Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
Tobias Karl David Weber Lutz Weihermüller Attila Nemes Michel Bechtold Aurore Degré Efstathios Diamantopoulos Simone Fatichi Vilim Filipović Surya Gupta Tobias L. Hohenbrink Daniel R. Hirmas Conrad Jackisch Quirijn de Jong van Lier John Koestel Peter Lehmann Toby R. Marthews Budiman Minasny Holger Pagel Martine van der Ploeg Shahab Aldin Shojaeezadeh Simon Fiil Svane Brigitta Szabó Harry Vereecken Anne Verhoef Michael Young Yijian Zeng Yonggen Zhang Sara BonettiSammendrag
Hydro-pedotransfer functions (PTFs) relate easy-to-measure and readily available soil information to soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) for applications in a wide range of process-based and empirical models, thereby enabling the assessment of soil hydraulic effects on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes. At least more than 4 decades of research have been invested to derive such relationships. However, while models, methods, data storage capacity, and computational efficiency have advanced, there are fundamental concerns related to the scope and adequacy of current PTFs, particularly when applied to parameterise models used at the field scale and beyond. Most of the PTF development process has focused on refining and advancing the regression methods, while fundamental aspects have remained largely unconsidered. Most soil systems are not represented in PTFs, which have been built mostly for agricultural soils in temperate climates. Thus, existing PTFs largely ignore how parent material, vegetation, land use, and climate affect processes that shape SHPs. The PTFs used to parameterise the Richards–Richardson equation are mostly limited to predicting parameters of the van Genuchten–Mualem soil hydraulic functions, despite sufficient evidence demonstrating their shortcomings. Another fundamental issue relates to the diverging scales of derivation and application, whereby PTFs are derived based on laboratory measurements while often being applied at the field to regional scales. Scaling, modulation, and constraining strategies exist to alleviate some of these shortcomings in the mismatch between scales. These aspects are addressed here in a joint effort by the members of the International Soil Modelling Consortium (ISMC) Pedotransfer Functions Working Group with the aim of systematising PTF research and providing a roadmap guiding both PTF development and use. We close with a 10-point catalogue for funders and researchers to guide review processes and research.
Forfattere
James Kisaakye Dennis Beesigamukama Solveig Haukeland Sevgan Subramanian Paul K. Thiongo Segenet Kelemu Chrysantus M. TangaSammendrag
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are serious pests of most food crops, causing up to 100% yield loss. Nevertheless, commercial nematicides are costly and harmful to the environment. While the nematicidal potential of crustacean and synthetic chitin has been demonstrated globally, research on the potential of insect-derived chitin for nematode control has received limited attention. Here, seven chitin-fortified black soldier fly frass fertilizer extracts (chFE) were assessed for their suppressiveness of Meloidogyne incognita and impacts on spinach growth in comparison with a commercial nematicide using in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The performance of chFE and control treatments was assessed by determining their effects on nematode egg hatchability; infective juvenile (J2) mortality and paralysis; number of galls, egg masses, and J2s per plant; and spinach root and shoot biomass. In vitro results showed that chFE and commercial nematicide suppressed nematode egg hatchability by 42% and 52%, respectively, relative to the control (sterile distilled water). Up to 100% paralysis was achieved when M. incognita J2s were exposed to either chFE or commercial nematicide. Further, the J2 mortality achieved using chFE (95%) was comparable to the value achieved using commercial nematicide (96%); in all treatments, mortality increased with exposure time. Similarly, up to 85% suppression of gall development was achieved when spinach plants were grown in soil drenched with chFE; up to 79% reduction in egg mass formation and 68% suppression of J2 development in the root system were achieved using chFE. Also, chFE application significantly increased spinach root and shoot biomass by 54%–74% and 39%–58%, respectively, compared to commercial nematicide. Our findings demonstrate the nematicidal potential of chFE and its benefits on crop production. Thus, chFE could be considered as a promising multipurpose, regenerative, and cost-effective input for sustainable management of plant-parasitic nematodes and enhancement of crop yield.
