Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Sammendrag
In spring and autumn 2011, we carried out a baiting program for Phytophthora spp. in urban streams and lakes in Rogaland and Hordaland counties in western Norway, and in a stream in a beech forest in Vestfold county in southeastern Norway. We used rhododendron leaves from the cultivar ‘Cunningham White’ as bait. Prior to baiting, all leaves were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol and placed in perforated bags (2-3 leaves per bag), each with a styrofoam floater to keep the bait near the surface. The bags were anchored to the shore and left in the water for 6-8 days. All locations were recorded with a field mapping GPS-device, and thus all mapping tasks could be finalized in the field. At many locations the leaves had dark and/or water soaked spots when removed from the water. Small sections from the leading edges were dissected and plated on Phytophthora-selective media (PARP and/or PARPH). One interesting finding was P. ramorum in a river in Rogaland county, but we also isolated a number of other Phytophthora spp. that are currently being identified. The results will be presented at the meeting.
Forfattere
Arild AndersenSammendrag
Sixteen gardens in South-Eastern Norway were divided into four groups of four gardens. In treatment 1 (untreated control) nothing was done to reduce slug numbers. In treatment 2 ("killing") the owners were encouraged to collect and kill as many slugs as possible. In treatment 3 (habitat manipulation) owners were encouraged to change their garden so that an area of about 20 cm close to the ground was kept as open and dry as possible. Treatment 4 (extended habitat manipulation) included treatment 3 but also by removing of potential overwintering sites such as open compost, heap of stones etc. A reduction in the number of slugs was observed in all the years and in all treatments from June to September, probably due to natural mortality. The mean number of slugs was always lowest in treatment 2, in the third year showing a significant reduction of more than 80% from the control. In treatment 4 the mean reduction of slugs (not significant) was almost 40% during the third year. In treatment 3 the mean reduction (not significant) was about 55% during the third year. In conclusion, creating a garden not favorable to the Iberian slug can reduced the population without using molluscicides.
Forfattere
A.J. Ward Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
This article examines the potential of fish waste for liquid and gaseous biofuels, with focus on Norway but also some consideration of other markets. Fish production and processing wastes are a significant source of material for bioenergy production. Norway is a country of high fish production, but currently low development of the bioenergy sector due to the ample availability of hydropower. World fish consumption per capita nearly doubled over the last 45 years. The resulting increase in fish processing wastes and the expansion of the renewable energy market imply that fish processing wastes could play a part in the future of biofuels. Fish processing wastes rich in fat may be used for biodiesel, although blending with other diesels may be necessary to meet biodiesel specification standards. Fish processing wastes are also suitable for biogas production, although these materials will have to be added as a co-substrate to boost the biogas production of plants treating agricultural or municipal wastes, due to the inhibitory effects of long chain fatty acids and high protein concentrations. A sustainable use of biogas in Norway would be as fuel for vehicles, as is the preferred future utilization in neighboring Sweden. In other countries with better developed gas grids, an increasing proportion of biogas will likely be used for grid injection to replace natural gas.
Forfattere
Erik LysøeSammendrag
Fusarium graminearum causes head blight disease in wheat and barley. To help understand the infection process on wheat we studied global gene expression of F. graminearum in a time series from 24 to 196 hours after inoculation, compared to a non-inoculated control. The infection was rapid and after 48h over 4000 fungal genes were expressed. The number of genes expressed increased over time up to 96h (>8000 genes), and then declined at the 144h and 192h post inoculation time points. After subtraction of genes found expressed on complete medium, during carbon or nitrogen starvation, and on barley, only 355 were found exclusively expressed in wheat, mostly ones with unknown function (72.6%). These genes were mainly found in single-nucleotide polymorphism enriched islands on the chromosomes, suggesting a higher evolutionary selection pressure. The annotated genes were enriched in functional groups predicted to be involved in allantoin and allantoate transport, detoxification, nitrogen, sulfur and selenium metabolism, secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and degradation of polysaccharides and ester compounds. Several putative secreted virulence factors were also found expressed in wheat.
Forfattere
Erik LysøeSammendrag
Fusarium graminearum causes head blight disease in wheat and barley. To help understand the infection process on wheat we studied global gene expression of F. graminearum in a time series from 24 to 196 hours after inoculation, compared to a non-inoculated control. The infection was rapid and after 48h over 4000 fungal genes were expressed. The number of genes expressed increased over time up to 96h (>8000 genes), and then declined at the 144h and 192h post inoculation time points. After subtraction of genes found expressed on complete medium, during carbon or nitrogen starvation, and on barley, only 355 were found exclusively expressed in wheat, mostly ones with unknown function (72.6%). These genes were mainly found in single-nucleotide polymorphism enriched islands on the chromosomes, suggesting a higher evolutionary selection pressure. The annotated genes were enriched in functional groups predicted to be involved in allantoin and allantoate transport, detoxification, nitrogen, sulfur and selenium metabolism, secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and degradation of polysaccharides and ester compounds. Several putative secreted virulence factors were also found expressed in wheat.
