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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2021

Sammendrag

Miljødirektoratet har fått i oppdrag av Klima- og miljødepartementet å utarbeide et faktagrunnlag for vurdering av en avgift på utslipp av klimagasser fra permanente og/eller irreversible endringer av areal, som nedbygging. Oppdraget er et første trinn i en oppfølging Klimameldingen der regjeringen ønsker å se nærmere på innføring av en avgift på arealbruksendringer som gir klimagassutslipp. Hensikten er å få en faglig vurdering av muligheter og utfordringer knyttet til det å innføre en slik avgift. Som et ledd i dette arbeidet har Miljødirektoratet gitt NIBIO i oppdrag å beskrive hvilke arealer som er bygget ned de siste 20 årene og hvilke utslipp av klimagasser som kan direkte knyttes til dette basert på det nasjonale klimagassregnskapet under FNs klimakonvensjon, samt hvilke muligheter og utfordringer som er med ulike kartgrunnlag som kan brukes for implementering av en slik avgift på lokalt nivå. Totalt har nesten 140 000 ha skog, dyrket mark, beite, vann og myr blitt omgjort til utbygd areal i perioden 1990 – 2019 basert på arealtall i det nasjonale klimagassregnskapet (Miljødirektoratet mfl. 2021). Det aller meste av dette har vært skog (75 %), dernest dyrka mark (15 %) og aktivt beita innmarksarealer (6 %). Endringene til utbygd areal er fordelt på bebyggelse (44 %), veier (26 %), kraftlinjer (10 %), grustak/steinbrudd (9 %), idrettsformål (6 %) og annet (5 %). Det årlige karbontapet ved utbygging av skog, dyrket mark og andre arealer har i gjennomsnitt for perioden 1990 – 2019 tilsvart 2,1 millioner tonn CO2 basert på utslippstall i det nasjonale klimagassregnskapet (Miljødirektoratet mfl. 2021). Det aller meste av karbontapet kommer fra utbygging av skog, med i gjennomsnitt 2,0 millioner tonn CO2 årlig. En avgift på utslipp av klimagasser fra permanente og/eller irreversible endringer av areal kan beregnes med utgangspunkt i et arealregnskap og tilhørende utslippsregnskap for klimagasser for arealbrukssektoren. En kan tenke seg en avgiftssats for overganger mellom arealbrukskategorier som multipliseres med et antall dekar eller volum som blir endret fra en arealbrukskategori til en annen. Avgiftssatsen kan ta utgangspunkt i beregningsmetodikk for i det nasjonale klimagassregnskapet, og det gis en overordnet beskrivelse av arealbrukssektoren og relevante utslippsberegningsmetodikker. I rapporten beskrives videre ulike kartgrunnlag som kan være aktuelle som utgangspunkt for et arealregnskap og som grunnlag for utslippsberegninger knyttet til arealene basert på metodikk i det nasjonale klimagassregnskapet (f.eks. AR5, AR Fjell, SSB Arealbruk, DMK Myr og SR16) for en mulig fremtidig avgift på utslipp av klimagasser fra permanente og/eller irreversible endringer av areal.

2020

Sammendrag

Nation-wide Sentinel-2 mosaics were used with National Forest Inventory (NFI) plot data for modelling and subsequent mapping of spruce-, pine-, and deciduous-dominated forest in Norway at a 16 m × 16 m resolution. The accuracies of the best model ranged between 74% for spruce and 87% for deciduous forest. An overall accuracy of 90% was found on stand level using independent data from more than 42 000 stands. Errors mostly resulting from a forest mask reduced the model accuracies by ∼10%. The produced map was subsequently used to generate model-assisted (MA) and poststratified (PS) estimates of species-specific forest area. At the national level, efficiencies of the estimates increased by 20% to 50% for MA and up to 90% for PS. Greater minimum numbers of observations constrained the use of PS. For MA estimates of municipalities, efficiencies improved by up to a factor of 8 but were sometimes also less than 1. PS estimates were always equally as or more precise than direct and MA estimates but were applicable in fewer municipalities. The tree species prediction map is part of the Norwegian forest resource map and is used, among others, to improve maps of other variables of interest such as timber volume and biomass.

