Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Sammendrag
Combinations of covering and fungicide applications were tested on two sweet cherry cultivars; Van during two years (2001 and 2002) and Lapins three years (2001"2003). The following treatments were tested in 2001 and 2002: (i) covering during flowering and from 5 to 6 weeks prior to harvest and throughout harvest, no fungicides applied, (ii) as (i) but fungicides were applied once or twice between the two covering periods, (iii) covered 5 to 6 weeks prior to harvest and throughout harvest, fungicides applied two or three times prior to covering, and (iv) uncovered throughout the season, fungicides applied two or three times in the period from flowering towards harvest. In 2003, the trees were covered only from 5 to 6 weeks prior to harvest and throughout harvest. Both treatments that year received fungicide applications during flowering, but one of the treatments was left unsprayed during the green fruit period prior to covering. Every combination of covering and fungicide applications reduced total fruit decay at harvest significantly compared to a full fungicide programme and no covering. In three of four trials when the trees were covered during flowering and prior to harvest, and fungicide applications were omitted in the green fruit phase between the covering periods, no significant increase in fruit rot occurred compared to treatments where fungicides were applied. However, in one trial there was a significant increase in fruit rot by leaving out one fungicide spray during that intermittent period. Furthermore, if fungicides were only applied during flowering and not on green fruit before covering in 2003, a significant increase in fruit rot occurred. Thus, leaving out fungicide applications during that supposedly less susceptible green fruit period, increased the risk of acquiring fruit rot. Applying fungicides during the green fruit stage significantly reduced the amount of brown rot in four of five trials and anthracnose in one of five trials. No negative effect on fruit quality was found from the extended covering periods. It can be concluded that covering effectively replaced fungicide applications during flowering and prior to harvest.
Forfattere
L. Kirwan A. Lüscher J. A. Finn M. T. Sebastiá R. P. Collins C. Porqueddu A. Helgadottir O. H. Baadshaug C. Brophy C. Coran S. Dalmannsdóttir I. Delgado A. Elgersma M. Fothergill B. E. Frankow-Lindberg P. Golinski P. Grieu A. M. Gustavsson M. Höglind O. Huguenin-Elie C. Iliadis M. Jørgensen Z. Kadziuliene T. Karyotis T. Lunnan M. Malengier S. Maltoni V. Meyer D. Nyfeler P. Nykanen-Kurki J. Parente H. J. Smit U. Thumm J. ConnollySammendrag
Summary 1 Ecological and agronomic research suggests that increased crop diversity in species poor intensive systems may improve their provision of ecosystem services. Such general predictions can have critical importance for worldwide food production and agricultural practice but are largely untested at higher levels of diversity. 2 We propose new methodology for the design and analysis of experiments to quantify diversity-function relationships. Our methodology can quantify the relative strength of inter-specific interactions that contribute to a functional response, and can disentangle the separate contributions of species richness and relative abundance. 3 Applying our methodology to data from a common experiment at 28 European sites, we show that the above-ground biomass of four-species mixtures (two legumes and two grasses) in intensive grassland systems was consistently greater than that expected from monoculture performance, even at high productivity levels. The magnitude of this effect generally resulted in transgressive overyielding. 4 A combined analysis of first-year results across sites showed that the additional performance of mixtures was driven by the number and strength of pairwise inter-specific interactions and the evenness of the community. In general, all pairwise interactions contributed equally to the additional performance of mixtures; the grass-grass and legume-legume interactions were as strong as those between grasses and legumes. 5 The combined analysis across geographical and temporal scales in our study provides a generality of interpretation of our results that would not have been possible from individual site analyses or experimentation at a single site. 6 Our four-species agricultural grassland communities have proved a simple yet relevant model system for experimentation and development of methodology in diversity-function research. Our study establishes that principles derived from biodiversity research in extensive, semi-natural grassland systems are applicable in intensively managed grasslands with agricultural plant species.
Sammendrag
Cover crops are included in cropping systems to achieve various ecological benefits. In stockless organic cereal systems, nitrogen is commonly supplied by undersowing a legume shortly after sowing of cereals. Retarded growth of annual weeds is considered as an additional benefit of using cover crops. There is, however, less knowledge on the influence of undersown cover crops on the growth of perennial weeds. This issue was addressed in a field experiment at Ås in southeast Norway. For obtaining an experimental field with uniform distribution of the perennial weed species, root fragments of Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis and rhizomes of Elymus repens, were transplanted by hand in the spring of 2001. A split plot design with 3 replications was initiated in 2002 and continued until the autumn of 2006. Barley undersown with red clover versus barley alone composed the two main plot treatments, except in 2006, in which barley was grown without red clover in the whole field. This was combined with four sub-plot mechanical treatments in the autumn: 1) untreated control; 2) mowing; 3) rotary tilling and 4) shallow ploughing plus harrowing. The autumn treatments were only carried out in 2004 and 2005. Number of weeds was counted at different dates throughout the growing season, and weed biomass was assessed just before harvest. Preliminary results indicate that red clover undersown in barley, compared to barley alone, reduced the biomass of established stands of S. arvensis by 50%, 42% and 13% in 2004, 2005 and 2006 respectively. The effect on E. repens varied from +10% in 2004 to -42% in 2005 and -50% in 2006. There was no suppression on established stands of C. arvense (+10%, 0 % and +70%). Of the autumn mechanical treatments rotary tilling and shallow ploughing most effectively retarded the growth of perennial weeds, especially C. arvense and E. repens. Rotary tilling and shallow ploughing reduced mean weed biomass for 2005 and 2006 of C. arvense by 80% (rotary tilling) and 40% (shallow ploughing), and E. repens by 77% and 89%, respectively. Mowing and shallow ploughing reduced mean weed biomass for 2005 and 2006 of S. arvensis most effectively, with a reduction of 62% for both treatments. Although the results need more attention before detailed recommendations can be given, the study indicates clearly that the effect of different mechanical treatments in the autumn depend on weed species.
