Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Abdelhameed Elameen DenisTourvieille de Labrouhe Emmanuelle Mestries Sonja Klemsdal Sophia Ahmed François DelmotteSammendrag
Plasmopara halstedii is a diploid oomycete plant pathogen causing downy mildew on sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Due to changes in cultural systems and the introduction of new exotic cultivars, the pathogen developed many races and have now become a serious problem affecting sunflower growing fields in Europe. The yield losses in sunflower crop caused by P. halstedii can be up to 85 %.
Forfattere
Abdelhameed ElameenSammendrag
Background to the research and aims. Sunflower downy mildew exhibit mixed asexual and sexual reproduction. Rare events of recombination can have a drastic effect on the reshuffling of genetic material and result in the emergence of new virulence combinations. Overview of the methods. In this study, we have used a molecular epidemiology approach to identify population sources, investigate the mating system and track pathogen movement at the field scale. Using a hierarchical sampling design, we have collected 250 P. halstedii isolates from 20 geo-referenced sites in an infected sunflower field located in Southern France. These samples were genetically characterized using 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms markers (SNP) and one microsatellite locus(Giresse et al. 2007) and, for a subset of 60 samples, the virulence profile was determined. Key results. Characterization of virulence profiles revealed the presence of 8 races within the field (100, 300, 304, 307, 703, 704, 707, 714), race 304 being predominant among the samples tested. Race were randomly distributed within the field. Among the 250 isolates that were genotyped, there were 109 different multilocus genotypes (MLG), of which four were highly represented. The significant deficit in heterozygotes observed confirmed that P. halstedii is a highly selfing species (Delmotte et al. 2008). Bayesian clustering analyses revealed that isolates belonged to two genetically differentiated groups (FST> 0.2) that were correlated with race. A low level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.06) was observed among the 20 sites that were constituted of a mixture of samples from the two groups. Theestimation of gene flow using hierarchical FST and spatial autocorrelation analysis bring evidence a lack of spatial genetic structure that likely result from field plowing. Finally, the estimation of gene flow atvarious scales using hierarchical FST and spatial autocorrelation analysis bring evidence for race emergence through genetic recombination between differentiated genetic genotypes. Main conclusions. This study brings evidence for an absence of spatial genetic structure of P. halstedii population, that could result from field plowing. It also reveals that genetically and phenotypically (virulence) differentiated isolates of P. hasltedii do coexist at a very fine spatial scale. The coexistence of genetically and phenotypically differentiated isolates of P. hasltedii may allow the emergence of new races through recombination. Nature of the contribution to current knowledge. This study has allowed to identify and delineate pathogen populations at the field scale. By bringing new insights in to the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the emergence of races, these results will help identifying management units for sunflower protection strategies. Keywords. Plasmopara halstedii, race, pathotype, virulence evolution, population genetics
Forfattere
Abdelhameed Elameen DenisTourvieille de Labrouhe Emmanuelle Mestries Sonja Klemsdal Sophia AhmedSammendrag
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Forfattere
Carl Jonas Jorge SpetzSammendrag
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Forfattere
Carl Jonas Jorge SpetzSammendrag
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Sammendrag
A survey of the prevalence of skin blemish diseases in potatoes after the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 was carried out on 247 potato lots representing different cultivars and production regions in Norway. The results showed the presence of silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) in all lots. Skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) were found in 80% of the lots, and black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) and common scab caused by Streptomyces spp. were present in 50–70%. Also, powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea) occurred in 65–80% of the lots, and root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) were detected in 60% of the sub-samples that exhibited symptoms of common scab.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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