Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Forfattere
Aruppillai Suthaparan Arne Stensvand Knut Asbjørn Solhaug Sissel Torre Leiv M. Mortensen David M. Gadoury R.C. Seem Hans Ragnar GislerødSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Karsten Dunger Sven Hans-Olof Petersson Susana Barreiro Emil Cienciala Antoine Colin Gro Hylen Gal Kusar Katja Oehmichen Erkki Tomppo Tarja Tuomainen Göran StahlSammendrag
Most European countries have signed the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and its Kyoto Protocol. Because the European Union is a party to the convention just like the individual countries, there is a need for harmonizing emissions reporting. This specifically applies to the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry sector, for which harmonized reporting is complex and generally challenging. For example, parties use a variety of different methods for estimating emissions and removals, ranging from application of default factors to advanced methods adapted to national circumstances, such as ongoing field inventories. In this study, we demonstrate that without harmonization, national definitions and methods lead to inconsistent estimates. Based on case studies in Finland, Germany, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, and Sweden, we conclude that common reference definitions and country-specific bridges are means to harmonize the estimates and make greenhouse gas reporting from forests comparable across countries.
Sammendrag
Ceratocystis polonica and Heterobasidion parviporum are important fungal pathogens in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Tree susceptibility to these pathogens with respect to phenology was studied using artificial fungal inoculations at six stages of bud development, and assessed by measuring phloem necroses in the stems of 2- and 8-year-old trees. Tree capacity for resistance was assessed by measuring phloem nonstructural carbohydrates at each stage. Phloem necroses were significantly larger in trees with fungal versus control inoculations and increased significantly over time. Changes in nonstructural carbohydrates occurred in the trees; a significant decline in starch and a slight but significant increase in total sugars occurred over time. These results suggest that susceptibility to fungal pathogens and carbohydrate levels in the stems of the trees were related to fine-scale changes in bud development. A trade-off may occur between allocation of starch (the major fraction of the stem carbohydrate pool) to bud development/shoot growth versus defence of the stem. Previous tests of plant defence hypotheses have focused on herbivory on plants growing under different environmental conditions, but the role of phenology and the effect of pathogens are also important to consider in understanding plant resource allocation patterns.
Sammendrag
Increasing inter-continental trade of wood chips for biofuel represents a significant risk of introducing invasive pest species that can cause biome-scale impacts on forest ecosystems. Some potentially invasive species have the capacity to cause high tree mortality on the Eurasian continent and could cause significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Because eradication of established species is difficult, there is a need for scientific studies that can evaluate the reliability of current import control practices to ensure lowest possible risk of establishment of potentially harmful species. We used a stochastic simulation model and sensitivity analyses to evaluate the chance of detecting harmful pests in imported wood chips by sampling according to the current use of internationally accepted standards. As an example, we focused on the North American beetle Agrilus anxius (bronze birch borer) that can cause 100% mortality of European and Asian birch species in North America. We simulated the process from logging in North America to sampling the wood chips upon arrival in Europe. The probability of pest detection for current sampling protocols used by port inspectors was very low (<0.00005), while a 90% chance of detection may require sampling 27 million litres of wood chips per shipload.
Forfattere
Martin Vohnik Jesse J. Sadowsky Kohout Petr Zuzana Lhotáková Rolf Nestby Miroslav KolarikSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Randi Seljåsen Per Lea Torfinn Torp Hugh Riley Erling Berentsen Mette Thomsen Gunnar BengtssonSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Hugo Germain Denis Lachance Gervais Pelletier Carl Gunnar Fossdal Halvor Solheim Armand SeguinSammendrag
A 1149 bp genomic fragment corresponding to the 5' non-coding region of the PgD1 (Picea glauca Defensin 1) gene was cloned, characterized, and compared with all Arabidopsis thaliana defensin promoters. The cloned fragment was found to contain several motifs specific to defence or hormonal response, including a motif involved in the methyl jasmonate reponse, a fungal elicitor responsive element, and TC-rich repeat cis-acting element involved in defence and stress responsiveness. A functional analysis of the PgD1 promoter was performed using the uidA (GUS) reporter system in stably transformed Arabidopsis and white spruce plants. The PgD1 promoter was responsive to jasmonic acid (JA), to infection by fungus and to wounding. In transgenic spruce embryos, GUS staining was clearly restricted to the shoot apical meristem. In Arabidopsis, faint GUS coloration was observed in leaves and flowers and a strong blue colour was observed in guard cells and trichomes. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the PgD1::GUS construct were also infiltrated with the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. It caused a suppression of defensin expression probably resulting from the antagonistic relationship between the pathogen-stimulated salicylic acid pathway and the jasmonic acid pathway. It is therefore concluded that the PgD1 promoter fragment cloned appears to contain most if not all the elements for proper PgD1 expression and that these elements are also recognized in Arabidopsis despite the phylogenetic and evolutionary differences that separates them.
Forfattere
Rune Andreassen Julia Schregel Alexander Kopatz Camilla Tobiassen Per Knappskog Snorre Hagen Oddmund Kleven Michael Schneider Ilpo Kojola Jouni Aspi Alexander M. Rykov Konstantin F. Tirronen Pjotr I. Danilov Hans Geir EikenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Lise AanensenSammendrag
Rovdyr antas i mange områder å være den viktigste årsaken til tap av sau på utmarksbeite, og de siste årene har man satt i gang flere tiltak for å redusere risikoen for rovdyrskade på sau. I denne artikkelen presenteres resultater fra et prosjekt hvor en blant annet studerte effekten av rovdyrsikre elektriske gjerder på lammetapet i beitesesongen. Prosjektet viser at rovdyrsikker inngjerding reduserer lammetapet betraktelig hos de besetningene som har gode driftsrutiner fra før av. Utslagsgivende faktorer er: • at dyrene er på beiter med rovdyrsikker inngjerding gjennom hele beitesesongen • gode rutiner når det gjelder tilsyn av dyr og vurdering av beitekvalitet • gode rutiner for tilsyn og vedlikehold av gjerdeanlegget • gode rutiner for forebyggende parasittbehandling • medlemskap i Sauekontrollen. Rovdyrsikre gjerder kan aldri bli 100 % sikre, men kan de begrense rovdyrskadene med 80-90 % er det meget bra.
Sammendrag
Økt årlig nedbør og hyppigere episoder med kraftig nedbør ventes i Norge som en følge av klimaendringer. I denne artikkelen vises resultater fra studier av hvordan nedbør påvirker mengden av fekale indikatorbakterier og parasittiske protozoer (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) som renner av fra ulike beiteområder for hest, storfe og småfe. Studiene illustrerer hvordan økt nedbør kan øke faren for at tarmbakterier og potensielt patogene mikroorganismer fra beiteområder for husdyr tilføres overflatevann. Gode tiltak mot forurensing i nedbørfeltet og god beskyttelse av sårbare vannkilder, samt god drikkevannsbehandling er viktig i dag, og vil være enda viktigere under fremtidige klimatiske forhold.