Sammendrag
Aquaculture constitutes an important source of protein, essential omega-3 fatty acids and bioavailable micronutrients for humans. The increasing demand for aquatic food products has resulted in more intensive farming practices leading to negative impacts on aquaculture organisms and marine ecosystems. Disease outbreaks cause more than 6 billion USD loss worldwide annually and possess high risks of spreading to the wild fauna especially by viral infections. Vaccination has been proved to be effective to mitigate these problems and widely used as prophylaxis in aquaculture, but available vaccines against viral nervous necrosis (VNN) are limited currently. Plant platforms have several advantages and have been proposed as an alternative biomanufacturing method for vaccine antigens. In the present study, we report: (1) selection and design of recombinant plasmids encoding the capsid proteins (CPs) of two genotypes of NNV, red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV); (2) design and optimization of plasmids for transient expression of NNV vaccine antigens in wild type Nicotiana benthamiana, CRISPR/Cas9 genome edited Nicotiana benthamiana and Lactuca sativa; (3) test of different Agrobacterium strains (LBA4404 and AGL1) for effective production of NNVCPs; (4) the expression patterns of NNVCPs over time post infiltration for different plants and cultivars; (5) successful production of NNV antigens in N. benthamiana lines and lettuce cultivars, indicating the potential of the plants as antigen producers in the development of a plant-based vaccine against VNN.
Forfattere
Erico Kutchartt José Ramón González-Olabarria Antoni Trasobares Núria Aquilué Juan Guerra-Hernández Leónia Nunes Ana Catarina Sequeira Brigite Botequim Marius Hauglin Palaiologos Palaiologou Adrian Cardil Martino Rogai Vassil Vassilev Francois Pimont Olivier Martin-Ducup Francesco PirottiSammendrag
Canopy base height (CBH) and canopy bulk density (CBD) are forest canopy fuel parameters that are key for modeling the behavior of crown wildfires. In this work, we map them at a pan-European scale for the year 2020, producing a new dataset consisting of two raster layers containing both variables at an approximate resolution of 100 m. Spatial data from Earth observation missions and derived down-stream products were retrieved and processed using artificial intelligence to first estimate a map of aboveground biomass (AGB). Allometric models were then used to estimate the spatial distribution of CBH using the canopy height values as explanatory variables and CBD using AGB values. Ad-hoc allometric models were defined for this study. Data provided by FIRE-RES project partners and acquired through field inventories was used for validating the final products using an independent dataset of 804 ground-truth sample plots. The CBH and CBD raster maps have, respectively, the following accuracy regarding specific metrics reported from the modeling procedures: (i) coefficient of correlation (R) of 0.445 and 0.330 (p-value < 0.001); (ii) root mean square of error (RMSE) of 3.9 m and 0.099 kg m−3; and (iii) a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 61% and 76%. Regarding CBD, the accuracy metrics improved in closed canopies (canopy cover > 80%) to R = 0.457, RMSE = 0.085, and MAPE = 59%. In short, we believe that the degree of accuracy is reasonable in the resulting maps, producing CBH and CBD datasets at the pan-European scale to support fire mitigation and crown fire simulations.
Sammendrag
In agricultural production, it is crucial to increase the availability of phosphorus (P) in cultivated soil to solve the P limitation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been proven to promote crop nutrient absorption effectively, while biochar can lead to improvements in soil properties. However, the possible synergistic effect of AMF and biochar on P uptake by crops as well as its underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we conducted a pot experiment to explore the effects of biochar and AMF (Glomus etunicatum) on the community of rhizospheric phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) of maize (Zea mays L. Xianyu-335) using metagenomic methods. The experiment used 0 mg P2O5 g·kg−1 soil (P0) and 30 mg P2O5 g·kg−1 soil (P30) application rates. Each P application rate included 0 (NC), 20 g·kg−1 biochar (BC) addition, inoculation AMF, and without AMF treatments (NM) for a total of eight treatments. During the experiment, both the P uptake and the biomass of maize were measured. The study found that the combination of AMF and biochar significantly increased the mycorrhizal colonization rate of maize roots, regardless of P application level. It was observed that the P uptake by maize was significantly increased when exposed to a combination of AMF and biochar. The increase in P uptake in P0 treatments was 67% higher than the sum of the effects of biochar and AMF inoculation alone. The increase was only 35% higher in P30 treatments, demonstrating a substantially higher interactive effect under P0 than under P30 conditions. The AM-BC treatments significantly increased the abundance of Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, genera that are known to contain PSMs. In addition, the abundance of genes related to P-cycling (gcd, phoD, and ugpQ) in PSMs increased significantly by 1.5–1.8 times in AM-BC treatments compared with NM-BC and AM-NC treatments under P0 conditions. This increase was significantly and positively correlated with the P uptake. Overall, the results suggest that biochar can help AMF colonize the roots, increasing the functional roles of PSMs in the rhizosphere, which in turn promotes P uptake and biomass in maize. This study provides a new way to improve P-use efficiency and reduce the need for P-fertilizer application in agricultural production.
