Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Anne Kristine Søvik P.T. MørkvedSammendrag
Constructed wetlands (CWs) in the agricultural landscape reduce non-point source pollution through removal of nutrients and particles. The mechanisms contributing to removal of nitrogen (N) in CWs are considered to be sedimentation, assimilation in plants and microorganisms, and denitrification. Nitrogen assimilated in wetland vegetation will to a large extent be remineralized sooner or later, unless the vegetation is harvested. Thus, the most important removal mechanism for N and the only one which is permanent is microbial denitrification. Nitrogen removal in ponds is often found to be enhanced in the presence of plants, as denitrification is stimulation by supply of organic material from the plants, which may either be used directly by the denitrifying bacteria or indirectly by contributing to a lower redox potential. However, we still have a limited quantitative knowledge regarding the role of denitrification versus other processes in small CWs, and particularly how this shifts during the year. Biological discrimination between the two stable isotopes 14N and 15N leads to natural iso-topic fractionation, i.e., denitrification yields an enriched pool of 15NO3-, as bacteria preferentially reduce 14NO3- over 15NO3-. The isotopic signature has been used to identify regions of significant denitrification in e.g., groundwater aquifers, riparian buffer zones and CWs. As far as we know, the method has until now only been used in one study regarding constructed wetlands. More studies are needed to identify the limits and possibilities of this method in ecosystems such as CWs.
Forfattere
Erik Joner Colette Munier-Lamy Barbara GougetSammendrag
An old mine spoil at a 19th century mining site with considerable residues of uranium (400-800 mg U kg-1) was investigated with respect to U concentrations in soil and plants, and tolerance to U in the soil microbial community, in order to describe the bioavailability of U. Measurements of soil fractions representing water soluble U, easily exchangeable U and U bound to humified organic matter showed that all fractions contained elevated concentrations of U. Plant U concentrations were only ten times higher at the mine spoil site compared to the reference site (3 mg U kg-1 vs. 0.3 mg U kg-1), while the most easily available soil fractions contained 0.18-0.86 mg U kg-1 soil at the mine spoil. An ecotoxicity bioassay using incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the indigenous microbial communities of the two soils in the presence of increasing U concentrations showed that micro-organisms at the mining site were sensitive to U, but also that they had acquired a substantial tolerance towards U (EC50 of UO2-citrate was approx. 120 µM as compared to 30 µM in the reference soil). In the assay, more than 40% of the microbial activity was maintained in the presence of 1mM UO2-citrate, vs. 3% in the reference soil. We conclude that U-enriched mining waste can contain sufficiently elevated concentrations of bioavailable U to affect indigenous micro-organisms, and that bioavailable U imposes a selection pressure that favours the development of a highly uranium tolerant microbial community, while plant uptake of U remains low.
Forfattere
Bjørn Molteberg Frank EngerSammendrag
Gras til grøntanlegg har tidligere vært en del av den offisielle verdiprøvingen av plantesorter her i landet. Det har vært en forvaltningsoppgave som Bioforsk Øst Apelsvoll (tidligere Planteforsk Apelsvoll forskingssenter) har gjennomført på oppdrag fra og etter retningslinjer gitt av Mattilsynet (tidligere Landbrukstilsynet) ( http://www.mattilsynet.no/planter/sortsgodkjenning/offisiell_registrering_av_plantesorter_10655 ) Fra og med 1. november 2004 ble det norske regelverket endret i overensstemmelse med direktivene i EØS-avtalen og ESA (EFTAs overvåkingsorgan). Endringen førte til at det nå ikke lenger stilles krav om verdiprøving av grassorter som ikke er beregnet til bruk som fôrvekster, dvs. for grassorter kun til bruk i grøntanlegg. Mattilsynet har derfor vedtatt å avvikle den offisielle verdiprøvingen av gras til grøntanlegg, men vil foreløpig opprettholde sortslisten for disse sortene. I 2003 ble det startet en ny 4-årig forsøksserie i verdiprøving av gras til grøntanlegg. I enighet mellom Bioforsk og Mattilsynet ble det vedtatt at denne prøvingen skulle delvis gå som planlagt ut 2006, til tross for total fjerning av krav om verdiprøving av gras til grøntanlegg i regelverket. Denne "reduserte" prøvingen i gras til grøntanlegg fra 2003-2006 blir derfor den siste prøvingen i offentlig regi. Prøvingen er nå blitt erstattet av ei fellesnordisk veiledningsprøving (www.scanturf.org). På sikt vil trolig også denne igjen gå inn i en felles europeisk prøving. Hovedmålet med den offisielle verdiprøvingen har vært å framskaffe forsøksresultater som skulle danne grunnlaget for godkjenning av nye sorter for opptak på norsk sortsliste. Behov for resultater og anbefalinger fra verdiprøvingen 2003-2006 vil etter de nye reglene, som nevnt ovenfor, ikke lenger være nødvendig for sortslisteopptak. Alle DUS-testete sorter fra denne prøvingen vil komme på listen, hvis ønskelig fra sortseier. Som en avslutning på prøvingen og forsøksserien velges det likevel å presentere forsøksresultatene med anbefalinger. Her blir totalsammendraget for hele forsøksperioden presentert, både i tekst og tabellform. Forsøkene bestod av 5 arter og 41 sorter, hvorav 24 var under prøving og 17 var målesorter. Av de 24 sortene som var under prøving er 20 anbefalt for plen eller grasbakke i det typiske innlandsklima i Sør- og Midt Norge eller i de høyereliggende strøk i samme region.
