Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Hugh RileySammendrag
Factorial combinations of N, P and K fertilizer have been compared with the use of farmyard manure at Møystad since 1922 in a seven-year crop rotation (3 ley, oat, potato, wheat, barley). Until 1982, low inputs of N fertilizer (22 kg ha-1) were used. In 1983, they were brought into line with current farming practice. This paper presents results of three subsequent rotations. Yields without any fertilizer were on average 48% of those with 100 kg N ha-1 in compound fertilizer, whilst those with 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1 farmyard manure were 81, 87 and 90%, respectively. Yields with other combinations of N, P and K declined in the order NP, NK, N, PK and K. When NPK fertilizer was used, apparent recoveries of applied fertilizer were close to 50% for N and K, and around 40% for P. Much lower values were found for nutrients applied singly. Balance between N supply and removal was indicated at rates of about 60 kg N fertilizer ha-1 in potatoes, 75 kg ha-1 in cereals and 90 kg ha-1 in leys. A surplus of P was found in all crops at all N levels, and of K in cereals and potatoes. In leys, K balance was achieved with an N supply of 90 kg N ha-1. Nutrient balance was indicated at a little below 20 Mg ha-1 yr-1 farmyard manure. Larger manure applications gave large nutrient surpluses, particularly of N. Soil reaction remained close to neutral with the use of calcium nitrate and manure, but declined with the use of ammonium nitrate. Manure use gave the highest amounts of available P, K and Mg in soil. Similar increases in total inorganic P were found with manure use as with fertilizer use, but amounts of organic P and total K were little affected.
Sammendrag
Quantifying P losses to surface waters at different scales and partitioning of the loads into P losses from point sources and diffuse sources are significant future challenges for river basin managers. The agricultural share of P losses to surface waters is, in many river basins, increasing and therefore becoming more important to quantify and analyse. The importance of phosphorus losses from agricultural land was analysed using monitoring data and two different models for 35 micro-catchments (50 000 km2). Average annual phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the micro-catchments varied from 0.1 to 4.7 kg P ha)1 and showed no relationship with the short-term P surplus on agricultural land. The average annual total P loss from agricultural land showed equally large variation in the 17 macro-catchments (0.1"6.0 kg P ha)1), but the range was less for the 10 larger river basins (0.09"2.0 kg P ha)1). The annual P loss from the 35 micro-catchments was greatest in the micro-catchments characterized by soil erosion and a high proportion of surface run-off as in the Norwegian catchments. The same pattern was true for the 17 macro-catchments where the model-simulated total P loss from agricultural land was greatest in the catchments in northern and southern parts of Europe. The main diffuse pathways for total P loads in the 17 macro-catchments were simulated with the MONERIS model. On average, soil erosion and surface run-off was estimated to have contributed 53% (4.1"81%), groundwater 14% (0.2"41.7%) and tile drainage water 3% (0"14.0%).
Forfattere
Isabelle Schülli-Maurer Daniela Sauer Karl Stahr Ragnhild Sperstad Rolf SørensenSammendrag
We investigated the development of Albeluvisols and Podzols with time in southern Norway. The Vestfold region at the western shore of the Oslofjord was chosen because it is characterized by continuous glacio-isostatic uplift for the last 12,000 years. Due to the permanent elevation process, no distinct marine terraces have been built, and the age of the sediments continuously increases with distance from the modern coastline. Albeluvisol development was assessed in a soil chronosequence on loamy marine sediments with ages ranging from approximately 1,800 to 10,200 years. The most obvious change during soil development was that after 4,500 - 5,000 years light tongues intruded from the E horizon into the B horizon, and became more pronounced with time. The combined thickness of the A and E-horizons was constant at 40 ± 3 cm in 9 of the 12 profiles and did not change with age. The organic matter content of the A-horizons, the fine silt to coarse silt ratio of the Btg horizons and the Feo/Fed ratio all decreased with soil age, whereas the thickness of the organic surface horizon and B horizon, as well as the Fed/Fet ratio all increased. Podzol development was investigated in a chronosequence on sandy beach sediments, the ages of the soils ranging from 2,400 to 8,500 years. All soil properties investigated - the organic matter content of the B horizons, clay content, Feo, Alo, Sio, Feo/Fed and Fed/Fet - tend to increase with advancing podzolization, and are strongly correlated with soil age. Topsoil pH values decrease with age. The characteristic Bh and Bs horizons had developed after approximately 4,000 years.
Forfattere
Sigrun H. Kværnø Lars Egil Haugen Trond BørresenSammendrag
The ability to predict the timing of optimum soil workability depends on knowledge of the extent and structure of variability in main physical characteristics of the soil. Our objectives were to quantify the variability in texture and carbon content within soil map units in a small agriculture-dominated catchment in South-east Norway and to assess implications of variability in texture and carbon content on land management operations, using the predicted maximum water content for optimum workability as an example. Information from three different sources were used: a soil map (1:5000), a large sample grid (100 m spacing, 270 ha extent), and a small sample grid (10 m spacing, 2.25 ha extent). Readily available information on texture and organic matter content from the soil map was found to be of limited use for soil management due to broad textural classes together with deviations from the mapped main textural classes. There were significant differences in clay, silt and sand content between the different soil textural classes on the soil map. Statistical distributions within soil map units were generally either positively or negatively skewed and the coefficient of variation was intermediate, 15-50%. Most of the variation in both grids was spatially correlated. The large grid was dominated by a patchy structure, whilst the small grid showed a systematic trend with a gradual transition indicating fuzzy boundaries between map units in this catchment. The effective range for texture was 16 times larger in the large grid. Implications of variability in texture and carbon content on land management operations were assessed for the maximum water content for optimum workability (Wopt), predicted using pedotransfer functions. Wopt was usually in the same range as the water content at-100 kPa matric potential, indicating that considerable evaporation in addition to drainage is required for obtaining workable conditions in the field. The time required for obtaining the water content was estimated to about 5 days, which is longer than an average length of periods without precipitation in the area, median 3.7 days. Wopt predicted from the soil map deviated strongly from Wopt predicted from the sample grids. Comparing estimates of Wopt from the large grid with measurements in the small grid showed differences corresponding to +/-2-3 days of evaporation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Forfattere
Zhihui Yang Bal Ram Singh Sissel HansenSammendrag
Farmyard manure (FYM) and fertilizer applications are important management practices used to improve nutrient status and organic matter in soils and thus to increase crop productivity and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the long-term effects of fertilization on C, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) associated with aggregates, especially on S are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of more than 80 years of FYM (medium level of 40 Mg ka(-1) and high level of 60 Mg ka(-1)) and mineral fertilizer (NPKS and NK) on the concentrations and pools of C, N, and S and on their ratios in bulk soil, dry aggregates and water stable aggregates on an Aquic Eutrocryepts soil in South-eastern Norway. A high level of FYM and NPKS application increased the proportion of small dry aggregates (<0.6 mm) by 8%, compared with the control (without fertilizer). However, both medium and high level of FYM application increased the proportion of large water stable aggregates (>2 mm) compared with mineral fertilizer (NPKS and NK). The total C and N pools in bulk soils were also increased in FYM treatments but no such increase was seen with mineral fertilizer treatments. The increased total S pool was only found under high level of FYM application. Water stable macroaggregates (>2 and 1-2 mm) and microaggregates (<0. 106 mm) contained higher concentrations of C, N and S than the other aggregate sizes, but due to their abundance, medium size water stable aggregates (0.5-1 mm) contained higher total pools of all three elements. High level of FYM application increased the C concentration in water stable aggregates >2, 0.5-1 and <0. 