Forfattere
Linmei Nie Arne Tollan Oddvar Lindholm Lillian Øygarden Jim Bogen Eirik FørlandSammendrag
This paper has provided an overview of experience for sustainable water management in Norway. It covers professional areas of integrated water management including urban stormwater management, hydropower development and environment protection, hydrological data collection and flood control, soil erosion and control measures from agricultural areas, ecosystem conservation in river catchments and sediment transportation, and the long-term development of climate change. Water management should be systematic and predictable, and based on the principle of legality. Selected central acts regulating water management aspects, important regulations including regulations on drinking water, sewage purification, licence fees, safety and supervision of watercourse installations were reviewed. The recognition of the economic value of water is visible in many parts of Norwegian water legislation. Several aspects of urban stormwater management, as a whole of integrated water management, were highlighted in part 1 of the paper. Hydropower development related regulations concerning on environment protection were described in part 2. Floods caused by typical climate in Norway, structural and non-structural measures to mitigate floods were summarised in part 3. Erosion from agricultural areas, control measure, monitoring system were summarised in part 4. Research regarding erosion process in river catchments, glacial erosion, and erosion in clay areas, mountain and arctic rivers, and sediment transportation in rivers were presented in part 5. Climate development in Norway during 1900-2100 was given in the last part of the paper, where regional climate downscale models, empirical and dynamical downscaling, were introduced. Results of climate variation - temperature and precipitation in Norway in the latest 100-150 years and scenarios of climate development during the 21st century were presented.
Forfattere
Linmei Nie Arne Tollan Oddvar Lindholm Lillian Øygarden Jim Bogen Eirik FørlandSammendrag
This paper aims to provide an overview of experience for sustainable water management in Norway. It covers professional areas of integrated water management including urban stormwater management, hydropower development and environment protection, hydrological data collection and flood control, soil erosion and control measures from agricultural areas, ecosystem conservation in river catchments and sediment transportation, and the long-term development of climate change. Water management should be systematic and predictable, and based on the principle of legality. Selected central acts regulating water management aspects, important regulations including regulations on drinking water, sewage purification, licence fees, safety and supervision of watercourse installations were reviewed. The recognition of the economic value of water is visible in many parts of Norwegian water legislation. Several aspects of urban stormwater management, as a whole of integrated water management, were highlighted in part 1 of the paper. Hydropower development related regulations concerning on environment protection were described in part 2. Floods caused by typical climate in Norway, structural and non-structural measures to mitigate floods were summarised in part 3. Erosion from agricultural areas, control measure, monitoring system were summarised in part 4. Research regarding erosion process in river catchments, glacial erosion, and erosion in clay areas, mountain and arctic rivers, and sediment transportation in rivers were presented in part 5. Climate development in Norway during 1900-2100 was given in the last part of the paper, where regional climate downscale models, empirical and dynamical downscaling, were introduced. Results of climate variation - temperature and precipitation in Norway in the latest 100-150 years and scenarios of climate development during the 21st century were presented.
Forfattere
Arnt Kristian GjertsenSammendrag
A multi-source forest inventory (MSFI) method has been developed for use in the Norwegian National Forest Inventory (NFI). The method is based on a k-nearest neighbour rule and uses field plots from the NFI, land cover maps, and satellite image data from Landsat Thematic Mapper. The inventory method is used to produce maps of selected forest variables and to estimate the selected forest variables for large areas such as municipalities. In this study, focus has been on the qualitative variables ‘dominating species group\" and ‘development class\" because these variables are of central interest to forest managers. A mid-summer Landsat 5 TM scene was used as image data, and all NFI plots inside the scene were used as a reference dataset. The relationship between the spectral bands and the forest variables was analysed, and it was found that the levels of association were low. A leave-one-out method based on the reference dataset was used to estimate the pixel-level accuracies. They were found to be relatively low with 63% agreement for species groups. An independent control survey was available for a municipality and estimates from the MSFI were compared to it. The levels of error were quite high. It was concluded that the large area estimates were biased by the reference dataset.
