Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
N. Tirchi Ricardo Holgado T. Karahacane A. MokabliSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Anastasiia Mykhailenko Piotr Zieliński Aleksandra Bednarz Fredrik Schlyter Martin N. Andersson Bernardo Antunes Zbigniew Borowski Paal Krokene Markus Melin Julia Morales-García Jörg Müller Zuzanna Nowak Martin Schebeck Christian Stauffer Heli Viiri Julia Zaborowska Wiesław Babik Krystyna Nadachowska-BrzyskaSammendrag
In many species, polymorphic genomic inversions underlie complex phenotypic polymorphisms and facilitate local adaptation in the face of gene flow. Multiple polymorphic inversions can co-occur in a genome, but the prevalence, evolutionary significance, and limits to complexity of genomic inversion landscapes remain poorly understood. Here, we examine genome-wide genetic variation in one of Europe's most destructive forest pests, the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, scan for polymorphic inversions, and test whether inversions are associated with key traits in this species. We analyzed 240 individuals from 18 populations across the species' European range and, using a whole-genome resequencing approach, identified 27 polymorphic inversions covering ∼28% of the genome. The inversions vary in size and in levels of intra-inversion recombination, are highly polymorphic across the species range, and often overlap, forming a complex genomic architecture. We found no support for mechanisms such as directional selection, overdominance, and associative overdominance that are often invoked to explain the presence of large inversion polymorphisms in the genome. This suggests that inversions are either neutral or maintained by the combined action of multiple evolutionary forces. We also found that inversions are enriched in odorant receptor genes encoding elements of recognition pathways for host plants, mates, and symbiotic fungi. Our results indicate that the genome of this major forest pest of growing social, political, and economic importance harbors one of the most complex inversion landscapes described to date and raise questions about the limits of intraspecific genomic architecture complexity.
Sammendrag
Monitoring surface albedo at a fine spatial resolution in forests can enrich process understanding and benefit ecosystem modeling and climate-oriented forest management. Direct estimation of surface albedo using 10 m reflectance imagery from Sentinel-2 is a promising research avenue to this extent, although questions remain regarding the representativeness of the underlying model of surface reflectance anisotropy originating from coarser-resolution imagery (e.g., MODIS). Here, using Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland) as a case region, we test the hypothesis that systematic stratification of the forested landscape into similar species compositions and physical structures prior to the step of carrying out angular bin regressions can lead to improved albedo estimation accuracy of direct estimation algorithms. We find that such stratification does not lead to statistically meaningful improvement over stratification based on conventional land cover classification, suggesting that factors other than forest structure (e.g., soils, understory vegetation) may be equally important in explaining within-forest variations in surface reflectance anisotropy. Nevertheless, for Sentinel-2-based direct estimation based on conventional forest classification, we document total-sky surface albedo errors (RMSE) during snow-free and snow-covered conditions of 0.015 (15 %) and 0.037 (21 %), respectively, which align with those of the coarser spatial resolution products in current operation.
Sammendrag
This report presents the results of monitoring undertaken by OSPAR Contracting Parties for the Riverine Inputs and Direct Discharges Programme (RID) during 2022. The purpose of the RID Programme is to assess, as accurately as possible, all riverine inputs and direct discharges of selected pollutants to Convention waters on an annual basis, and to contribute to the implementation of the Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme (JAMP). The OSPAR Convention area is divided into five main regions: the Arctic Waters, the Greater North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay, and the Wider Atlantic. Determinands monitored on a mandatory basis include nutrients, heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, copper, zinc, and lead), suspended particulate matter, and salinity (in saline waters). Several more determinands can be monitored on a voluntary basis. Direct discharge sources can include sewage treatment plants, industry, and aquaculture; some Contracting Parties also report urban runoff. Not all Contracting Parties report their direct discharges. Since the programme started in 1990, many Contracting Parties report an overall reduction in flow normalized riverine loads of nutrients and metals, although there are large variations from year to year. Direct discharges of nutrients and metals are also declining in many areas, with some exceptions. For 2022, increase in direct discharges was reported in some areas, but these have no effect on the general trends, since the reported direct discharges are smaller than the riverine inputs in almost all the cases. Only direct discharges from unmonitored areas, including areas downstream of sampling points and discharges directly to the sea are included. The direct discharges upstream of the sampling points are included in the riverine inputs. The report also gives an overview of the different efforts carried out by both CPs and the RID Data Centre to improve the data quality of the programme. Despite these efforts, the long-term data series still have some gaps and inconsistencies, which is unfortunate. Hence, the Report also gives recommendations on how to handle incomplete or missing datasets. The CPs are asked to scrutinize the historical RID data series, and correct them whenever needed, to improve the data quality in the RID database.
