Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2019
Forfattere
Jari Vauhkonen Ambros Berger Thomas Gschwantner Klemens Schadauer Philippe Lejeune Jérôme Perin Mikhail Pitchugin Radim Adolt Miroslav Zeman Vivian Kvist Johannsen Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas Allan Sims Claire Bastick François Morneau Antoine Colin Susann Bender Pál Kovácsevics György Solti László Kolozs Dóra Nagy Kinga Nagy Mark Twomey John Redmond Patrizia Gasparini Monica Notarangelo Maria Rizzo Kristaps Makovskis Andis Lazdins Ainars Lupikis Gintaras Kulbokas Clara Antón Fernández Francisco Castro Rego Leónia Nunes Gheorghe Marin Catalin Calota Damjan Pantić Dragan Borota Joerg Roessiger Michal Bosela Vladimír Šebeň Mitja Skudnik Patricia Adame Iciar Alberdi Isabel Cañellas Torgny Lind Renats Trubins Esther Thürig Golo Stadelmann Ben Ditchburn David Ross Justin Gilbert Lesley Halsall Markus Lier Tuula PackalenSammendrag
• Key message A dataset of forest resource projections in 23 European countries to 2040 has been prepared for forest-related policy analysis and decision-making. Due to applying harmonised definitions, while maintaining country-specific forestry practices, the projections should be usable from national to international levels. The dataset can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4t880qh . The associated metadata are available at https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/8f93e0d6-b524-43bd-bdb8-621ad5ae6fa9 .
Sammendrag
The objective of this study was to assess the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data for modelling tree density and canopy height in young boreal forests stands. The use of UAV data for such tasks can be beneficial thanks to the high resolution and reduction of the time spent in the field. This study included 29 forest stands, within which 580 clustered plots were measured in the field. An area-based approach was adopted to which random forest models were fitted using the plot data and the corresponding UAV data and then applied and validated at plot and stand level. The results were compared to those of models based on airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and those from a traditional field-assessment. The models based on UAV data showed the smallest stand-level RMSE values for mean height (0.56 m) and tree density (1175 trees ha−1 ). The RMSE of the tree density using UAV data was 50% smaller than what was obtained using ALS data (2355 trees ha−1 ). Overall, this study highlighted that the use of UAVs for the inventory of forest stands under regeneration can be beneficial both because of the high accuracy of the derived data analytics and the time saving compared to traditional field assessments.
Forfattere
Finn-Arne HaugenSammendrag
Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi har utført vegetasjonskartlegging av et område på 11,3 km² i Moskenes kommune i Nordland fylke. Kartlegginga er gjort etter instruks for kartlegging i målestokk 1:20 000 - 50 000 (VK25). Det er laget vegetasjonskart og avleda temakart for sauebeite. Denne rapporten beskriver metode for kartlegging, registrerte vegetasjonstyper og vegetasjonsfordeling i området. Det er gitt en omtale av beiteverdi og beitekapasitet, samt råd omkring skjøtsel av kulturlandskap og utnyttelse av beitet. The vegetation types over a total of 11,3 km2 in Moskenes municipality have been mapped according to the NIBIO methodology for vegetation mapping (scale 1:20 000 - 50 000) (VK25). A vegetation map has been produced, from which a thematic map have been derived. This report describes the methodology and gives a detailed description of the registered vegetation types and their distribution in the area. Further, a description of other information which could be derived from the vegetation map is provided, with emphasis on grazing conditions for domestic animals.
