Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Wooden elements may be subjected to mechanical, environmental or biological alterations during their service life. The most susceptible parts of wood structural members are the exposed surfaces since they are subjected to ageing, weathering and/or decay. Knowledge of the influence of weathering factors and polymer degradation mechanisms is essential for understanding the weathering process of wood. The goal of this study was to investigate the degradation of thin wooden samples exposed to short-term weathering. Tests were performed through the European summer (July), which according to previous research is considered as the most severe period for weathering of wood micro-sections. Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy was used for evaluation of chemical changes of wood samples. Three approaches for data evaluation are presented in this paper: (1) direct spectral interpretation, (2) a concept for calculation of a weathering index Wind and (3) kinetics of lignin changes in relation to the exposure direction for selected wavelengths. Observation of the effects of weathering will allow better understanding of the degradation process. The southern exposure site was slightly more affected by weathering than other sites. Results of this research will be used for future determination of the weather-dose response model and could be essential for predicting the future performance of timber facade elements.
Sammendrag
Arvesølvprosjektet (2006-2012) utarbeidet skjøtselsplaner og igangsatte skjøtsel i en rekke verdifulle lokaliteter. Flere av Arvesølvlokalitetene har forekomst av solblom, Arnica montana, som regnes som en kjennetegnende art for semi-naturlig eng. Den er truet med status VU- sårbar på den Norske rødlista 2015. Innen fire lokaliteter i Aust–Agder og fire i Vest-Agder ble det parallelt med skjøtselsplanprosessen igangsatt overvåkning av solblompopulasjonene ved opptelling av sterile og fertile solblomrosetter. Alle lokalitetene er fulgt over et varierende antall år fra 2008 til 2014. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene av solblomovervåkningen.
Sammendrag
LEgislation in Sweden and Norway requires that Dairy cattle have outdoor acess in summertime. PAsture utilization can be challenging with high-yielding cattle abd karge herd-sizes. Tehrefore, many farmers choose to offer their cows Access to an exercise- and recreation area only, rather than a full Production pasture. However, is an exercise paddoc as attractive as Production pasture for the cow? We compared part-time production and exercise grazing in an automated milking system, with outdoor acess in the morning (4.5 h) and the evening (4 h). The Production pasture group (P)was offered fresh Production pasture daily and given a Limited silage ration night-time. The exercise pasture group (E) was given Access to a small exercise paddoc and were fed silage ad libitum 24 hours. Milk yield dit not differ significantly: 36.1 kg for P and 36.0 kg for E. However, behaviour differed, with 5.5 (P) and 2.6 h(E) spent outdoors, and 3.7 h (P) and 0.6 h (E) grazing time. In conclusion, while milk-yields were similar between the Groups, lower ammounts of supplementary feed were needed for cows on treatment P, who also spent longer hours putdoors and grazing.
Sammendrag
The Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is a major forest pest in Europe, capable of mass-attacking and killing mature Norway spruces over extensive areas during outbreaks. Recurring outbreaks over the last few centuries have affected Central and Northern Europe. Outbreaks tend to be periodic and are in many cases triggered by large wind-felling events. For example in Scandinavia several large outbreaks have been triggered by storm disturbances in the last 50 years. In Europe I. typographus is widespread where spruce hosts are found except for in the British Isles. Here we review the identification and biology of this insect and present information about its invasiveness and the potential of success in early detection and control of outbreaks. There are indications that a warmer climate will increase the risk for outbreaks in the northern range of spruce in Europe, where outbreaks so far have been rare. More outbreaks are also expected at the southern margin of the spruce distribution in Europe, where lower than average precipitation seems to generally favor infestations. Establishments outside Eurasia have not been found despite frequent interceptions at ports of entry. Our experiments showed that North American spruce species may be suitable hosts and we conclude that it cannot be ruled out that future establishment can result from repeated imports. The most efficient control option of storm-triggered outbreaks is removal of wind-felled trees before the new generation beetles emerge.