106 mm, and increased the S concentration in most aggregates as compared with unfertilized soils. Higher ON, C/S and N/S ratios were found both in large dry aggregates (>20 and 6-20 mm) and in the smallest aggregates (<0.6 mm) than in other aggregate sizes. In water stable aggregates, the C/N ratio generally increased with decreasing aggregate size. However, macroaggregates (>2 mm) showed higher N/S ratios than microaggregates (<0. 106 mm). We can thus conclude, that long-term application of high amounts of FYM resulted in C, N and S accumulation in bulk soil, and C and S accumulation in most aggregates, but that the accumulation pattern was dependent on aggregate size and the element (C, N and S) considered.(C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Forfattere
Bjørn Molteberg Frank EngerSammendrag
Gras til grøntanlegg har tidligere vært en del av den offisielle verdiprøvingen av plantesorter her i landet. Det har vært en forvaltningsoppgave som Bioforsk Øst Apelsvoll (tidligere Planteforsk Apelsvoll forskingssenter) har gjennomført på oppdrag fra og etter retningslinjer gitt av Mattilsynet (tidligere Landbrukstilsynet) (http://www.mattilsynet.no/planter/sortsgodkjenning/offisiell_registrering_av_plantesorter_10655 ) Fra og med 1. november 2004 ble det norske regelverket endret i overensstemmelse med direktivene i EØS-avtalen og ESA (EFTAs overvåkingsorgan). Endringen førte til at det nå ikke lenger stilles krav om verdiprøving av grassorter som ikke er beregnet til bruk som fôrvekster, dvs. for grassorter kun til bruk i grøntanlegg. Mattilsynet har derfor vedtatt å avvikle den offisielle verdiprøvingen av gras til grøntanlegg, men vil foreløpig opprettholde sortslisten for disse sortene. I 2003 ble det startet en ny 4-årig forsøksserie i verdiprøving av gras til grøntanlegg. I enighet mellom Bioforsk og Mattilsynet ble det vedtatt at denne prøvingen skulle delvis gå som planlagt ut 2006, til tross for total fjerning av krav om verdiprøving av gras til grøntanlegg i regelverket. Denne ”reduserte” prøvingen i gras til grøntanlegg fra 2003-2006 blir derfor den siste prøvingen i offentlig regi. Prøvingen er nå blitt erstattet av ei fellesnordisk veiledningsprøving (www.scanturf.org). På sikt vil trolig også denne igjen gå inn i en felles europeisk prøving. Hovedmålet med den offisielle verdiprøvingen har vært å framskaffe forsøksresultater som skulle danne grunnlaget for godkjenning av nye sorter for opptak på norsk sortsliste. Behov for resultater og anbefalinger fra verdiprøvingen 2003-2006 vil etter de nye reglene, som nevnt ovenfor, ikke lenger være nødvendig for sortslisteopptak. Alle DUS-testete sorter fra denne prøvingen vil komme på listen, hvis ønskelig fra sortseier. Som en avslutning på prøvingen og forsøksserien velges det likevel å presentere forsøksresultatene med anbefalinger. Her blir totalsammendraget for hele forsøksperioden presentert, både i tekst og tabellform. Forsøkene bestod av 5 arter og 41 sorter, hvorav 24 var under prøving og 17 var målesorter. Av de 24 sortene som var under prøving er 20 anbefalt for plen eller grasbakke i det typiske innlandsklima i Sør- og Midt Norge eller i de høyereliggende strøk i samme region.
Forfattere
Arnstein Staverløkk May-Guri Saethre Eline Benestad HågvarSammendrag
The invasive ladybird, Harmonia axyridis Pallas 1773, is recorded for the first time in Norway. The specimen was found on horticultural plants imported from Aalsmeer in the Netherlands to Oslo, Norway. H. axyridis originates from East-Asia. The species is known to be a voracious predator on aphids and has been extensively used as a biological control agent in both North America and Europe. The later years, however, a number of negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity have been reported. The species was assessed as a potential bio-control agent for use in Norwegian greenhouses in 2001. The outcome of the assessment was negative with respect to import and commercial use in Norway. It was concluded that H. axyridis might survive and become established outdoors and thereby pose a risk to the environment. Recent experiences from the UK have shown that H. axyridis compasses several of the traits characterizing a successful invasive alien species. The record of this species in Norway may only be the first in a number of such, as it is likely that this species will survive outdoors, at least in the southern parts of Norway.
Forfattere
Nina Opstad Arnfinn Nes Finn Måge Bjørn HagebergSammendrag
Two-year-old blackcurrant plants cv. Ben Tron were planted in 1991 to investigate long-term effects of seven fertilization strategies. Broadcast fertilization was given in spring and autumn, fertigation from May until August, or a combination of fertigation and broadcast fertilization. Three fertilizer rates were used, and the amount was increased three times during the trial because of low mineral content in the leaves and insignificant yield response. Yield parameters, macro nutrient content in leaves and content of soluble solids in fruit juice were recorded over 11 years. The variation between years was significant for all parameters recorded, but the fertilization strategies had only a minor effect over time. Content of macro nutrients in leaves was low compared to recommended values, and did not respond significantly to increasing fertilizer amounts. Yield decreased with plant age. Frost reduced yield in at least two years, but few significant correlations with precipitation and temperature were found. A good water access seems to be important for a stable fruit yield, while precipitation during flowering is likely to reduce yield because of fruit drop.
Forfattere
Ketil Haarstad Gro Hege LudvigsenSammendrag
Pesticides in Norwegian ground water have been monitored since 1995. Here we report data including 2004. The monitoring has focused on shallow groundwater near agricultural fields (4 locations), farm wells (22 locations) and on public water works (38 locations), 450 samples were analyzed for a total of 62 pesticide compounds and metabolites, and the result was 514 detections of single compounds. Altogether 27 pesticides and metabolites were detected; 2 insecticides, 9 fungicides and 16 herbicides. Herbicides were most frequently detected (in 79% of the samples), followed by fungicides (20%) and insecticides (1%). Pesticide concentration was generally low, although high concentrations also occurred, for example 33 "g/l of metribuzine in shallow ground water near agricultural fields, and 20 "g/l of bentazon in a farm well. Some water soluble pesticides occurred both frequently and with relatively high concentrations in shallow ground water near agricultural fields. The results show that local ground water near farms is vulnerable for contamination of pesticides and needs further monitoring. Efforts should be made to minimize contamination of wells in farming areas through education on pesticide use, monitoring and well positioning. Few pesticides were detected in ground water from water works and the concentrations were low. Monitoring of water works ended in 2002. The data show that there is a continuous need to monitor pesticides as well as selected metabolites in shallow ground water and wells near agricultural fields in Norway.
Sammendrag
Sigevann fra Bangarvågen deponi er vist å inneholde høye konsentrasjoner av bl.a. polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner (PAH), benzen, toluen, etylbenzen og xylen (BTEX) og hydrokarboner (HC). Bioforsk Jord og miljø ble kontaktet av Norconsult for å teste adsorpsjon og nedbrytning av organiske forurensninger i ulike filtermaterialer ved bruk av kolonnetester. Hensikten med forsøkene var å komme fram til bindningskapasitetene til de ulike jordblandingene under forhold som etterlignet en rensevoll i Bangarvågen. Ulike prøver av sand, mineraljord, myrjord og kompost ble vurdert brukt som filtermaterialer etter måling av kornfordeling og en visuell vurdering av prøvene. Åtte 40 cm høyde og ø 10 cm stålkolonner ble deretter pakket med 0-2 mm maskinsand tilsatt torv i økende volumprosent fra 0, 12,5 til 30 %. I tillegg til effekten av organisk materiale ble effekten av gjødsling med nitrogen og fosfor og lufting av sigevannet undersøkt. Sigevann ble pumpet motstrøms gjennom kolonnene (mettet vannstrøm). Eluater fra kolonnetestene ble analysert for tungmetaller og organiske forbindelser og rensegrad og filterkapasitet ble estimert. Forsøksresultatene gav følgende konklusjoner: 1) 10 volumprosent torvjord må tilsettes til maskinsand 0-2 mm for å oppnå nødvendig sorpsjon av metaller og organiske stoffer; 2) det er ikke nødvendig å gjødsle eller lufte sigevannet for å oppnå tilstrekkelig rensing av sigevannet i barrieren; 3) BTEX ble funnet å være den organiske forurensningen som krever størst filtertykkelse.