Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Carola Strassner Melanie Lukas Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
I prosjektet "Økologisk mat til ungdommen", iPOPY (innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth) var et av arbeidsområdene kartlegging av flaskehalser i forbindelse med selve matforsyningen (supply chains) og i hvilken grad de ulike landene som deltok i prosjektet har utviklet noen form for godkjenning på dette området. Primærproduksjon og foredling av økologiske matvarer er underlagt regler på EU-nivå. Som en del av EØS-avtalen gjelder dette regelverket også i Norge. For catering, restauranter og annen matservering i ikke-privat regi er det imidlertid ingen regler på EU-nivå. Ulike land har derfor utviklet ulike løsninger for å sertifisere for eksempel restauranter som ønsker å markedsføre servering av økologisk mat.Denne rapporten gjennomgår ordningene i Danmark, Finland, Italia, Norge og Tyskland. Tyskland er brukt som referanse siden de har et godt utviklet system som førsteforfatter av rapporten, Dr. Carola Strassner, kjenner godt fra tidligere kartleggingsarbeid. Rapporten er basert på informasjon fra godkjenningsorganisasjoner og eksperter i hvert land innhentet gjennom spørreskjema som ble besvart via e-post, og oppfølgende telefonintervju.Det er stor variasjon mellom de ulike landene. Danmark har et frivillig system med bronse-, sølv- og gullmedaljer avhengig av andel økologiske råvarer. I Finland er det heller ikke noe krav om sertifisering av matservering, men et frivillig trinnvis system med fem nivå for økende andel økologiske råvarer. Systemet inkluderer rådgivning og et sertifikat som kan brukes i markedsføring. Italia har foreløpig ikke noe krav til sertifisering, men det pågår aktiviteter for å etablere en frivillig eller obligatorisk ordning. I Norge og Tyskland er det krav om sertifisering av virksomheter som vil markedsføre seg med servering av økologisk mat.Italienske aktører ytret ønske om mer standardiserte regler på dette området, mens aktørene i øvrige land sa seg fornøyd med situasjonen slik den var.Sertifisering av økologisk matservering i skoler vil innebære noe ekstra arbeid, men vil samtidig gi serveringen et kvalitetsstempel, øke tilliten hos brukerne og bidra til å synliggjøre en økologisk innsats.
Forfattere
Carola Strassner Melanie Lukas Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
In the iPOPY project (innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth), one of the tasks was to map the challenges linked to the supply chains of organic food, and to which extent the participating countries have developed any form of certification of out-of-home food serving. For primary production and processing, regulations have been developed on the EU level. Norway, as a member of the EEA, is obliged to follow these EU regulations. However, the EU regulations on organic agriculture do not comprise catering, restaurants and other out-of-home food service. Hence, various countries have developed different systems to certify e.g. restaurants wanting to market their organic menus. This report describes the systems in Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway and Germany. Germany has been used as a reference, since this country is especially familiar to the first author of the report, Dr. Carola Strassner, due to former work and analyses. The report is based on information acquired from certification bodies and experts in each country by questionnaires communicated via e-mail, and subsequent telephone interviews.
Sammendrag
Chalara fraxinea, causing ash dieback, was detected on common ash (Fraxinus excelcior) in Norway in May 2008, and is currently causing severe dieback of young and old trees in lower regions from south eastern to south western Norway. The Norwegian Food Safety Authorities have issued restrictions concerning movement of ash plants to non affected areas. At the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, a tree trial was recently established with the aim of selecting tree species for landscaping that are suitable for the Norwegian climate. Common ash is represented with two seed sources; Uppsala (Swedish) and Sauherad (Norwegian). In addition, the following ash species and cultivars are represented; green ash (F. pennsylvanica ‘Cimmzam", and F. pennsylvanica ‘Zundert"), narrowleaf ash (F. angustifolia ‘Raywood", syn. F. oxycarpa ‘Raywood"), and flowering ash (F. ornus ‘Mecsek"). By June 2010, they were all suffering from ash dieback except F. ornus ‘Mecsek". Due to severe dieback, F. excelcior ‘Nana" (‘Globosa") was removed from the trial in 2009.
Forfattere
Anne Moxnes Jervell Asbjørn VeidalSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Juliane Wendt Christian Guido BrucknerSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Modification of wood with furfuryl alcohol or furfuryl alcohol prepolymer leads to a wood product with increased decay resistance, hardness and dimensional stability. In normal application, i.e. under Use Class 3 conditions, furfurylated wood can be regarded as non-toxic. This has earlier been demonstrated by toxic hazard tests on water leachates using relevant leaching procedures, e.g. the OECD Guideline 313 or the Dutch shower test procedure. These leachates showed slight to no toxicity towards standard aquatic test organisms. However, when using forced leaching procedures with limited amount of water such as the EN 84 procedure, slight to moderate toxicity to the same test organisms was observed, depending on furfurylation process. Furthermore, earlier studies have shown that leachates from wood treated with furfuryl alcohol pre-polymers have higher toxicity to Vibrio fischeri (luminescent marine bacterium) than leachates from wood treated with furfuryl alcohol monomers and that this probably is attributed to differences in leaching of chemical compounds. The ambition of the present study, was to investigate which chemical compounds in the leachates causes toxicity to the aquatic organisms V. fischeri and Daphnia magna (water flea). In this study five different wood species, both hardwoods and softwoods, treated with three different furfurylation processes, were leached according to two different leaching methods. The study shows that this difference in toxicity of leachates towards V. fischeri most likely cannot be attributed to maleic acid, furan, furfural, furfuryl alcohol or 2-furoic acid. However, the difference in toxicity might be caused by the substance 2,5-furandimethanol. Leachates from furfurylated wood still need to be investigated further in order to identify the chemical differences between wood furfurylated with furfuryl alcohol monomers and furfuryl alcohol prepolymer causing differences in toxicity to different organisms.
Forfattere
Tuula Kantola Mikko Vastaranta Xiaowei Yu Paivi Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa Markus Holopainen Mervi Talvitie Sanna Kaasalainen Svein Solberg Juha HyyppäSammendrag
Climate change and rising temperatures have been observed to be related to the increase of forest insect damage in the boreal zone. The common pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) is regarded as a significant threat to boreal pine forests. Defoliation by D. pini can cause severe growth loss and tree mortality in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (Pinaceae). In this study, logistic LASSO regression, Random Forest (RF) and Most Similar Neighbor method (MSN) were investigated for predicting the defoliation level of individual Scots pines using the features derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and aerial images. Classification accuracies from 83.7% (kappa 0.67) to 88.1% (kappa 0.76) were obtained depending on the method. The most accurate result was produced using RF with a combination of data from the two sensors, while the accuracies when using ALS and image features separately were 80.7% and 87.4%, respectively. Evidently, the combination of ALS and aerial images in detecting needle losses is capable of providing satisfactory estimates for individual trees.
Sammendrag
The Norwegian CORINE land cover (CLC2000) was completed autumn 2008. The CLC map was generated automatically from a number of dataset using GIS-techniques for map generalisation. The CLC map has a coarse resolution and it is also using a classification system developed in an environment very different from the Nordic. It is therefore interesting to evaluate both content and correctness of CLC. This study shows that there is a good resemblance between the CLC classes and detailed, large scale maps. The diversity in classes on the other hand, is lost due to the CLC classification system.