Forfattere
Belachew Gizachew Zeleke Deo D. Shirima Jonathan Rizzi Collins B. Kukunda Eliakimu ZahabuSammendrag
Tanzania dedicates a substantial proportion (38%) of its territory to conservation, with a large number of Protected Areas (PAs) managed under various regimes. Nevertheless, the country still experiences high rates of deforestation, which threaten the ecological integrity and socio-economic benefits of its forests. We utilized the Global Forest Change Dataset (2012–2022) and implemented a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) approach followed by a series of binomial logit regression modeling. Our objectives were to evaluate (1) the likelihood of PAs in avoiding deforestation compared with unprotected forest landscapes, (2) the variability in effectiveness among the different PA management regimes in avoiding deforestation, (3) evidence of leakage, defined here as the displacement of deforestation beyond PA boundaries as a result of protection inside PAs. Our findings reveal that, despite ongoing deforestation within and outside of PAs, conservation efforts are, on average, three times more likely to avoid deforestation compared with unprotected landscapes. However, the effectiveness of avoiding deforestation significantly varies among the different management regimes. National Parks and Game Reserves are nearly ten times more successful in avoiding deforestation, likely because of the stringent set of regulations and availability of resources for implementation. Conversely, Nature Forest Reserves, Game Controlled Areas, and Forest Reserves are, on average, only twice as likely to avoid deforestation, indicating substantial room for improvement. We found little evidence of the overall leakage as a consequence of protection. These results highlight the mixed success of Tanzania’s conservation efforts, suggesting opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of many less protected PAs. We conclude by proposing potential strategic pathways to enhance further the climate and ecosystem benefits of conservation in Tanzania.
Forfattere
Gunda ThömingSammendrag
Conservation biological control (CBC) is a sustainable measure for ecological intensification in agriculture to establish and maintain robust natural enemy populations. CBC is contributing to integrated pest management with reduced use of pesticides and support of native biodiversity in agroecosystems. Despite rapidly expanding research on CBC during the last decades, its application in pest management at the farm level is very limited. Here, we tested a CBC strategy in a 5-year on-farm study at three locations in East Norway. This CBC strategy combined two tools to increase biological control of aphids in spring barley; 1-ATTRACT, the application of a volatile organic compound (VOC) attractant that increases lacewing egg laying, and 2-HABITAT, the maintenance of natural border vegetation. We found that the VOC attractants recruited natural enemies and guided them to the right place at the right time from the border vegetation into the cropping area to control the aphid population efficiently and reliably. The results also showed that the VOC attractants combined with periodical maintained natural border vegetation provided a higher lacewing activity and aphid suppression than with annual sown floral buffer strips. We found that maintained natural border vegetation supported by VOC attractants provided lacewing populations that controlled aphids up to 100 m into the cropping area. Without VOC attractants we recorded lacewing activity up to 50 m from the border into the cropping area if natural border vegetation was available, and up to 25 m if no border vegetation existed. The overall results demonstrated the feasibility of this CBC approach under Norwegian farming conditions leading to the successful adoption of this CBC-strategy by the farming community.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Rasmus Bang Bjørn Gunnar Hansen Mario Guajardo Jon Kristian Sommerseth Ola Flaten Leif Jarle AsheimSammendrag
CONTEXT An important question for farmers is whether to run their farm conventionally or organically. This choice can significantly affect the farm's financial performance and its impact on the environment. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to compare the profitability of conventional and organic cattle systems and investigate how it is associated with individual farm characteristics, like forage production capacity, forage quality, milk quota, animal housing capacity, and their relative presences. METHOD We employ a whole farm optimization model, customized for Norwegian cattle farming. The primary goal of this model is to maximize the gross margin by optimizing decisions related to land usage and animal inventory while adhering to a set of constraints. We systematically solve more than 200,000 model instances, with varying farm characteristics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results can be distilled to the following key points: If forage of good quality is readily available, but the livestock operation cannot be expanded due to animal housing and milk quota restrictions, organic may outcompete conventional farming. Otherwise, gross margin is maximized with conventional farming. These findings emphasize the crucial role of forage production capacity and quality in relation to available milk quota and infrastructure when considering the transition from conventional to organic farming. Extensive sensitivity analyses affirm the robustness of these conclusions. Regional regulatory factors, such as government farm payments, also play a significant role, and influence the optimal farming approach. Additionally, we show that increases in organic price premiums can markedly impact the competitiveness of organic farming, even in a system where government payments make out a significant part of the farm revenue. SIGNIFICANCE The model can support farmers to make informed decisions about converting to organic or conventional farming. It can also be used by policymakers to determine the level of support required to make it worthwhile for different types of farms to convert. We also show that existing government payment schemes give rise to regional differences in the incentives for organic farming in Norway. To ensure equal incentives for organic farming across the country, the organic payments would have to be regionally adjusted, in line with the other already regionally dependent government payments. This insight may be of significant interest to policymakers and other stakeholders.