Forfattere
Roald Sørheim John Eirik Paulsen Arild Saasen Jerome Leleux Arnaud Albouy Trond Knapp Haraldsen Per Anker Pedersen Thomas Hartnik Roar LinjordetSammendrag
This paper presents the potential of composting oil wet drill cuttings as a drilling waste disposal option. The potential is substantiated by results from several laboratory and field experiments. Artificially oil wetted drill cuttings were prepared by adding commonly used base oils from Norwegian offshore operations to a representative clay. Degradation of the hydrocarbon components in the oily wet cuttings by vermicomposting was successfully accomplished. The composts were beneficially used as part of growing media for landscape plants; ryegrass, coniferous, and deciduous trees, and the fertilization effect was compared with commercial NPK fertilizers. The plant growth studies showed that the composts produced by treating artificial oily drill cuttings by vermicomposting had considerable fertilizing effect on ryegrass and trees.
Sammendrag
Oil shipment in the Barents Region had insignificant volumes before 2002. In 2002, there was a dramatic increase in oil transportation, when 4 million tons of oil was shipped across the northern regions of Russia and Norway. In 2003, the volume reached 8 million tons. The trend continued in 2004, and about 12 million tons of export oil and oil products were delivered from the Russian Arctic to the western market along the Norwegian coast. In 2005 and 2006, the annual oil shipment volume was on the level of 10 million tons. The terminals loading Russian oil for export in the Barents Region have been continuously developed, and the overall shipping capacity has been enlarged. In the recent study of oil shipment in the Barents Region we gave special attention to the existing and prospective offshore and onshore oil shipment terminals and their connection to the oil reserves on one hand and to the export routes on the other. We see now that even without a trunk oil pipeline to the Barents Sea coast, the annual oil exports from the Russian part of the Barents Region may reach a volume of about 50-80 million tons in the next decade. Crude oil and oil products will be delivered to the transshipment terminals in the ice free area of the Barents Sea by railway and shuttle tankers, and further shipped to export by line tankers. Oil pollution prevention should be the central issue during oil transportation in the Barents Sea.
Forfattere
Hans Geir Eiken Siv Grete Bjervamoen Martin Smith Henrik Brøseth Steinar Wikan Lars Jensen Per Knappskog Tor-Arne Bjørn Leif E. Ollila Paul Eric AspholmSammendrag
Populasjonsovervåkning av brunbjørn (Ursus arctos) i Norges fem nordligste fylker ble gjennomført med hjelp av DNA-analyse av ekskrementer og hårprøver. Totalt ble det analysert 750 ulike prøver i undersøkelsen. Av disse prøvene ble 720 prøver samlet inn i 2006, mens resten var fra tidligere år. Statens naturoppsyn samlet inn prøver hele sesongen, mens i Trøndelagsfylkene ble det i tillegg samlet inn prøver om høsten av elgjegere. Resultatet fra DNA ekstraksjonen gav 34% fungerende prøver, med stor variasjon for ulike fylker (10-50%). Prøvene som gav DNA utbytte ble analysert to ganger med seks ulike mikrosatellitt markører (G1D, G10B, UarMU05, UarMu09, UarMU15 og UarMU26) og en kjønnstest. For 2006, gav DNA identifisering 71 ulike individer, med en overvekt av hannbjørner (62 %). Rapporten inneholder også analyse av hårprøver fra Sør-Varanger i 2005, samt noen andre 2005 prøver fra andre områder. En gjentatt analyse av 166 faesprøver fra Øst-Finnmark i 2005 ble også utført. Videre er innsamlingen av prøver i ”Midt-Norge” (Trøndelagsfylkene og Nordland-sør) analysert, og et bestandsestimat for regionen gav et estimat på 35 individer. Resultatene i rapporten blir vurdert opp mot feltobservasjoner og feilkilder, og videre arbeid blir diskutert.
Forfattere
Inger Sundheim FløistadSammendrag
Prosjektet ”Etablering av lauvskog” ble gjennomført i perioden 2002-2005. Hovedformålet var å finne frem til plantetyper og dyrkingsmåter for å bedre overlevelse og vekst ved planting av lauvskog. Feltforsøkene i forbindelse med prosjektet ble lagt til Spind lauvskogpark som eies av Ekely Holding AS. Foruten forholdene ved plantenes kvalitet, er skader fra hjortevilt og smågnagere en stor utfordring ved etablering av lauvskog. Inngjerding er dyrt og byr også på arronderingsmessige utfordringer en rekke steder i Norge. Det er derfor stort behov for å se på alternative tiltak for beskyttelse av lauvtreplanter mot viltskader. Det har også interesse å følge utviklingen på de etablerte plantingene utover den gjennomførte prosjektperioden. Bioforsk samarbeider derfor videre med Ekely Holding AS gjennom oppfølgingsprosjektet ”Skadeforbyggende tiltak mot hjort, hare og smågnagere ved foryngelse av lauvskog”. Målsettingen er å finne frem til kostnadseffektive tiltak for å begrense skader av hjortevilt, hare og smågnagere i plantninger av lauvtrær, i tillegg til videre oppfølging av eksisterende planteforsøk i Spind lauvskogpark. Denne rapporten gjennomgår status etter vekstavslutning i 2006 for de enkelte bestandene som det har vært forsøksarbeid i og hvor ulike tiltak mot viltskader har vært prøvd.