Sammendrag
The measurement network Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is dedicated to the quantification of fluxes of CO2, H2O, N2O and CH4 at the boundary between vegetation surfaces and the lower atmosphere. The implementation of observations sites follows strict protocols and a challenging labelling process to ensure standardized intercomparable observations. We report on our experiences in attempting to establish the only Norwegian ICOS Ecosystem site thus far, NO-Hur, located in an old-growth spruce forest at Hurdal in Southeast Norway. NOHur is planned as a class 2 site, with the option to an upgrade to class 1 later. The instrumentation and sensors needed, the requirements for spatial homogeneity and a detailed analysis of a digital terrain model are presented. The current status of the tower construction, the preliminary measurements obtained with the existing ICOScertified equipment at a test site, and the plans for integrating the measurements operationally into the network are shown
Forfattere
Pål ThorvaldsenSammendrag
Naturtypen sanddynemark og seminaturlig eng med beitepreg (naturbeitemark) er begge sårbare (VU) ifølge Norsk rødliste for naturtyper. Sanddynemark fikk i 2011 utarbeidet et eget faggrunnlag som en del av forarbeidet til egen handlingsplan og begge naturtypene ble vurdert i det det store ARKO-prosjektet. På oppdrag for Fylkesmannen i Nordland fikk NIBIO Tjøtta, i 2019 i oppdrag å utforme skjøtselsplanen for den 674 daa store sanddynemarka i Bøvika i Steigen kommune, og den tilhørende naturbeitemarka i Mjeldskaret (25.9 daa). Sanddynemarka har verdi A. De er bare en liten del av lokaliteten som er beitet og i regelmessig skjøtsel i dag. Naturbeitemarka har verdi B. Tilhørende areal med beliggenhet mellom de to lokalitetene ble også vurdert. Skjøtselsplanprosessen har bestått av feltbefaring, gjennomgang av de biologiske kvalitetene i lokalitetene samt vurdering av dagens skjøtsel og eventuelt restaureringsbehov. Skjøtselsplanen er utarbeidet i nært samarbeid med grunneier/ og eller bruker og oppdragsgiver.
Sammendrag
Global Forest Watch (GFW) provides a global map of annual forest cover loss (FCL) produced from Landsat imagery, offering a potentially powerful tool for monitoring changes in forest cover. In managed forests, FCL primarily provides information on commercial harvesting. A semi-autonomous method for providing data on the location and attributes of harvested sites at a landscape level was developed which could significantly improve the basis for catchment management, including risk mitigation. FCL in combination with aerial images was used for detecting and characterising harvested sites in a 1607 km2 mountainous boreal forest catchment in south-central Norway. Firstly, the forest cover loss map was enhanced (FCLE) by removing small isolated forest cover loss patches that had a high probability of representing commission errors. The FCLE map was then used to locate and assess sites representing annual harvesting activity over a 17-year period. Despite an overall accuracy of >98%, a kappa of 0.66 suggested only a moderate quality for detecting harvested sites. While errors of commission were negligible, errors of omission were more considerable and at least partially attributed to the presence of residual seed trees on the site after harvesting. The systematic analysis of harvested sites against aerial images showed a detection rate of 94%, but the area of the individual harvested site was underestimated by 29% on average. None of the site attributes tested, including slope, area, altitude, or site shape index, had any effect on the accuracy of the area estimate. The annual harvest estimate was 0.6% (standard error 12%) of the productive forest area. On average, 96% of the harvest was carried out on flat to moderately steep terrain (<40% slope), 3% on steep terrain (40% to 60% slope), and 1% on very steep terrain (>60% slope). The mean area of FCLE within each slope category was 1.7 ha, 0.9 ha, and 0.5 ha, respectively. The mean FCLE area increased from 1.0 ha to 3.2 ha on flat to moderate terrain over the studied period, while the frequency of harvesting increased from 249 to 495 sites per year. On the steep terrain, 35% of the harvesting was done with cable yarding, and 62% with harvester-forwarder systems. On the very steep terrain (>60% slope), 88% of the area was harvested using cable yarding technology while harvesters and forwarders were used on 12% of the area. Overall, FCL proved to be a useful dataset for the purpose of assessing harvesting activity under the given conditions.
