Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
Claire Coutris Karl Andreas Jensen Pierre-Adrien Rivier Selena Deviller Anastasia Georgantzopoulou Sebastian KuehrSammendrag
By the time they enter soils, engineered nanomaterials (ENM) have undergone physicochemical transformations and may no longer resemble the pristine materials which have been thoroughly investigated during two decades of nanotoxicology research. Is the behavior of environmentally relevant chemical forms of ENM different from that of other metallic species present in soils? Are they more available to soil organisms than their naturally occurring counterparts? The present study aimed at answering these questions, through the use of isotopically enriched ENMs, which could be traced at low concentrations in soil microcosms, despite high natural metallic background. The relevance of the chemical forms was ensured by introducing isotopically enriched 109Ag, 68ZnO and 46TiO2 ENM to a wastewater treatment plant and using the resulting sewage sludge (final sink for most ENM) as amendment in soil microcosms with earthworms. The sludge application rate to soil was similar to that used in agriculture and the experiment lasted for a month. Protocols using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were developed for determination of isotope ratios in complex matrixes, such as soil and organisms. For 109Ag ENM, the dissolved fraction in soil (i.e. the most easily accumulated in organisms) was extremely low and comparable to that of Ag naturally present in soil, and transfer factors to earthworms were similar to those of natural Ag. For 46TiO2 ENM, the transfer to earthworms was negligible, similarly to what was observed for natural Ti. While no difference in behavior and bioavailability was observed between ENM and their naturally occurring counterparts for Ag and Ti, different results were obtained for Zn. The dissolved fraction for 68ZnO ENM was 3-5 times higher than for Zn forms naturally present in soil, and transfer factors to earthworms twice those of natural Zn. Overcoming long-standing challenges related to environmental relevance of chemical forms and concentrations in nanotechnology studies, the approach provides valuable insight into behavior and impacts of environmentally relevant forms of ENM in soils.
Sammendrag
I lab. ved 20 °C er nedbrytingen av klopyralid i jord fra Steinkjer, Apelsvoll og Særheim innenfor spennet på halveringstider som EU har satt som referanseverdier, men halveringstidene er i snitt langsommere enn i jord fra EU. I felt viser predikerte toppjordkonsentrasjoner å være betydelig høyere i våre tre lokaliteter, særskilt i feltet på Steinkjer som hadde et lavt innhold av organisk materiale, enn tilsvarende predikert i en EU-lokalitet. Årsaken er trolig et kjøligere klima i Norge, med langsom/lite nedbryting gjennom vinteren. Den beregningen av predikert toppjordkonsentrasjon av klopyralid som ble utført da klopyralid ble godkjent som aktivt stoff i EU, overestimerer forsvinningshastigheten av klopyralid i forhold til det vi har predikert for jord i norsk klima. Klopyralidkonsentrasjonen i toppjorda ble i godkjenningsforsøkene predikert å være 6 μg/kg 100 dager etter sprøyting, men våre beregninger for de norske feltene predikerer at det tar fra 342 til 532 dager å oppnå det samme i norsk klima. Klopyralidrester på halm brytes effektivt ned ved innblanding i jord, viser våre nedbrytingsforsøk. Klopyralid kan imidlertid ha mer persistens i halmrester og stubb enn det som tidligere er kjent. Vi målte et klopyralidinnhold i tørr halm fra åkeren på 61.2 μg/kg, 98 dager etter sprøyting. Forbud mot høstpløying gjør det vanskelig å få pløyd halmstubb ned i jorda, og hvis klopyralidrestene ligger i toppjorda om våren kan det føre til skade på sensitive vekster som tomat, erter mm. Hvis det skal dyrkes klopyralidsensitive arter året etter så anbefaler vi at stubben harves inn i jorda om høsten. Dersom halm fra klopyralidbehandlet åker blir brukt til dyrefôr kan klopyralid opphopes i husdyrgjødsla. Advarsel om bruk av behandlet halm til fôr bør angis på etiketten til klopyralidpreparatene som er tillatt i korn i Norge i dag.
