements have some regional pattern, but can be strongly dependent on local conditions (e.g. soil, crop, slope). According to the scenario results, for most of the cases the studied NSWRMs contributed to reducing evaporation, surface and subsurface runoff and percolation to deeper layers, which resulted in increased soil water retention or plant water uptake within the fields. The cross-validation of the field-scale SWAP and catchment-scale SWAT+ models was a challenging task and could only be performed for selected water balance elements (evaporation, transpiration and drainage outflow). Comparable results were obtained in most of the cases for the baseline scenario, but the differences between the soil water balance elements simulated by the two models increased when implementing the different measures.