Til dokument

Sammendrag

Boreal forests constitute a large portion of the global forest area, yet they are undersampled through field surveys, and only a few remotely sensed data sources provide structural information wall-to-wall throughout the boreal domain. ArcticDEM is a collection of high-resolution (2 m) space-borne stereogrammetric digital surface models (DSM) covering the entire land area north of 60° of latitude. The free-availability of ArcticDEM data offers new possibilities for aboveground biomass mapping (AGB) across boreal forests, and thus it is necessary to evaluate the potential for these data to map AGB over alternative open-data sources (i.e., Sentinel-2). This study was performed over the entire land area of Norway north of 60° of latitude, and the Norwegian national forest inventory (NFI) was used as a source of field data composed of accurately geolocated field plots (n=7710) systematically distributed across the study area. Separate random forest models were fitted using NFI data, and corresponding remotely sensed data consisting of either: i) a canopy height model (ArcticCHM) obtained by subtracting a high-quality digital terrain model (DTM) from the ArcticDEM DSM height values, ii) Sentinel-2 (S2), or iii) a combination of the two (ArcticCHM+S2). Furthermore, we assessed the effect of the forest- and terrain-specific factors on the models’ predictive accuracy. The best model (,i.e., ArcticCHM+S2) explained nearly 60% of the variance of the training set, which translated in the largest accuracy in terms of root mean square error (RMSE=41.4 t ha−1 ). This result highlights the synergy between 3D and multispectral data in AGB modelling. Furthermore, this study showed that despite the importance of ArcticCHM variables, the S2 model performed slightly better than ArcticCHM model. This finding highlights some of the limitations of ArcticDEM, which, despite the unprecedented spatial resolution, is highly heterogeneous due to the blending of multiple acquisitions across different years and seasons. We found that both forest- and terrain-specific characteristics affected the uncertainty of the ArcticCHM+S2 model and concluded that the combined use of ArcticCHM and Sentinel-2 represents a viable solution for AGB mapping across boreal forests. The synergy between the two data sources allowed for a reduction of the saturation effects typical of multispectral data while ensuring the spatial consistency in the output predictions due to the removal of artifacts and data voids present in ArcticCHM data. While the main contribution of this study is to provide the first evidence of the best-case-scenario (i.e., availability of accurate terrain models) that ArcticDEM data can provide for large-scale AGB modelling, it remains critically important for other studies to investigate how ArcticDEM may be used in areas where no DTMs are available as is the case for large portions of the boreal zone.

Sammendrag

Background The age of forest stands is critical information for forest management and conservation, for example for growth modelling, timing of management activities and harvesting, or decisions about protection areas. However, area-wide information about forest stand age often does not exist. In this study, we developed regression models for large-scale area-wide prediction of age in Norwegian forests. For model development we used more than 4800 plots of the Norwegian National Forest Inventory (NFI) distributed over Norway between latitudes 58° and 65° N in an 18.2 Mha study area. Predictor variables were based on airborne laser scanning (ALS), Sentinel-2, and existing public map data. We performed model validation on an independent data set consisting of 63 spruce stands with known age. Results The best modelling strategy was to fit independent linear regression models to each observed site index (SI) level and using a SI prediction map in the application of the models. The most important predictor variable was an upper percentile of the ALS heights, and root mean squared errors (RMSEs) ranged between 3 and 31 years (6% to 26%) for SI-specific models, and 21 years (25%) on average. Mean deviance (MD) ranged between − 1 and 3 years. The models improved with increasing SI and the RMSEs were largest for low SI stands older than 100 years. Using a mapped SI, which is required for practical applications, RMSE and MD on plot level ranged from 19 to 56 years (29% to 53%), and 5 to 37 years (5% to 31%), respectively. For the validation stands, the RMSE and MD were 12 (22%) and 2 years (3%), respectively. Conclusions Tree height estimated from airborne laser scanning and predicted site index were the most important variables in the models describing age. Overall, we obtained good results, especially for stands with high SI. The models could be considered for practical applications, although we see considerable potential for improvements if better SI maps were available.