Forfattere
Arnstein Staverløkk May-Guri Saethre Eline B. HågvarSammendrag
Våren 2006 ble det foretatt en studie ved Bioforsk Plantehelse med støtte fra Norsk gartnerforbunds FoU-fond for å kartlegge megnde og mangfold av organismer som følger med importen av grøntanleggsplanter til Norge. Det ble funnet 156 registrerte arter, og hele 16 av disse var ikke tidligere påvist i Norge, blant annet en mye medieomtalt marihøne, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773).
Forfattere
Tor Lunnan Anne Kjersti BakkenSammendrag
I forsøk i Valdres, Stjørdal og på Ås har ein sett på korleis forholdet mellom N og S i grovfôret blir påverka av om tilført mineralgjødsel inneheld S eller ikkje. I Valdres var det liten verknad av gjødseltype på avlingsmengde og -kvalitet. Dei to andre plassane vart avlingane større og forholdet mellom N og S betre i høve til normene for drøvtyggarfôr dersom S vart tilført. I ein annan serie såg ein på korleis forholdet mellom N og S varierte mellom førsteslåttar tatt til ulike utviklingstrinn. Der det var lite kløver i avlinga, gjekk N/S-forholdet ned med stigande utviklingstrinn sjølv om det vart gjødsla med svovelhaldig Fullgjødsel. Raudkløveren såg ut til å ha for lite S i høve til N om ein held seg til amerikanske og britiske normer for fôring.
Forfattere
Inger MartinussenSammendrag
Foredraget ga en oversikt over arbeidet med foredling og kultivering av molte i Norge. Nåværende prosjekt på blåbær, molte og bringebær ble også presentert.
Sammendrag
Plant polyphenolics continue to be the focus of attention with regard to their putative impact on human health. An increasing and ageing human population means that the focus on nutrition and nutritional enhancement or optimization of our foodstuffs is paramount. Using raspberry as a model we have shown how modern metabolic profiling approaches can be used to identify the changes in the level of beneficial polyphenolics in fruit breeding segregating populations and how the level of these components are determined by genetic and/or environmental control. Interestingly the Vitamin C content appeared to be significantly influenced by environment (growth conditions) whilst the content of the polyphenols such as cyanidin, pelargonidin and quercetin glycosides appeared to much more tightly regulated suggesting a rigorous genetic control. Preliminary metabolic profiling showed that the fruit polyphenolic profiles divided into two gross groups segregating on the basis of relative levels of cyaniding-3-sophoroside and cyaniding-3-rutinoside, compounds implicated as conferring human health benefits.
Sammendrag
Supporting for the beneficial health effects of fruit is accruing apace. A subdivision of fruit, the berries, are increasingly becoming the focus of studies regarding their proposed ability to prevent or ameliorate the problems of degenerative diseases(McDougall et al, 2005; McDougall and Stewart, 2005) With respect to berries there has, over the last decade, been a groundswell of reports attributing beneficial biological activity to the fruit phenolics. The predominant approach in these studies is that of well defined in vitro systems employing mammalian cell models systems, such as Hela, Caco2 , HT29, Hep G2, etc to study absorption, anticancer, metabolism effects etc (Coates et al 2007; Ross et al, 2007). However, the direct translation of the benefits reported in these in vitro studies to in vivo results have lagged behind and are only now gathering pace. For example there are several intervention studies published highlighting or attributing their beneficial effects (albeit sometimes marginal) with regard to markers of colon and oesophageal cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc to the polyphenolic components in fruit. In addition, there are several major intervention trials either ongoing or planned and their focus is on fruit such as strawberry (cholesterol lowering), pomegranate (prostate cancer), blueberry (inflammation) and blackcurrant (CVD). This positive evidence with respect to the efficacy of fruit in the diet as a potential strategy to prevent, or at least retard, chronic and/or degenerative disease is leading to enhanced nutritive value now becoming a major target for plant breeders. However the lack of clarity as to the actual target means that breeding is not straight forward. Due to the chemical diversity of fruit, and specifically in berries, newer screening approaches have been adopted; metabolomics - LC-MSn, GC-ToF-MSn NMR etc. (Stewart et al 2007). We will discus how these approaches are being used in fruit breeding to study the inheritance of multiple silent phenotypes (chemotypes) in concert with map-based genetic approaches with a view to nutritional enhancement.
Forfattere
Annbjørg Øverli KristoffersenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
In the north-western European countries Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, variability in the forms, amounts and timing of phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land is related to national differences in climate, soil, hydrological conditions and agricultural production. The dissolved form of P constitutes 9"93% of the total phosphorus (TP) in water, subsurface drainage can contribute 12"60% and surface erosion 40"88% of TP transfer. TP export in small agricultural streams is generally in the range 0.3"6 kg ha)1 year)1, with the highest losses in Norway and UK. All four countries are complying with the EU Water Framework Directive and developing a range of measures based on P source with transport controls over P losses. A decreasing trend in TP losses has been detected in agricultural streams following the introduction of measures to reduce erosion in Norway. Average P concentrations in Swedish streams have shown a reduction of nearly 2% per year since 1993 as a result of measures introduced in southern Sweden. However, in two large rivers in agricultural regions of Sweden, the concentrations of suspended solids (SS) and TP were shown to increase by 0.4% and 0.7% per year, respectively, over the period 1975"2004, possibly as a result of climate change. It is too early to detect trends in agricultural contributions to P in surface waters as a result of catchment-sensitive farming (CSF) in the UK and Ireland.