Sammendrag
Denne rapporten foreslår metodikk for å etablere arealrepresentativ naturovervåking (ANO) av terrestriske økosystemer i Norge. Rapporten redegjør for og evaluerer resultatene fra pilotprosjektet gjennomført i Trøndelag 2018, inkludert erfaringer knyttet til tids- og ressurs-bruk, og presenterer anbefalinger for implementering av et landsdekkende naturovervåkingsprogram, inkludert utvalgsmetodikk for overvåkingslokaliteter, feltprotokoll og forslag til datahåndtering. ANOs mål er å fremskaffe arealrepresentativ statistikk for tilstand og utvikling for naturtypene i fastlands-Norge og gi statistikk på indikatorer for vurdering av økologisk tilstand. I tillegg vil ANO kunne bidra med data på populasjonsutvikling hos karplanter som inngår i naturindeks og endringer som kan relateres til mulige effekter av menneskeskapte og naturgitte påvirkninger. Programmet vil derimot ikke kunne fremskaffe tilstrekkelig med data til å utforme nasjonal statistikk for sjeldne naturtyper, herunder hovedøkosystem semi-naturlig mark, eller sjeldne karplantearter. Uttestingen av ANO i Trøndelag baserer seg på forslaget til arealrepresentativ overvåking for økologisk tilstand i terrestriske økosystemer (Evju mfl. 2018), som igjen bygger på for-slaget til arealrepresentativ naturtypeovervåking (Strand mfl. 2016, Strand 2016). Pilotprosjektet testet feltmetodikken på 41 ulike flater i Trøndelag i 2018. Utvalget ble forsøksvis stratifisert på hovedøkosystemene skog, fjell, våtmark og seminaturlig mark. For den prak-tiske gjennomføringen av registreringene i felt var det nødvendig med en sekundær utvelgelsesprosess av flater som tok hensyn til logistikk, fremkommelighet og sikkerhet. På hver flate ble det etablert et regulært forband med 36 punkter. Grunnet begrenset tid i felt ble registreringer foretatt på 12 av 36 punkter per flate. Registreringer ble foretatt på to romlige skalaer: 1 m2 (dekningsgrad av alle karplantearter) og 250 m2 (en rekke variabler, herunder dekning av ulike sjikt og fremmede arter). På hvert punkt ble naturtypen kartlagt etter Natur i Norge (NiN) sin kartleggingsinstruks for målestokk 1:5000. Kapittel 2 og 3 omhandler arbeidet som ble utført i pilotprosjektet og vi foreslår med bak-grunn i erfaringene en revisjon av feltmetodikk med tilhørende protokoll. Kapittel 4 omtaler lagring og håndtering av fritt tilgjengelige data. I kapittel 5 diskuterer vi metodikk for overvåking og alternativer for implementering av ANO på landsbasis. Basert på resultater fra pilot-studien simuleres usikkerhet i estimater av indikatorer for økologisk tilstand som funksjon av antall flater og punkter per flate, som grunnlag for anbefalinger til endelig overvåkings-opplegg. NØKKELORD : naturovervåking, arealrepresentativt utvalg, NiN-naturtypekartlegging, vegetasjonsanalyse karplanter, økologisk tilstand, KEY WORDS : nature monitoring, vegetation mapping, vascular plants, ecological condition
Forfattere
Magdalena Broda Simon F. Curling Morwenna J. Spear Callum Aidan Stephen HillSammendrag
This paper presents the water vapour sorption behaviour of degraded archaeological oak (Quercus robur L.) and the influence of methyltrimethoxysilane treatment on hygroscopicity. Wood samples (archaeological and undegraded recent oak) were treated with methyltrimethoxysilane using an oscillating pressure method. Moisture properties of the samples were determined using a dynamic vapour sorption system, and the surface area and porosity of treated and untreated waterlogged wood, previously dried using different methods, were characterised using a nitrogen sorption method. It was found that the silane modification resulted in a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content of archaeological oak samples from 23.7 to 19.4% for heartwood and from 23.3 to 10.0% for sapwood, respectively. After correction for silane content, however, the maximum equilibrium moisture content of the treated samples was 23.6% for heartwood and 21% for sapwood, which points rather at a bulking mechanism than chemical modification by silane. The results of the surface area and porosity measurements indicate that methyltrimethoxysilane is deposited in the cell wall and thus helps to preserve the microstructure of archaeological waterlogged wood.