Sammendrag
To shift towards low-fossil carbon economies, making more out of residual biomass is increasingly promoted. Yet, it remains unclear if implementing advanced technologies to reuse these streams really achieves net environmental benefits compared to current management practices. By integrating spatially-explicit resource flow analysis, consequential life cycle assessment (LCA), and uncertainty analysis, we propose a single framework to quantify the residual biomass environmental baseline of a territory, and apply it to the case of France. The output is the environmental threshold that a future large-scale territorial bioeconomy strategy should overpass. For France, we estimate the residual biomass baseline to generate 18.4 ± 2.7 MtCO2-eq·y−1 (climate change), 255 ± 35 ktN-eq·y−1 (marine eutrophication), and 12,300 ± 800 disease incidences per year (particulate matter formation). The current use of crop residues and livestock effluents, being essentially a return to arable lands, was found to represent more than 90 % of total environmental impacts and uncertainties, uncovering a need for more certain data. At present, utilizing residual streams as organic fertilizers fulfills over half of France's total phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) demands. However, it only meets 6 % of the nitrogen demand, primarily because nitrogen is lost through air and water. This, coupled with the overall territorial diagnosis, led us to revisit the idea of using the current situation (based on 2018 data) as a baseline for future bioeconomy trajectories. We suggest that these should rather be compared to a projected baseline accounting for ongoing basic mitigation efforts, estimated for France at 8.5 MtCO2-eq·y−1.
Sammendrag
Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes crown rot in strawberry leading to significant economic losses every year. To invade the host, P. cactorum secretes an arsenal of effectors that can manipulate host physiology and impair its defense system promoting infection. A transcriptome analysis was conducted on a susceptible wild strawberry genotype (Fragaria vesca) 48 hours post inoculation with P. cactorum to identify effectors expressed during the early infection stage. The analysis revealed 4,668 P. cactorum genes expressed during infection of F. vesca. A total of 539 secreted proteins encoded by transcripts were identified, including 120 carbohydrate-active enzymes, 40 RXLRs, 23 proteolytic enzymes, nine elicitins, seven cysteine rich proteins, seven necrosis inducing proteins and 216 hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Twenty of the 40 RXLR effector candidates were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration and five previously unreported RXLR effector genes (Pc741, Pc8318, Pc10890, Pc20813, and Pc22290) triggered cell death when transiently expressed. The identified cell death inducing RXLR effectors showed 31–66% identity to known RXLR effectors in different Phytophthora species having roles in pathogenicity including both activation and suppression of defense response in the host. Furthermore, homology analysis revealed that these cell death inducing RXLR effectors were highly conserved (82 - 100% identity) across 23 different strains of P. cactorum originating from apple or strawberry.
Sammendrag
The No-till system and organic fertilization combined can be a potential strategy to avoid nutrient leaching, as the soil structure plays a crucial role in retaining them. In this study, we evaluated the influence of different rates of a bio-fertilizer made of industrial organic waste (IOW) from a poultry slaughterhouse on the percolation and stocks of nitrate in disturbed and undisturbed soil samples collected from a subtropical no-till field in southern Brazil. In an incubation experiment, we performed a percolation experiment using lysimeters and simulated rainfall for 180 days and evaluated the remaining soil nitrate stock after the incubation period. We set up a completely randomized experiment with three replicates using four IOW rates (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, and 8 Mg ha−1) and two sample types: disturbed and undisturbed soils. Using the bio-fertilizer increased nitrate mineralization from 0.77 to 1.55 kg ha−1 day−1. Overall, the IOW application increased the amount of percolated nitrate, significantly influenced by the simulated rainfall (p < 0.01). The amount of water flushed through the lysimeters was significantly higher for the disturbed soils (p < 0.05, LSD test), suggesting that the loosened structure promoted a higher water flux. No differences were observed between undisturbed and disturbed samples for nitrate percolation, implying that the amount of nitrate in the liquid soil phase may be a more critical factor in determining nitrate leaching than the water flux. The disturbed samples presented significantly higher nitrate percolation with increasing IOW rates, regardless of precipitation. Stocks in the 0–5 cm depth were 6.6 kg ha−1 higher for undisturbed samples (p < 0.05, LSD test). This result suggests preserving the soil structure can significantly increase the nitrate stocks upon IOW application.
Forfattere
Xia Wang Dawei Chen Mengnan Guo Yao Ning Mingze Geng Jing Guo Jiahui Gao Dong Zhao Yupeng Zhang Qianpeng Li Lixiang Li Shiyang Li Yanqing Li Xiaoran Xie Xiuli Zuo Jingxin LiSammendrag
Colon cancer is increasing worldwide and is commonly regarded as hormone independent, yet recent reports have implicated sex hormones in its development. Nevertheless, the role of hormones from the hypothalamus–hypophysis axis in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) remains uncertain. In this study, we observed a significant reduction in the expression of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in colon samples from both patient with colitis and patient with CAC. To investigate further, we generated mice with an intestinal-epithelium-cell-specific knockout of OXTR. These mice exhibited markedly increased susceptibility to dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis and dextran sulfate sodium/azoxymethane-induced CAC compared to wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that OXTR depletion impaired the inner mucus of the colon epithelium. Mechanistically, oxytocin was found to regulate Mucin 2 maturation through β1-3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7 (B3GNT7)-mediated fucosylation. Interestingly, we observed a positive correlation between B3GNT7 expression and OXTR expression in human colitis and CAC colon samples. Moreover, the simultaneous activations of OXTR and fucosylation by l-fucose significantly alleviated tumor burden. Hence, our study unveils oxytocin’s promising potential as an affordable and effective therapeutic intervention for individuals affected by colitis and CAC.
Forfattere
Pascal Milesi Chedly Kastally Benjamin Dauphin Sandra Cervantes Francesca Bagnoli Katharina B. Budde Stephen Cavers Bruno Fady Patricia Faivre-Rampant Santiago C. González-Martínez Delphine Grivet Felix Gugerli Véronique Jorge Isabelle Lesur Kupin Dario Isidro Ojeda Alayon Sanna Olsson Lars Opgenoorth Sara Pinosio Christophe Plomion Christian Rellstab Odile Rogier Simone Scalabrin Ivan Scotti Giovanni G. Vendramin Marjana Westergren Martin Lascoux Tanja PyhäjärviSammendrag
The effect of past environmental changes on the demography and genetic diversity of natural populations remains a contentious issue and has rarely been investigated across multiple, phylogenetically distant species. Here, we perform comparative population genomic analyses and demographic inferences for seven widely distributed and ecologically contrasting European forest tree species based on concerted sampling of 164 populations across their natural ranges. For all seven species, the effective population size, Ne, increased or remained stable over many glacial cycles and up to 15 million years in the most extreme cases. Surprisingly, the drastic environmental changes associated with the Pleistocene glacial cycles have had little impact on the level of genetic diversity of dominant forest tree species, despite major shifts in their geographic ranges. Based on their trajectories of Ne over time, the seven tree species can be divided into three major groups, highlighting the importance of life history and range size in determining synchronous variation in genetic diversity over time. Altogether, our results indicate that forest trees have been able to retain their evolutionary potential over very long periods of time despite strong environmental changes.
