Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2026
Forfattere
Anupam GogoiSammendrag
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Forfattere
May Bente BrurbergSammendrag
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Forfattere
Anupam GogoiSammendrag
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Forfattere
Johanna Eva Bodin Paul Ragnar Berg Knut Tomas Dalen Nur Duale Erik Georg Granquist Anne-Marthe Ganes Jevnaker Tor Atle Mo Truls Nesbakken Kaare Magne Nielsen Kristian Prydz Espen Rimstad Eli Knispel Rueness Monica Sanden Sjur Sandgrind Guro Katrine Sandvik Line Elisabeth Breivik Sundt-Hansen Amin Sayyari Ville Erling Sipinen Eva Bonsak ThorstadSammendrag
The Norwegian Environment Agency has tasked The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) with developing generic guidance documents for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to be used in field trials. GMOs used in limited field trials may have effect on the environment, and human and animal health. All experiments involving the use of GMOs in field trails for research require approval under the Norwegian Gene Technology Act. The Norwegian Environment Agency is the decision-making authority for deliberate release of GM plants in field trials. VKM performs health and environmental risk assessments (ERAs) of GMOs for the Norwegian Environment Agency. This guidance document is intended as a support for applicants seeking approval for field trials under the Gene Technology Act and identifies the scientific documentation and data necessary to facilitate an ERA of a genetically modified animal (GM animal) conducted by VKM. The risk assessments conducted by VKM generally follow the step-by-step approach outlined in EU Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment, starting with hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure characterization and risk characterization. The Gene Technology Act and the Regulations on impact assessment under the Gene Technology Act implements directive 2001/18/EC into Norwegian legislation. Appendix 2 of the Regulation contain the principles for environmental risk assessment, which corresponds to the principles of Annex II in the Directive. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has developed further guidance on the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms based on Annex II. ERAs of GM animals involve the collection, assessment and, where appropriate, generation of information on a GM animal to determine its potential impacts on the environment and on human and animal health, compared with non-GM animals or appropriate comparators. VKM performs risk assessments that include the following six steps: hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure characterisation, risk characterisation, risk reducing measures, and overall risk evaluation of the use of the GM animal in a field trial. Applicants should identify the scientific documentation and data necessary for VKM to perform an ERA based on these steps. Applicants should also consider general risk reducing measures in relation to the identified risks, taking into consideration the type of GM animal, the intended management regime (confinement), the scale of the field trial, the characteristics of the genetic modification, the characteristics of the identified hazard(s), and the potential consequences for the environment and for human and animal health. This document provides guidance for the assessment of the potential environmental effects of GM animals, based on data from the required molecular characterisation, consideration of the potential impacts of the modified characteristics of the GM animal, and any risk mitigating measures implemented in the event of escape of GM animals into the environment during field trials. The guidance is intended as a dynamic document to be amended in accordance with future scientific and regulatory developments.
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
DNA methylation can change DNA properties, affecting chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and phenotypic variation. In clonal Norway spruce, warmer (WE) versus cooler (CE) embryogenic conditions produce phenotypically dif ferent trees. This climatic memory, induced during embryogenesis, remains stable in the resulting epitype trees, and the epigenetically altered timing of bud phenology persists between WE and CE epitypes even after decades under common garden conditions. We examined DNA methylation patterns in 14-year-old epitypes throughout the annual developmental cycle. Using targeted bisulfite sequencing, we screened for differential DNA methylation over a 3000 bp region in 2744 genes related to the epigenetic machinery, circadian clock, and phenology. Clustering DNA methylation differences in the CG context clearly separated epitype trees, confirming epigenetic mark differences. Differences in methylation of cytosines in all contexts were highly dynamic and varied markedly among annual developmental stages, suggesting the existence of circannual clocks affecting methylation levels in the studied genomic regions. Most stable methylation marks were identified in CG contexts, fewer in CHG and none in CHH contexts, consistent with differences in inheritance among methylation con texts. We identified stable CG and CHG methylation marks in the promoter regions of 30 specific genes. Two ARGONAUTE genes and 4 other genes exhibited stable marks across all time points for CE or WE, and putative embryo–adult transmission for some genes. These findings indicate that DNA methylation marks maintained in genomic regions throughout the annual cycle may contribute to an induced epigenetic memory established in embryos and later manifested as phenologically dif ferent epitype trees.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Kristoffer Herland Hellton Marit Jørgensen Ievina Sturite Carl Gunnar Fossdal Akhil Reddy Pashapu Mallikarjuna Rao Kovi Helga Amdahl Odd Arne RognliSammendrag
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Forfattere
Theresa Weigl Jorunn Børve Emily Follett Ingunn Øvsthus Carl Gunnar Fossdal Hanne Larsen Siv Fagertun RembergSammendrag
The mid-early-ripening cultivar ‘Summerred’ is popular among consumers and widely grown in Norway. However, ‘Summerred’ fruit is prone to rapid softening and development of senescence-related disorders, especially senescent breakdown. Calcium can have a significant role in maintaining firmness and delaying senescence of fruits. In a two-year study, foliar application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) was conducted six times, with varying weather conditions between the growing seasons. Fruit was harvested at optimal commercial maturity and stored at 4°C for either 6 or 9 weeks, followed by simulated shelf-life conditions at 20°C. Ethylene levels were monitored during storage to detect ripening discrepancies. At harvest, CaCl2-treated fruit exhibited significantly lower ethylene production compared to untreated fruit, although no differences were observed at the end of the storage period. Senescent breakdown showed significant variability between the two seasons, with an incidence of up to 15% in the first season and nearly no incidence in the second. Senescent breakdown increased with storage duration but was unaffected by foliar CaCl2 application. Real-time PCR analysis of fruit flesh samples revealed increased expression of polygalacturonase and β-galactosidases genes after storage, indicating their involvement in apple softening. Notably, there were no differences in gene expression between CaCl2-treated and untreated fruit after storage. Expression patterns of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis at harvest were different between the two seasons. Higher expression was observed in the year with greater disorder development, indicating greater maturity at harvest. There were no significant differences in the Streif index between the two years.