Sammendrag
Det er mange organismer som vil livnære seg i grasmatta på en golfbane. Noen av plantene som vokser der ikke ønsket, og kalles ugras. Noen mikroorganismer snylter på grasplantene våre og reduserer livskraft og spillekvalitet. De fleste av disse er sopper, og skaden de gjør omtales som plantesykdommer. Det er mange andre biologiske årsaker til redusert graskvalitet også. Skader fra insekter, nematoder, villsvin eller andre skadegjørere kan være betydelige, men omtales ikke her. Bekjempelsen av skadegjørerne forbindes ofte med kjemikaliesprøyting, men for å lykkes med å skape en fin golfbane må vi tenke forebyggende plantevern helt fra planlegging og anleggsfasen. Det gjelder å legge forholdene til rette for at graset skal trives og å gjøre det vanskelig for konkurrentene. Et EU-direktiv slår fast at bekjempelse av ugras og sykdommer skal bygges på prinsippet om integrert plantevern. Det krever omfattende kunnskaper og forutsetter at alternativ til kjemikalier skal vurderes før det sprøytes. Bare personale med utdannelse og offentlig autorisasjon kan kjøpe og bruke kjemiske preparater på en golfbane, men alle kan bidra til å redusere bruken av kjemikalier. Det er også et spørsmål om holdninger blant golfere. Denne teksten har ikke som mål å gi greenkeepere tilstrekkelig kunnskap til å gjennomføre integrert plantevern, men den skal gi golfere og styremedlemmer litt innsikt i temaet.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres HavstadSammendrag
During 2009-10 the effect of various harvesting methods on seed yield and seed quality were examined in crops of timothy (two trials) and red clover (one trial). Treatments included different dates of swathing and direct harvesting in both species. In timothy, swathing 7-8 days before combining was found to be an acceptable alternative to direct combining (double threshing), which has been the common harvesting method in Norwegian timothy seed production since the 1960ies. Optimal timing for swathing was when the seed water content (SWC) had dropped to 40-45 %. When swathing was done too early (SMC at 47%) the germination capacity was reduced, while a too late swathing date (SMC less than 35 %) increased seed shattering and reduced seed yield. Swathing before combining normally increase the capacity and efficiency of the combine harvester compared to direct combining. In addition, seed harvested from swathed windrows contain less water than directly harvested seed, which may decrease the seed drying costs. In red clover, swathing before combining was not beneficial, either with regard to seed yield or seed quality, compared to direct combining of crops being matured naturally or after desiccation with Reglone. The highest seed yield was harvested on plots being directly harvested when 80 per cent of the flower heads had naturally matured.
Forfattere
Agnar Kvalbein Trygve S. Aamlid Trond Olav PettersenSammendrag
Målet med dette prosjektet er å sammenlikne vanning til feltkapsitet med underskuddsvanning på greener og andre grøntarealer. Med ‘vanning til feltkapasitet" menes at det ble gitt så mye vann som jorda kunne ta imot og holde på. Den første dagen etter slik vanning vil graset ha et veldig stort vannforbruk. Dagen etter avtar vannforbruket raskt, og så flater det ut. Ved underskuddsvanning unngår vi å fylle opp vannlageret helt, og vi unngår derfor disse toppene i vannforbruk. De foreløpige resultatene fra prosjektet viser klare fordeler med underskuddsvanning. Greenkvalitet opprettholdes, og vannforbruket blir mye mindre enn ved vanning til feltkapsitet. Man bør derfor ideelt sett utsette graset for et moderat, men mest mulig konstant tørkestress. I parallellforsøket med krypkvein på green hadde vi også positive erfaringer med denne vanningsmetoden, selv om utslaga var mindre markerte enn i fairway-forsøket. Nå lurer vi på om vanningsanleggene på golfbanene, både på green og fairway, er jevne nok til at vi kan anbefale denne metoden i praksis? Skjev vannfordeling vil ofte føre til at noen områder får for mye for at andre områder skal nok, og med slike forutsetninger blir det vanskelig å gjennomføre underskuddsvanning. Parallelt med forsøka på Landvik skal det derfor i 2011 gjennomføres undersøkelser av jevnheten på vanningsanleggene på noen utvalgte golfbaner, slik at vi kan vurdere hvilke forutsetninger disse har for å gå i gang med denne vanningsmetoden.
Forfattere
Jørgen Lassen Karl Eckner Lars Hem Lars Nesheim Espen Rimstad Lucy RobertssonSammendrag
I forbindelse med gjennomgang av "Forskrift om gjødselvarer mv. av organiskopphav" har Mattilsynet(MT) sett behov for å vurdere dagens hygieneparagraf. Forskriftenstiller i dag krav til at produkter og bruken av dem, "inkludert sannsynlig misbruk",ikke skal medføre fare for overføring av sykdomssmitte til mennesker, dyr og planter.Det er pr i dag krav til at produktene ikke skal inneholde salmonellabakteriereller infektive parasittegg og at innholdet av termotolerante koliformebakterier (TKB) skal være mindre enn 2500 CFU pr gram TS (tørrstoff). Flere harstilt spørsmål til om TKB er egnet som indikatororganisme. MT har bedt VKM om ågjøre en vurdering av hvilke indikatororganismer som egner seg for å vise atproduktene har vært gjennom en tilfredsstillende hygienisering for å unngåsykdomssmitte til planter, dyr og mennesker. MT har også bedt om en generellkommentar til dagens krav og praksis. Hovedkonklusjonene er at de viktigsteparametrene for å sikre trygge produkter i denne sammenheng er rutinemessigdokumentasjon av prosessindikatorene som influerer på mikrobenesoverlevelsesevne, herunder særlig hvilken temperatur som er oppnådd gjennom hvorlang tid (eksponeringstid), eventuelt ved hvilken pH-verdi. Mikrobielleproduktindikatorer vil bare være et supplement til dette.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag