Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2022
Forfattere
Roger HoltenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Daniel Patel Mattia Natali Endre Mølster Lidal Julius Parulek Emilio Vital Brazil Ivan ViolaSammendrag
The process of creating terrain and landscape models is important in a variety of computer graphics and visualization applications, from films and computer games, via flight simulators and landscape planning, to scientific visualization and subsurface modelling. Interestingly, the modelling techniques used in this large range of application areas have started to merge in the last years. This chapter is a report where we present two taxonomies of different modelling methods. Firstly we present a data oriented taxonomy, where we divide modelling into three different scenarios: the data-free, the sparse-data and the dense-data scenario. Then we present a workflow oriented taxonomy, where we divide modelling into the separate stages necessary for creating a geological model. We start the report by showing that the new trends in geological modelling are approaching the modelling methods that have been developed in computer graphics. We then introduce the process of geological modelling followed by our two taxonomies with descriptions and comparisons of selected methods. Finally, we discuss the challenges and trends in geological modelling.
Forfattere
James Edward Sample Marianne Bechmann Sigrun Hjalmarsdottir Kværnø Leah Amber Jackson-Blake Øyvind KasteSammendrag
NIBIO-modellen JOVAest og NIVA-modellen TEOTIL har vært brukt i mange år for å simulere tilførsler av totalt nitrogen og fosfor på nasjonal skala i Norge. Modellene brukes til å støtte vannforvaltning, for eksempel ved å sammenligne simulerte tilførsler med målverdier. Denne rapporten beskriver de eksisterende modellene i detalj og foreslår oppdateringer og forbedringer for å gjøre modelleringsarbeidsflyten mer relevant for behovene til vannforvaltere. Foreslåtte endringer inkluderer: (i) oppdatering av alle komponenter i den eksisterende arbeidsflyten; (ii) å bruke modellen Agricat2 for å simulere jordbruksfosfor; (iii) simulering av underfraksjoner av totalt nitrogen og fosfor; (iv) tilsetning av suspendert sediment og organisk materiale som tilleggsparametere; og (v) å tilføre ytterligere punktkilder til næringsstoffer, slik som utslipp fra landbasert akvakultur.
Sammendrag
Det ble lagt opp en testranke med 22 temperatursensorer for å måle og modellere temperaturutviklingen i kompostrankene hos Maarud. Hygieniserings tiden som krever temperaturer over 55°C i ranken er forventet å være 45-50 dager med 2 vendinger. Temperaturen er i perioder over flere dager høyere enn 55-60°C både i ytterkant og nærmere bunnen av ranka. Flere vendinger av ranka sikrer at materialet som er brutt ned i ulik grad blandes på nytt og ranken får oppsving i temperaturen. Forsøket viste også at for tidlig vending kan forstyrre temperaturutviklingen i ranken og at nok struktur og varm kompost i blandet avfallet gir god effekt på temperaturutvikling og hygienisering av avfallet fra fabrikken.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Jorunn BørveSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Guro BrodalSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Vitenskapelig – Molecular Diagnostic Tools Applied for Assessing Microbial Water Quality
Lisa Paruch
Forfattere
Lisa ParuchSammendrag
Microbial water quality is of vital importance for human, animal, and environmental health. Notably, pathogenically contaminated water can result in serious health problems, such as waterborne outbreaks, which have caused huge economic and social losses. In this context, the prompt detection of microbial contamination becomes essential to enable early warning and timely reaction with proper interventions. Recently, molecular diagnostics have been increasingly employed for the rapid and robust assessment of microbial water quality implicated by various microbial pollutants, e.g., waterborne pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), imposing the most critical health threats to humans and the environment. Continuous technological advances have led to constant improvements and expansions of molecular methods, such as conventional end-point PCR, DNA microarray, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), multiplex qPCR (mqPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), and high-throughput next-generation DNA sequencing (HT-NGS). These state-of-the-art molecular approaches largely facilitate the surveillance of microbial water quality in diverse aquatic systems and wastewater. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the advancement of the key molecular tools frequently employed for microbial water quality assessment, with future perspectives on their applications.
Sammendrag
Zoogenic faecal contamination of the environment is one of the indices included in the evaluation of ecological threats, health hazards and adverse impacts on various ecosystems. The risks and environmental concerns are associated with the fact that faeces of wild and domesticated animals constitute the largest source of environmental loading of enteropathogens associated with transmission of zoonotic diseases (enteric zoonoses). Although sick animals are more likely to transmit pathogens, healthy ones can also be the carriers and defecate them into the environment. This is of particular importance given the close human-animal interactions and health effects resulting from human and ecological exposures to faecal hazards from companion and farm animals. We have therefore set out to investigate whether healthy equines can carry and defecate human infectious pathogens. For this purpose, we set up a pilot study to examine the faecal DNA of horses using culture-independent molecular diagnostics – fluorescent probe-based quantitative real-time PCR. Our results revealed that among a total of 23 horses, 6 were found to carry Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), and 5 had Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Moreover, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) was found in 14 horses, while 19 were positive for Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Furthermore, the frequently reported protozoan parasites in livestock, Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) and Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia), were discovered in 8 and 7 samples, respectively. This pilot study shed new light on the phenomenon of healthy horses carrying C. jejuni and other human-health-related enteropathogens.
Sammendrag
Defense priming, the sensitization of inducible defenses, has been extensively studied in annual angiosperms. However, we are just beginning to explore defense priming in woody, long-lived plants. The natural compound methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been used for over 20 years to study spruce inducible defenses. Recently, it was discovered that MeJA not only directly induces defense, but also primes defense responses in spruce. Metabolite and transcriptional analyses of mature trees treated with MeJA and subsequently wounded showed that while terpenes accumulate at the wound site in a primed manner, terpene biosynthesis genes are directly induced by MeJA. Pathogen resistance (PR) genes, on the other hand, are primed. Sequencing of miRNAs suggests that miRNAs have a regulatory role in MeJA-induced defenses in spruce. Additionally, a detailed transcriptional time course of 2- year-old spruce treated with MeJA indicated that the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway is involved in the establishment and maintenance of primed defenses. When comparing mechanisms of defense priming in spruce to those in Arabidopsis, it seems that many mechanisms are conserved. However, some aspects, such as jasmonic acid-salicylic acid crosstalk, may be different. Identifying these differences and how they affect forest species is important for practical application of defense priming in forest management.