Forfattere
Monica Sanden Eirill Ager-Wick Johanna Eva Bodin Nur Duale Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Kristian Prydz Ville Erling Sipinen Volha Shapaval Tage ThorstensenSammendrag
Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har vurdert en søknad om godkjenning av den genmodifiserte maisen MON 95275. Maisen er søkt godkjent til import, videreforedling og til bruk som mat og fôr i EU-området. I et løpende oppdrag fra Mattilsynet og Miljødirektoratet, vurderer VKM om genmodifiserte organismer og prosessert mat og fôr fra disse kan utgjøre en risiko for helse og miljø. EUs forordning 1829/2003/EF (Forordningen) omfatter både genmodifiserte organismer (levende), som faller inn under den norske genteknologiloven, og genmodifisert, prosessert mat og fôr (dødt materiale avledet fra GMO) som faller inn under den norske matloven. Forordningen er i dag ikke en del av EØS-avtalen eller norsk rett. Norge vurderer søknadene som en forberedelse til at forordningen eventuelt implementeres. VKM vurderer søknader både i den vitenskapelige høringsperioden, som den europeiske myndighet for næringsmiddeltrygghet (EFSA) gjennomfører, og i perioden fra EFSA har offentliggjort en risikovurdering og til EUs medlemsland stemmer for eller imot godkjenning av den genmodifiserte organismen i kommisjonen. VKMs oppdraget er delt inn i tre trinn. (lenke oppdragsbrev) Mais MON 95275 MON 95275 er en genmodifisert mais utviklet ved transformasjon av planteceller ved hjelp av Agrobacterium tumefaciens. MON 95275 uttrykker transgenene mpp75Aa1.1 og vpb4Da2, som henholdsvis koder for proteinene Mpp75Aa1.1 (Cry) og Vpb4Da2 (Vip), og et dobbelt-trådet RNA transkript DvSnf7. Transgenene gjør MON 95275 resistent mot enkelte planteskadegjørere i insektordenen Coleoptera (biller). Den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen i søknaden for mais MON 95275 er dekkende for risikovurdering, og i samsvar med EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter til bruk i mat eller fôr. De genetiske endringene i mais MON 95275 tilsier ingen økt helse- eller miljørisiko i Norge sammenlignet med EU-land. EFSAs risikovurdering er dermed tilstrekkelig også for norske forhold. Ettersom det ikke har blitt identifisert særnorske forhold vedrørende mais MON 95275, har VKMs GMO panel ikke utført en fullstendig risikovurdering. Om oppdraget: I trinn 1 skal VKM, i forbindelse med EFSAs vitenskapelige høring av GMO-søknader, vurdere helse- og miljørisiko ved den genmodifiserte organismen og dens avledete produkter. VKM skal gjennomgå den vitenskapelige dokumentasjonen som søker har sendt inn og evt. gi innspill til EFSA. VKM skal også vurdere: i) om det er særnorske forhold som vil kunne gi andre risikoer i Norge enn de som er omtalt i søknaden, ii) om norsk kosthold kan gi en økt helserisiko for befolkningen i Norge ved en eventuell godkjenning, sammenliknet med befolkningen i resten av Europa, og iii) risiko knyttet til sameksistens med konvensjonell og/eller økologisk produksjon for genmodifiserte planter som søkes godkjent for dyrking. Aktuelle virkemidler for å sikre sameksistens skal også vurderes. I trinn 2 skal VKM vurdere om innspill fra Norge er tilfredsstillende besvart av EFSA. I tillegg skal VKM vurdere om noen av EFSAs kommentarer til andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging. Dersom EFSAs svar til norske innspill ikke er tilfredsstillende, eller andre lands innspill gir grunnlag for videre oppfølging, skal VKM i trinn 3 utføre en risikovurdering av de aktuelle forholdene, inkludert eventuelle særnorske forhold.