Sammendrag
Grassland and the associated ruminant livestock production is the backbone of Norwegian agriculture, as ruminant products contribute nearly 50% of the gross income of the agricultural sector. About 2/3 of the agricultural area is used for temporary and permanent grassland, and a large proportion (40%) of the arable land is used for producing cereals that are included in concentrate mixtures fed to ruminants. The huge variation in climatic conditions, caused by the wide range in both latitude and altitude as well as in the distance to the coast, determines the land use and choice of species and varieties used in grassland. However, the dominating ley grassland species used in in almost all parts of the country are timothy (Phleum pratense L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The use of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is increasing, particularly in the southwestern parts of the country. The grassland yields and forage feed quality have remained very much the same during the last decade, while the intensity in ruminant production, e.g. milk yield per cow, has increased considerably. Factors that have contributed to grassland yield stagnation are probably the increasing proportion of rented farmland by larger farm units, the increasing price ratio between livestock products and feed concentrates and the increasing cost of producing forage relative to the price of concentrates
Forfattere
David S. Bullock Klaus Mittenzwei Paal Brevik WangsnessSammendrag
We develop a general framework in which public goods are conflicting (complementary) if an increase in the provision of one public good raises (lowers) the marginal cost of providing another public good. The framework is used to analyse the policy implications of maintaining safe minimum standards (SMSs) for two public goods. The comparative-static results are illustrated using a sector model for Norwegian agriculture in which the SMSs for food security, agrobiodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions are modelled as constraints. The simulations show that even if public goods are conflicting, better-targeted policies can achieve SMSs at lower social costs.
Forfattere
Ellen Johanne SvalheimSammendrag
Naturtypen artsrik slåttemark er sterkt truet i følge Norsk rødliste for naturtyper, og blei i 2011 utvalgt naturtype (UN) med en viss beskyttelse gjennom lov om Naturmangfold. På oppdrag for Fylkesmannen i Buskerud re-registrerte Ellen Svalheim, NIBIO, engvegetasjonen på Løkkene i Håvet i Kongsberg kommune i juli 2015. Disse registreringene er lagt til grunn for denne skjøtselsplanen. Det blei under befaringene sommeren 2015 re-registrert og avgrenset en verdifull slåttemarkslokalitet og en verdifull naturbeitelokalitet. Det blei i samarbeid med grunneiere Kongsberg kommune utarbeidet skjøtselsplan for disse lokalitetene i januar 2016.
Sammendrag
Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi utførte sommaren 2015 vegetasjonskartlegging av eit område på 94 km² i Vågå kommune i Oppland fylke. Kartlegginga er gjort etter instruks for kartlegging i målestokk 1:20 000 - 50 000 – VK50. Kartlagt areal ligg i lågfjell, fjellbjørkebeltet og ned i barskogsona. Det er laga vegetasjonskart og 2 avleia temakart for beite for sau og storfe. Denne rapporten beskriv metode for kartlegging, registrerte vegetasjonstypar og deira fordeling i området. Det er gjeve ein omtale av beiteverdi og beitekapasitet, samt gjeve nokre råd kring skjøtsel av kulturlandskap og beite i kartleggingsområdet.
Sammendrag
Due to more restrictive toxicological requirements and increased ecological awareness of consumers, wood preservatives containing harmful biocides are no longer desired on the market. Therefore, research on new environmentally friendly formulations is of great importance. One of the possible solutions is to develop new preservatives based on natural substances, which are harmless to humans, animals and the environment, while biologically active. The aim of the study was to develop new biocide-free preservative systems which increase wood resistance to wood-decaying fungi. The following silanes: [3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane (AATMOS), (Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTEOS), and (Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMOS); caffeine, natural oils and potassium carbonate were chosen as components of new protective formulations, which were planned to be an alternative for traditionally used biocides. Samples of three different wood species (pine, spruce, and poplar) were treated with the new preservative systems and exposed to the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana and the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor according to EN-113 and EN-839 standards. The obtained results show that wood treated with the water-based formulation consisting of silanes and caffeine (2% caffeine + 5% AATMOS, 2% caffeine + 5% APTEOS) demonstrated the highest resistance to the test fungi. Wood mass loss after exposure to the decay fungi was 1%. All wood species treated with this formulation achieved index 1 (“very resistant”) within durability class acc. to the EN350 standard.
Forfattere
Wenche Dramstad Vibeke Stærkebye Nørstebø Svein Olav Krøgli Misganu Debella-Gilo Gerardo A Pérez-ValdésSammendrag
Aim: Identify where bioeconomic development would best be located to maximise both local resources and the reusable waste from potentially collaborating sectors. We seek to answer the questions like Where are the best locations for bioeconomic clusters and how should this be assessed? What are the tradeoffs, how can they be mapped and described, and are there any general major obstacles? What are the conditions that would aid in developing a smart bioeconomy and what are the spatial implications of different developments?