Sammendrag
EDU-ARCTIC is an open-schooling project, funded by the EU for the years 2016-2019 and managed by scientists, nature educators and IT technicians. The main aim is to attract young people (13-20 years old) to the natural sciences. Further, to raise awareness of how everything in nature is connected, and that STEM education therefore in part must be interdisciplinary across normal school curricula. To achieve these goals, EDU-ARCTIC uses innovative online tools with open-access, combined with nature expeditions. Four main modules complement each other, but can also be used independently: 1) Webinars, where scientists conduct online lessons about their own field of expertise. The lessons comes as packages with worksheets and online games. The lessons brings youth close to scientists. They can ask questions what it means to work with science. It is also a valuable tool for teachers to brush up their STEM knowledge and get inspiration for their own teaching. 2) Polarpedia, which is an online encyclopaedia of scientific terms used in the webinars. The science is kept easy-to-grasp, with the aim to stimulate the pupils’ curiosity to look for more information. 3) Monitoring system, which uses citizen science and the project’s own app to record observations of meteorology and phenology. Observations are open for everybody to use in their own teachings. 4) Arctic Competitions, which is the module that has engaged the pupils the most. They submit their idea for a science project in late autumn, work with the project over the winter and present it in spring as an essay, a poster or a video. Teachers come up with innovative ways to fit this work into the normal curricula. A few lucky winners get to join scientists on expeditions to polar research stations. After 2.5 years, EDU-ARCTIC has engaged at least 1093 teachers from 58 countries. There is a language barrier for some teachers, and it is difficult to fit webinars into the school timetable. However, the challenges are minor compared to the interdisciplinary success of having teachers meet across countries and curricula. Here we illustrate this in detail by presenting a way of interdisciplinary teaching (“the beauty of poetry and maths”) developed by one of the teachers in the project, Mr. Francisco José Gómez Senent. Starting from a single poem published in Nature, it innovatively combines mathematics, literature, history and linguistic competence. The teacher originally used it to stimulate curiosity about the aesthetic criterion in science. Science is not only about facts! The approach can be generalized to cover a wide range of curricula, and different teachers can use it in a team effort across classes. Conclusion: The EDU-ARCTIC project has demonstrated that letting teachers meet across countries and teaching fields facilitates inspiring and innovative cross-overs in the normal school curricula. When teachers are inspired we believe it creates a happy teacher – happy teaching effect. keywords: interdisciplinary, natural science, open schooling, research, transdisciplinary.
Sammendrag
Accurately positioned single-tree data obtained from a cut-to-length harvester were used as training harvester plot data for k-nearest neighbor (k-nn) stem diameter distribution modelling applying airborne laser scanning (ALS) information as predictor variables. Part of the same harvester data were also used for stand-level validation where the validation units were stands including all the harvester plots on a systematic grid located within each individual stand. In the validation all harvester plots within a stand and also the neighboring stands located closer than 200 m were excluded from the training data when predicting for plots of a particular stand. We further compared different training harvester plot sizes, namely 200 m2, 400 m2, 900 m2 and 1600 m2. Due to this setup the number of considered stands and the areas within the stands varied between the different harvester plot sizes. Our data were from final fellings in Akershus County in Norway and consisted of altogether 47 stands dominated by Norway spruce. We also had ALS data from the area. We concentrated on estimating characteristics of Norway spruce but due to the k-nn approach, species-wise estimates and stand totals as a sum over species were considered as well. The results showed that in the most accurate cases stand-level merchantable total volume could be estimated with RMSE values smaller than 9% of the mean. This value can be considered as highly accurate. Also the fit of the stem diameter distribution assessed by a variant of Reynold’s error index showed values smaller than 0.2 which are superior to those found in the previous studies. The differences between harvester plot sizes were generally small, showing most accurate results for the training harvester plot sizes 200 m2 and 400 m2.