Sammendrag
Semi-natural grasslands are amongst the most species-rich habitats in Scandinavia and elsewhere in Europe. However, the ecological values of these habitats are threatened, by intensification of agriculture in some areas and by abandonment in others. A key question is whether current measures aiming to protect this biodiversity in Norway are in fact successful. We evaluated, in the field, the condition of 55 localities of semi-natural pastures and hay meadows recorded in the Norwegian nature database, Naturbase. We found that only 20 localities (36%) were receiving the agri-environmental subsidies for which they were all eligible. All but one of the localities receiving the subsidies were in fair to good condition, compared with just 41% of the localities that did not receive subsidies. However, only four the 16 most valuable localities, those classed as nationally important, received agri-environmental subsidies. Through a questionnaire to landowners, we found that many were not aware of the biodiversity value on their properties. Of 33 respondents, 20 (61%) knew that they had these valuable ecosystems on their property, whilst 13 (39%) did not. Further, twenty respondents were not aware that they were eligible for financial support to maintain their species-rich grasslands. We conclude that to achieve long-term conservation in habitats dependent on management, it is essential to improve dialogue with landowners.
Forfattere
Maria Wilhelmina Tuomi Tove Hilde Ågnes Utsi Nigel Gilles Yoccoz Claire W. Armstrong Victoria Gonzalez Snorre Hagen Inga-Svala Jonsdottir Francisco I. Pugnaire Katriona Shea David A. Wardle Sophia Theresa Zielosko Kari Anne BraathenSammendrag
Ongoing Arctic greening can increase productivity and reindeer pasture quality in the tundra. However, greening may also entail proliferation of unpalatable species, with consequences for pastoral social-ecological systems. Here we show extensive greening across 20 reindeer districts in Norway between 2003 and 2020, which has reduced pasture diversity. The allelopathic, evergreen dwarf-shrub crowberry increased its biomass by 60%, with smaller increases of deciduous shrubs and no increase in forbs and graminoids, the most species rich growth forms. There was no evidence for higher reindeer densities promoting crowberry. The current management decision-making process aims at sustainable pasture management but does not explicitly account for pasture changes and reduced diversity. Large-scale shifts towards evergreening and increased allelopathy may thus undermine the resource base for this key Arctic herbivore and the pastoral social-ecological system. Management that is sensitive to changes in pasture diversity could avoid mismanagement of a social-ecological system in transition.
Sammendrag
Rapporten viser ei oversikt over utviklinga i jordbruket dei siste 10 åra i Rogaland og Agder. Driftsgranskingane i jord- og skogbruk er ei årleg rekneskapsundersøking blant tilfeldig utvalde gardsbruk frå heile landet. I 2022 var det med totalt 908 bruk, der 149 var frå Agder og Rogaland; 95 frå Rogaland og 54 frå Agder. I driftsgranskingane er jordbruket i Rogaland og Agder delt inn i to regionar; «Jæren» og «Agder og Rogaland andre bygder». Jordbruksinntekta gjekk opp for alle driftsformer med unnatak av ammekyr i Andre bygder. Driftsforma mjølk/svin på Jæren hadde den høgaste jordbruksinntekta. Lågast jordbruksinntekt hadde sauebruk i Andre bygder. Nettoinvesteringane gjekk opp på Jæren medan dei gjekk ned i Andre bygder samanlikna med året før. Samla gjeld auka både på Jæren og i Andre bygder.
Sammendrag
Ei oversikt over utviklinga i landbruket dei siste 10 åra i fylka Vestland og Møre og Romsdal vert presentert. Driftsgranskingane i jord- og skogbruk er ei årleg rekneskapsundersøking blant tilfeldig utvalde gardsbruk frå heile landet. I 2022 var det med totalt 908 bruk, der 188 var frå Vestlandet; 129 frå Vestland fylke og 59 frå Møre og Romsdal. Det er ein auke i jordbruksinntekta for bruka på Vestlandet, det er også ein auke på landsbasis frå 2021 til 2022. Jordbruksinntekta er målt som vederlag til arbeid og eigenkapital. Det er stor variasjon mellom ulike produksjonar. Driftsformene mjølk, storfeslakt og sau hadde ein auke i jordbruksinntekta samanlikna med 2021. Det er nedgang i resultatet for frukt- og bærproduksjonen i 2022.
Sammendrag
The biological durability of ten wood species was determined on the basis of results from laboratory agar block tests. The experiment utilised two specimen formats: standard EN 113-2 specimens (15 × 25 × 50 mm) and mini-blocks (5 × 10 × 30 mm) exposed to two fungi (Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor) for varying incubation periods. Mini-block tests yield dissimilar outcomes compared to the European standard test at six, eight, ten or 16 weeks of incubation. This discrepancy extended to both durability classifications based on median percentage mass loss and those based on relative mass loss (x-values). It was therefore concluded that laboratory tests with miniaturised specimens are not advisable as a substitute for conventional durability classification assessments.