Forfattere
Wim De Schuyter Emiel De Lombaerde Leen Depauw Pallieter De Smedt Alina Stachurska-Swakoń Anna Orczewska Balázs Teleki Bogdan Jaroszewicz Déborah Closset František Máliš Fraser Mitchell Fride Høistad Schei George Peterken Guillaume Decocq Hans Van Calster Jan Šebesta Jonathan Lenoir Jörg Brunet Kamila Reczyńska Krzysztof Świerkosz Martin Diekmann Martin Kopecký Markéta Chudomelová Martin Hermy Martin Macek Miles Newman Monika Wulf Ondřej Vild Ove Eriksson Peter Horchler Petr Petrik Remigiusz Pielech Thilo Heinken Thomas Dirnböck Thomas A. Nagel Tomasz Durak Tibor Standovár Tobias Naaf Wolfgang Schmidt Lander Baeten Pieter De Frenne Markus Bernhardt-Römermann Radim Hédl Don Waller Kris VerheyenSammendrag
1. Wild pollinators are crucial for ecosystem functioning and human food production and often rely on floral resources provided by different (semi-) natural ecosystems for survival. Yet, the role of European forests, and especially the European forest herb layer, as a potential provider of floral resources for pollinators has scarcely been quantified. 2. In this study, we measured the potential nectar production (PNP) of the forest herb layer using resurvey data across 3326 plots in temperate forests in Europe, with an average time interval of 41 years between both surveys in order to assess (i) the importance of the forest herb layer in providing nectar for wild pollinators, (ii) the intra-annual variation of PNP, (iii) the overall change in PNP between survey periods and (iv) the change in intra-annual variation of PNP between survey periods. The PNP estimates nectar availability based on the relative cover of different plant species in the forest herb layer. Although PNP overestimates actual nectar production, relative differences amongst plots provide a valid and informative way to analyse differences across time and space. 3. Our results show that the forest herb layer has a large potential for providing nectar for wild pollinator communities, which is greatest in spring, with an average PNP of almost 16 g sugar/m2/year. However, this potential has drastically declined (mean plot-level decline >24%). 4. Change in light availability, associated with shifts in canopy structure and canopy composition, is the key driver of temporal PNP changes. 5. Synthesis. Our study shows that if management activities are carefully planned to sustain nectar-producing plant species for wild pollinators, European forest herb layers and European forests as a whole can play key roles in sustaining wild pollinator populations.
Forfattere
X. Díaz de Otálora B. Amon L. Balaine F. Dragoni F. Estellés G. Ragaglini M. Kieronczyk Grete H. M. Jørgensen A. del PradoSammendrag
CONTEXT European dairy cattle production systems (DPS) are facing multiple challenges that threaten their social, economic, and environmental sustainability. In this context, it is crucial to implement options to promote the reconnection between crop and livestock systems as a way to reduce emissions and enhance nutrient circularity. However, given the sector's diversity, the successful implementation of these options lacks an evaluation framework that jointly considers the climatic conditions, farm characteristics, manure management and mineral fertilisation practices of DPS across Europe. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a modelling and statistical framework to assess the effect of climatic conditions, farm characteristics, manure management and mineral fertilisation practices on the on-farm sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nitrogen (N) losses from ten contrasting case studies for dairy production across Europe, identifying options for emissions mitigation and nutrient circularity. METHODS Using the SIMSDAIRY deterministic whole-farm modelling approach, we estimated the GHG emissions and N losses from the ten case studies. SIMSDAIRY captures the effect of different farm management choices and site-specific conditions on nutrient cycling and emissions from different components of a dairy farm. In addition, we applied the Factor Analysis for Mixed Data multivariate statistical approach to quantitative and qualitative variables and identified relationships among emissions, nutrient losses, and the particular characteristics of the case studies assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results showed how intensive case study farms in temperate climates were associated with lower enteric emissions but higher emissions from manure management (e.g. housing). In contrast, semi-extensive case study farms in cooler climates exhibited higher N losses and GHG emissions, directly linked to increased mineral fertilisation, excreta during grazing, and slurry application using broadcast. Furthermore, the results indicated opportunities to improve nutrient circularity and crop-livestock integration by including high-quality forages instead of concentrates and substituting mineral fertilisers with organic fertilisers. SIGNIFICANCE The presented framework provides valuable insights for designing, implementing, and monitoring context-specific emission mitigation options and nutrient circularity practices. By combining whole-farm modelling approaches and multivariate statistical methods, we enhance the understanding of the interactions between sources of N losses and GHG emissions. We expect our findings to inform the adoption of emissions reduction and circularity practices by fostering the recoupling between crop and livestock systems.